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‘Built-in variety’: David and Mary Medd and the Child-Centred Primary School, 1944-80

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2016

Geraint Franklin
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Extract

Children are the basis of school design.

(Ministry of Education Building Bulletin 1,1949, David and Mary Medd)

Connections between ideas of ‘child-centred’ primary education and the design of schools were arguably closer in post-war Britain than any period before or since. These relationships provide a commentary on the role of public architecture within a British post-war social democracy that combined the social objectives of architectural Modernism with an awareness of, and continuity with, preceding reformist movements for the advancement of public health and education. The ‘social’ aspect of the post-war school-building programme stemmed not so much from the application of labour or technology to processes of building, nor even the equitable distribution of common resources, but rather from the ability of the designer to shape and articulate processes of teaching and learning within the locus of the welfare state. Social and pedagogical ends were often pursued to the almost total exclusion of architectural self-expression. If this ‘humane functionalism’ was rooted in an understanding of the activities and experiences of learning, it was dependent on a multi-disciplinary, investigative and creative collaboration between architect and educational ‘client’.

Type
Research Article
Information
Architectural History , Volume 55 , 2012 , pp. 321 - 367
Copyright
Copyright © Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain. 2012

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References

Notes

1 Ministry of Education (hereafter ‘MoE’), New Primary Schools, Building Bulletin 1 (London, 1949); Saint, Andrew, Towards a Social Architecture: the Role of School-Building in Post-War England (New Haven and London, 1987), p. 127.Google Scholar

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3 Mary Medd’s married name is used throughout this article for the sake of consistency, even with reference to the period before her marriage in 1949. She often employed her maiden name of Crowley in publications.

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33 Mary Medd’s father, Ralph Crowley MD, was Senior Medical Officer for the Board of Education. See Saint, Andrew, ‘Early Days of the English Open-Air School (1907–1930)’, in Open-Air Schools: an Educational and Architectural Venture in Twentieth-Century Europe, ed. Châtelet, Anne-Marie et al. (Paris, 2003), pp. 56–79.Google Scholar

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36 Catherine Burke, A Life in Education and Architecture: Mary (Crowley) Medd (1907–200$) (forthcoming, 2012). Burke’s recent articles on the subject of post-war schools bring to bear an educational perspective on the architect/educationist dialogue which, it is hoped, is complemented by the focus of the present article on cultures and processes of architectural design. Burke, ‘“Inside out”’; Burke, Catherine, ‘About Looking: Vision, Transformation, and the Education of the Eye in Discourses of School Renewal Past and Present’, British Educational Research journal, 36 (2010), pp. 65–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Burke, Catherine and Grosvenor, Ian, ‘The Hearing School: an Exploration of Sound and Listening in the Modern School’, Paedagogica Historica, 47 (2011), pp. 323–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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44 Maclure, , Educational Development and School Building, p. 62.Google Scholar

45 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm, 28 September 2011.

46 Stirrat Johnson-Marshall left the MoE in 1956 to co-found Robert Matthew Johnson-Marshall & Partners (RMJM) with Robert Matthew.

47 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 28 September 2011.

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50 Schiller, Christian, ‘Introduction to “Designing Primary Schools’”, Froebel Journal, 11 (Spring 1971), p. 5.Google Scholar

51 A parallel in post-war British architecture is the partnership of Alison and Peter Smithson, bêtes noires of the Medds (who detested their image-conscious school of 1949–54 at Hunstanton [David Medd, pers. comm., 3 July 2008]).

52 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 16 September 2010.

53 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 11 March 2011.

54 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm, 16 September 2010.

55 The Medds’ disagreements with other team members led to the reorganization of what became Eveline Lowe, the departure of the Medds from the Ilkeston Chaucer project and the abandonment of a middle school development project in the West Riding. The Medds instead worked with neighbouring Bradford on what became Delf Hill. David Medd, pers. comm., 3 July 2008; Liz and Ian Fraser, pers. comm., 18 October 2010.

56 London, IoE, ME/M/4/4, ‘Design of Schools: A Collaboration Between Education and Architecture’, paper read by David Medd at the 1970 conference of the National Union of Teachers.

57 Mass Observation: Hubble, Nick, Mass-Observation and Everyday Life (London, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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60 London, British Architectural Library / Victoria and Albert Museum, MOD / EDUC /1–11 [outstore], twelve models of Architects and Building Branch development projects. For an example, see Fig. 13.

61 Technical basis of prefabricated construction after 1944: Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, pp. 56–57, 68.Google Scholar

62 MoE, Regulations Prescribing Standards For School Premises, Statutory Rules and Orders, 345 (London, 1945). Subsequently revised in 1951, 1954, 1959, 1971, 1972, 1981 and 1996.

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65 ‘The Hertfordshire County Architect’s Department’, Architectural Review, 101 (February 1947), pp. 63–66 (pp. 64–65).Google Scholar

66 ‘Hen & chicks’: Saint, Towards a Social Architecture, p. 138. The term ‘cluster plan’ seems to have developed in the United States; see, for example, the ‘prototype elementary school’ that Collier’s Weekly commissioned from The Architects’ Collaborative: ‘Prototype Elementary School’, Progressive Architecture, 35 (October 1954), pp. 127–32 Google Scholar; Medd, David et al., ‘The Work of the DES Development Group’, Architectural Association Journal, 80 (1965), p. 268.Google Scholar

67 Aslin, C. H., ‘2. Primary Schools: the Contemporary Planning Approach’, Architects’ Journal, 107 (20 May 1948), pp. 462–65 (p. 463)Google Scholar; ‘ Four Schools in Hertfordshire’, Architectural Review, 111 (June 1952), pp. 373–84 (pp. 373–75)Google Scholar-

68 ‘ Limbrick Wood County Primary School, Coventry’, RIBA Journal, 59 (October 1952), pp. 446–49.Google Scholar Unusually, Limbrick Wood involved the collaboration of A&B Branch and local authority architects. E. C. Tory and C. A. Grey of Coventry City Council Architect’s Department was credited along with Jack Lloyd and Michael Smith of A&B Branch as job architects. Tory and Smith had earlier worked together at Hertfordshire, where they would have been familiar with ‘hen & chicks’ plans. Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 138.Google Scholar

69 Medd, David, ‘Stirrat Johnson-Marshall, a Personal Tribute’, Performance, n.v. (April/May 1982), p. 70.Google Scholar

70 ‘Primary School at Hertford’, Architects’ Journal, 112 (31 August 1950), pp. 215–20.Google Scholar

71 Templewood: ‘Primary School at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire’, Architects’ Journal, 115 (27 March 1952), pp. 395–99Google Scholar; Oakland: Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 77 Google Scholar

72 Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, pp. 103–05.Google Scholar Summerswood: ‘Primary School in Furzehill Road, Boreham Wood, Herts’, Architects’ Journal, 116 (7 August 1952), pp. 161–70Google Scholar; Beechwood: ‘Four Schools in Hertfordshire’, pp. 366, 383–84.Google Scholar

73 MoE, Development Projects: Junior School, Amersham, Building Bulletin 16 (London, 1958)Google Scholar; ‘Primary School in Mitchell Walk, Amersham, Bucks’, Architects’ Journal, 126 (1 August 1957), pp. 183–94.Google Scholar

74 Crook, David, ‘“The Middle School Cometh” … and Goeth: Alec Clegg and the Rise and Fall of the English Middle School’, Education, 41 (2008), pp. 117–25.Google Scholar

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76 Geraint Franklin, ‘Buckinghamshire’, in ‘England’s Schools 1962–88’ (forthcoming English Heritage Research Report); Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 156.Google Scholar

77 Medd house at Welwyn: Bullivant, Dargan, ‘Architects’ Own House in Herts’, Architectural Design, 24 (October 1954), pp. 294–300.Google Scholar

78 MoE, Amersham; Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 156 Google Scholar; ‘Primary School in Mitchell Walk, Amersham, Bucks’. Archchrome range: MoE, Colour in School Buildings, Building Bulletin 9, 2nd edn (London, 1956).Google Scholar

79 ‘Two Village Schools’, Architects’ Journal, 131 (30 June 1960), pp. 1005–12.Google Scholar

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82 London, IoE, ME/M/4/4, Medd, ‘New Education — New Design’.

83 Chorlton, Alan, ‘Appraisal’, Architects’ Journal, 131 (30 June 1960), pp. 1007–08 (p. 1007).Google Scholar

84 Burke, , ‘About Looking’, p. 74.Google Scholar

85 London, IoE, ME/M/4/4, Medd, ‘An Attitude to School Design’, p. 11.

86 DES, Eveline Lowe Primary School, p. 45.Google Scholar

87 Medd, David, ‘School Architecture’, supplement to Education, 164 (21/28 December 1984), pp. i–vii (p. v).Google Scholar

88 Central Advisory Council for Education (England), Children and their Primary Schools, p. 395.Google ScholarPubMed

89 Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 190.Google Scholar

90 ‘Open plan’, ‘loft plan’: Educational Facilities Laboratories (hereafter EFL), New Schools for New Education (New York, 1959), pp. 18, 48Google ScholarPubMed; EFL, Schools Without Walls (New York, 1965).Google ScholarPubMed

91 List of EFL publications available at: http://archone.tamu.edu/crs/engine/default.asp7type=EFL&action=list (accessed on 9 September 2011).

92 A remarkable Architectural Association fourth year project of 1952 for a deep and open-plan primary school on the Hills system anticipates North American trends. The project, by Ablewhite, John, Burkett, John and Sheere, Gordon, was published in the Architectural Association Journal, 63 (1952) pp. 70–72.Google Scholar

93 EFL, Hillsdale High School, San Mateo, California (New York, 1960).Google Scholar

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98 For example, Pluckrose, Henry, ‘Open Plan Schools — an Environment for Learning’, Froebel Journal, 11 (Spring 1971), pp. 15–20.Google Scholar Examples of British ‘open plan’ schools are Ilford Jewish Primary School, London Borough of Redbridge (Scott, Brownrigg & Turner, 1968–69); Eastergate Church of England Primary School, Chichester (West Sussex County Council Architect’s Department, 1969–70); The American School in London, London Borough of Camden (Shaver & Co. with Fitzroy Robinson & Partners, 1969–71), the William Morris Middle School (London Borough of Merton Architect’s Department, 1971–72) and Waterfield Secondary School, London Borough of Greenwich (Greater London Council Architect’s Department, c. 1971–76). These schools were published in three journals each, excepting the Waterfield School, which was featured in five.

99 Laboratories Investigation Unit, ‘An Approach to Laboratory Building: a Paper for Discussion’ (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Tony Branton, pers. comm., 23 February 2011.

100 London, BL, C467/30, 1998 interview with David Medd.

101 Maclure, , Educational Development and School Building, p. 93 Google Scholar; Liz and Ian Fraser, pers. comm., 18 October 2010.

102 Medd, , School Design, p. 22.Google Scholar

103 ‘Evolution of the Primary School: Collaboration at Manchester’, Architects’ Journal, 146 (9 August 1967), PP. 345–50.Google Scholar

104 ‘Abraham Moss Centre, Manchester’, Architects’ Journal, 163 (26 May 1976), pp. 1042–44Google Scholar; DES, Abraham Moss Centre: Progress Report, A&B Paper no. 1 (London, 1978).Google Scholar

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106 Central Advisory Council for Education (England), Children and their Primary Schools, p. 400, fig. 9.Google ScholarPubMed

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108 MoE, Village Schools, pp. 27–28.Google Scholar

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113 An earlier use of the term kiva in this context: ‘New Schools — Economy Too’, Life, 1 February 1954, p. 74.Google ScholarPubMed

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117 David Medd, pers. comm., 3 July 2008.

118 DES, Eveline Lowe Primary School, p. 72.Google Scholar The technical basis of SEAC (South Eastern Architects’ Collaboration) was the Hills system as refined by Hertfordshire County Council.

119 London, IoE, ME/E/7/5, note OI 23 July 1964by David Medd.

120 The earliest located reference to ‘ingredients of planning’ dates to 1969: London, IoE, ME/M/4/4, Medd, , ‘New Education — New Design’, p. 1.Google Scholar In 1987, David Medd commented ‘even then we were slow — it was not til BB [Building Bulletin] 47 that the ingredients of working area[s] were spelled out publicly first’. London, IoE, ME/T/7, Medd lecture notes, 13 May 1987. DES, Eveline Lowe School: Appraisal, Appendix 3: ‘Some Suggested Ingredients of Planning for Working Areas’.

121 Medd, David and Medd, Mary, ‘Designing Primary Schools’, Froebel Journal, 11 (Spring 1971), pp. 6–11 Google Scholar; ‘The Design of Primary Schools’, unsigned article by David Medd, Built Environment, 1 (May 1972); Neufert, Ernst, Architects’ Data, 2nd (international) English edn (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Mills, Edward D., Planning: the Architect’s Handbook, 10th edn (London, 1985).Google Scholar Ingredients of planning were also featured in Maclure, Educational Development and School Building, pp. 146–47.

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133 ‘The Evolving School’, Trends in Education, p. 6.Google ScholarPubMed

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135 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 16 September 2010.

136 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 10 March 2011.

137 Welsh Education Office, Small Rural Primary Schools in Wales, Design Study 1 (Cardiff, 1975).Google Scholar

138 Central Council on Education (Wales), Primary Education in Wales, ‘Gittins report’ (Cardiff, 1967), section 7.6.3.Google ScholarPubMed

139 London, IoE, ME/T/7, Medd lecture notes, 13 May 1987. The Medds worked with Len Evans of Dyfed County Council Architect’s Department (London, IoE, ME/E/8/6, letter of 19 October 1979 from David Medd to R. Howell).

140 Welsh Education Office, An Area School in Dyfed, Design Study 1 (Cardiff, 1976)Google Scholar; Pearson, Eric, ‘Five Into One … Five Small Rural Schools Merged into a New Area School in Llangybi’, Architects’ Journal, 165 (15 June 1977), pp. 1117–18.Google Scholar

141 Times Educational Supplement, 22 July 1977.

142 Berger Primary School, Hackney, London’, Wood, 33 (June 1968), pp. 15–19; ‘ Johanna Primary School, London, SEI, Official Architecture & Planning, 29 (September 1966), pp. 1290–93.Google Scholar

143 Between 1953 and 1998, the Medds undertook 106 international ‘missions’ on school consultancy, many of which David Medd detailed in his 1998 BL interview. London, IoE, ME / B /1, transcript of 1998 BL interview with David Medd, p. 118.

144 Weston, Richard, Schools of Thought: Hampshire Architecture 1974–1991 (Winchester, 1991)Google Scholar; Franklin, ‘Hampshire’ and ‘Buckinghamshire’ in ‘England’s Schools 1962–88’.

145 Franklin, ‘Voluntary and Independent Schools’, in ‘England’s Schools 1962–88’. In England and Wales, voluntary schools were provided by Church or other voluntary bodies but maintained by the local education authority. In the case of ‘voluntary aided’ schools, the providing body bore the cost of building with the help of a DES grant covering a proportion of capital costs. SirPile, William, The Department of Education and Science(London, 1979), p. 65.Google Scholar

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147 Ipswich, Suffolk Record Office, HG3/3/2/68/4/15, letter of 16 October 1968 from Herbert Tayler to Dr F. Lincoln Ralphs, Chief Education Officer to the Norfolk County Council.

148 Catherine Burke, Conversations Between Architects and Educators in Designing the Post-War Primary School, British Academy Film, 2007.

149 Moorhouse, Edith, A Personal Story of Oxfordshire Primary Schools 1956–2968 (London, 1988)Google Scholar; Aitchison, Sarah, ‘Eynsham School and the Progressive Experiment 1967–83’ (MA thesis, Institute of Education, 2004), pp. 29–36.Google Scholar

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151 ‘Pontefract Cobblers Lane Infants’ School’, Architects’ Journal, 156 (8 November 1972), pp. 1058–60Google Scholar; Pel Ltd, ‘Furnishing a School’ (1974); London, IoE, ABB/E/21, DES, ‘Cobblers Lane Infant School, Pontefract, West Yorkshire’, DES Broadsheet no. 7 (London, undated).

152 James Peacock Infants’ School: Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 173.Google Scholar

153 Maclure, , Educational Development and School Building, pp. 184–85.Google Scholar

154 Parklands: Neufert, , Architects’ Data, p. 120.Google Scholar

155 Desmond Williams, pers. comm., 20 October 2011.

156 ‘St. Thomas of Canterbury Roman Catholic Primary School’, Architects’ Journal, 153 (28 April 1971), pp. 941–54Google Scholar; London, IoE, ABB/E/21, DES, ‘Egerton CE Primary School, Ordsall, Salford’, DES Broadsheet no. 8 (London, undated).

157 Hampton County Infants School, Architects’ Journal, 150 (30 July 1969), pp. 229–42.Google Scholar

158 London, IoE, ABB/E/21, DES, ‘Brixington Junior School, Exmouth, Devon’, DES Broadsheet no. 6 (London, undated).

159 Michael Hacker, pers. comm., 23 September 2010. ‘Hertfordshire family tree’: Maclure, , Educational Development and School Building, p. 93.Google Scholar

160 Burke, ‘“Inside out“’.

161 Links between the Medds and their counterparts in Denmark resulted in the former contributing over a dozen articles for Arkitekten over the period 1953 to 1980. London, IoE, ME/G/9/1, and Burke, Catherine, ‘Putting Education in its Place: Mapping the Observations of Danish and English Architects on 1950s School Design’, Paedagogica Historica, 46 (2010), pp. 655–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

162 London, IoE, ME/T/7, Medd lecture notes, 13 May 1987.

163 London, IoE, ME / S /10, ‘School Planning and Design: An International Seminar for Designers, Educators and Administrators’, British Council, 28 April–8 May 1985, p. 13.

164 Brogden, Mike, ‘Plowden and Primary School Buildings: A Story of Innovation without Change’, Forum, 49 (2007), pp. 55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

165 ‘Semi-open plan’: Seaborne, Malcolm, Primary School Design (London, 1971), p. 63 Google Scholar; Saint, , Towards a Social Architecture, p. 189.Google Scholar

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167 For example, Bennett, Open Plan Schools.

168 ‘David Medd on Malcolm Seaborne’, Education, 152 (25 February 1972), p. 177.Google Scholar

169 ‘People like Miss Gilbari of Bristol, Miss Scurfield of Welwyn Garden City, and above all Miss Moorhouse of Oxfordshire are the people architects have been trying to understand and catch up with in the last 30 years. They were doing “open plan” education while Hitler was still living.’ London, IoE, ME/Q/9/1, letter from Medd to Gardiner, p. 6. The text to which Medd was responding was never published, but Medd clearly uses quotation marks to distance himself from the term ‘open plan’.

170 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 16 September 2010.

171 Guy Hawkins, pers. comm., 10 March 2011.

172 DES, Eveline Lowe School: Appraisal, p. 3.Google Scholar

173 Audrey Destandau (director), Principles of Primary School Design: Towards a Common Vocabulary of Practice,DVD (2010).

174 Quoted in Nuttgens, Patrick, Understanding Modern Architecture (London, 1988), p. 208.Google Scholar

175 Burke, ‘“Inside out“’.

176 ‘The New Empiricism: Sweden’s Latest Style’, Architectural Review, 101 (June 1947), pp. 199–204.Google Scholar Sven Backström earlier referred to ‘the “new objectivity”’: Backström, Sven, ‘A Swede Looks at Sweden’, Architectural Review, 94 (September 1943), p. 80.Google Scholar ‘The New Humanism’: Banham, Reyner, ‘The New Brutalism’, Architectural Review, 118 (December 1955), pp. 355–61 (p. 356).Google Scholar

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178 Medd, David, ‘The Man From SOM’, Architects’ Journal, 143 (2 March 1966), pp. 568–69 (p. 568).Google Scholar

179 London, IoE, ME/B/3, transcript of 1998 BL interview with Mary Medd.

180 See, for example, Red House, Baillie Scott’s house of 1892–93 on the Isle of Man and his 1894 design for an ideal house, in which the principal rooms are separated by folding screens. Kornwolf, James D., M. H. Baillie Scott and the Arts and Crafts Movement: Pioneers of Modern Design (London, 1972), pp. 99, 107.Google Scholar David Medd’s views on the Arts and Crafts movement: London, IoE, ME/Z/3/1, David Medd, ‘a Note for Visitors in the Edward Barnsley Workshop’ (2000).

181 London, IoE, ME / Q / 9 /1, letter from Medd to Gardiner, p. 7. Dorothy Scurfield, headmistress of Ludwick School in Welwyn Garden City in the 1950s, was a pioneer of ‘free activity’ and ‘play and discovery’ methods in infant teaching.

182 London, IoE, ME/B/3, transcript of 1998 BL interview with Mary Medd.

183 Central Advisory Council for Education (England), Children and their Primary Schools, p. 394.Google ScholarPubMed

184 Douglas, J. W. B., The Home and the School (London, 1964).Google Scholar

185 Franklin et al., ‘England’s Schools 1962–88’.