Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:13:41.618Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Doors to the dead. The power of doorways and thresholds in Viking Age Scandinavia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2013

Marianne Hem Eriksen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mortuary practices could vary almost indefinitely in the Viking Age. Within a theoretical framework of ritualization and architectural philosophy, this article explores how doors and thresholds were used in mortuary practice and ritual behaviour. The door is a deep metaphor for transition, transformation and liminality. It is argued that Viking Age people built ‘doors to the dead’ of various types, such as freestanding portals, causewayed ring-ditches or thresholds to grave mounds; or on occasion even buried their dead in the doorway. The paper proposes that the ritualized doors functioned in three ways: they created connections between the dead and the living; they constituted boundaries and thresholds that could possibly be controlled; and they formed between-spaces, expressing liminality and, conceivably, deviance. Ultimately, the paper underlines the profound impact of domestic architecture on mortuary practice and ritual behaviour in the Viking Age.

Keywords

doorportalritualizationburialliminalitydeviance
Type
Articles
Information
Archaeological Dialogues , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , December 2013 , pp. 187 - 214
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar (1965): translated into Norwegian by L. Heggstad, Oslo.Google Scholar
Eyrbyggja saga (1989): translated into English with an introduction and notes by H. Pálsson and P. Edwards, London.Google Scholar
Grimnesmål (1985): in Eddadikt, translated to Norwegian by L. Holm-Olsen, Oslo.Google Scholar
Grógaldr: available online at http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Grógaldr, retrieved 6 August 2012.Google Scholar
Gulathing Law (1994): published as Den eldre Gulatingslova, Oslo.Google Scholar
Ibn Fadlan's Risala (2012): published as Ibn Fadlan and the land of darkness. Arab travellers in the far North, translated into English by P. Lunde and C. Stone, London.Google Scholar
Landnámabók (1997): published as Landnåmsboken. Beretningen om landnåmet på Island ca. 870–930, translated into Norwegian by L.K. Schnei, Oslo.Google Scholar
Laxdæla saga (1997): Published as The saga of the people of Laxardal, translated into English by K. Kunz, in Ö. Thorsson (ed.), The sagas of the Icelanders. A selection, New York, 270–421.Google Scholar
The dreams of Baldr: available online at http://heimskringla.no/wiki/Baldrs_draumar, retrieved 20 January 2013.Google Scholar
Andreeff, A., 2007: Gotlandic picture stones, hybridity, and material culture, in Cornell, P. and Fahlander, F. (eds), Encounters, materialities, confrontations. Archaeologies of social space and interaction, Newcastle, 242–58.Google Scholar
Andreeff, A., 2012: Archaeological excavations of picture stone sites, in Karnell, M.H. (ed.), Gotland's picture stones. Bearers of an enigmatic legacy, Gotland (Gotlänsk Arkiv 84), 129–212.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1989: Dörrar til förgångna myter. En tolkning av de gotlänska bildstenarna, inAndrén, A. (ed.), Medeltidens födelse, Krapperup (Symposier på Krapperups borg 1), 287–319.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1993: Doors to other worlds. Scandinavian death rituals, Journal of European archaeology 1, 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, A., 1997: Mellan ting och text. En introduktion till de historiska arkeologierna, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, B., 1970: Tür der Toten. Sach- und Wortzeugnisse zu einer frühmittelalterlichen Gräbersitte in Schweden, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 4, 384–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrhenius, B., and O'Meadhra, U. (eds), 2011: Conclusions and new aspects, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XVIII).Google Scholar
Artelius, T., 1999: Den döde vid dörren. Reflektioner rundt förfäderskult utifrån fynd av människoben i två halländska långhus från järnålder, in Artelius, T., Englund, E. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Kring västsvenska hus. Boendets organisation och symbolik i förhistorisk tid, Göteborg (GOTARC, Series C 22), 73–85.Google Scholar
Bårdseth, G.A., 2009: The Roman Age hall and the warrior-aristocracy. Reflections upon the hall at Missingen, south-east Norway, Norwegian archaeological review 42 (2), 146–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A.S., 2010: Døre i vikingetidens langhuse. Et forsøg på at indtænke mennesket i bebyggelsesarkæologien, unpublished Master's thesis, University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, Prehistoric Archaeology.Google Scholar
Bell, C., 1992: Ritual theory, ritual practice, New York.Google Scholar
Bertell, M., 2006: Where does Old Norse religion end? Reflections on the term Old Norse religion, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 298–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, R.E., 1995: The cultural foundations of inequality in households, in Price, T.D. and Feinman, G.M. (eds), Foundations of social inequality, New York, 105–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blier, S.P., 1987: The anatomy of architecture. Ontology and metaphor in Batammaliba architectural expression, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Blindheim, C., and Heyerdahl-Larsen, B. (eds), 1995: Gravplassene i Bikjholbergene/Lamøya. Undersøkelsene 1950–1957, Oslo (Kaupang-funnene II).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1977: Outline of a theory of practice, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., 2003: A life less ordinary. The ritualization of the domestic sphere in later prehistoric Europe, Cambridge archaeological journal 13 (1), 5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., 2005: Ritual and domestic life in prehistoric Europe, London.Google Scholar
Bratt, P., 2008: Makt uttryckt i jord och sten. Stora högar och maktstrukturer i Mälardalen under järnåldern, Ph.D. thesis, Stockholm University, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Brendalsmo, J., and Røthe, G., 1992: Haugbrot eller de levendes forhold til de døde. En komparativ analyse, META, Medeltidsarkeologisk Tidskrift 1–2, 84–119.Google Scholar
Bugge, S., 1867: Norrœn fornkvæði. Islandsk samling af folkelige oldtidsdigte om nordens guder og heroer, almindelig kaldet Sæmundar Edda hins fróða, Christiania.Google Scholar
Callmer, J., and Rosengren, E., 1997: ‘Gick Grendel att söka det höga huset . . .’ Arkeologiska källor till aristokratiska miljöer i Skandinavien under yngre järnålder. Rapport från ett seminarium i Falkenberg 16–17 november 1995, Halmstad (GOTARC series C 17).Google Scholar
Carlie, A., 2004: Forntida byggnadskult. Tradition och regionalitet i södra Skandinavien, Stockholm (Skrifter. Riksantikvarieämbetet arkeologiska undersökningar 57).Google Scholar
Carlie, A., 2006: Ancient building cults. Aspects of ritual tradition in southern Scandinavia, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 206–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlie, A., 2008: Magnate estates along the road. Viking Age settlements, communication and contacts in south-west Scania, Sweden, Acta archaeologica 79, 110–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carsten, J., and Hugh-Jones, S. (eds), 1995: About the house. Lévi-Strauss and beyond, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1964: Gods and myths of northern Europe, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1968: The road to hell. A study of the conception of the dead in Old Norse literature, New York.Google Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1993: Boundaries and thresholds. Papers from a colloquium of the Katharine Briggs Club, Stroud.Google Scholar
De Certeau, M., 1984: The practice of everyday life, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
Eriksen, M.H., 2010: Between the real and ideal. Ordering, controlling and utilising space in power negotiations. Hall buildings in Scandinavia, 250–1050 CE, unpublished Master's thesis, University of Oslo, Institute of Archaeology, Conservation and History.Google Scholar
Eriksen, M.H., 2011: Hallen og landskapet. Monumentalitet, liminalitet og transformasjon, Nicolay 113 (1), 11–18.Google Scholar
Feilberg, H.F., 1907: The corpse-door. A Danish survival, Folklore 18 (4), 364–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fendin, T., 2006: Grinding processes and reproductive metaphors, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 159–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredriksen, P.D., 2002: Karet/kroppen/identiteten. Spannforma leirkar i graver, unpublished cand.philol thesis, University of Bergen, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gardeła, L., 2011: Buried with honour and stoned to death? The ambivalence of Viking Age magic in the light of archaeology, Analecta archaeologica ressoviensia 4, 339–76.Google Scholar
Gardeła, L., 2012: Entangled worlds. Archaeologies of ambivalence in the Viking Age, Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Gejvall, N.-G., 1955: Human bones in buildings, in Stenberger, M. (ed.), Vallhagar. A Migration Period settlement on Gotland, Sweden. Part II, Copenhagen, 766–67.Google Scholar
Gennep, A. v., 1960: The rites of passage, London.Google Scholar
Geschwind, B.Z., 2005: Elden i rännan. Gravseden med kantrännor runt högar och stensättingar i Sverige, unpublished student paper, University of Stockholm, Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), 2005a: Gravfeltet på Gulli. E18–prosjektet Vestfold, Bind 1, Oslo (Varia 60).Google Scholar
Gjerpe, L.E., 2005b: Uthus, kulthus, dødehus eller grav?, in Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), Gravfeltet på Gulli. E18–prosjektet Vestfold, Bind 1, Oslo (Varia 60), 147–51.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S., 1969: Särdrag innom vikingatidens gravskick, in Christiansson, H. and Hyenstrand, Å. (eds), Nordsvensk forntid, Umeå (Skytteanska Samfundets handlingar 6), 133–50.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S., 2001: Living with the dead. Reflections on food offerings on graves, in Sundqvist, O. and Nahl, A. Van (eds), Kontinuitäten und Brüche in der Religionsgeschichte. Festschrift für Anders Hultgård zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 23.12.2001, Berlin (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 31), 222–35.Google Scholar
Gurevič, A.J., 1969: Space and time in the Weltmodel of medieval Scandinavia, Medieaval Scandinavia 2, 42–53.Google Scholar
Hagberg, L., 1937: När döden gästar. Svenska folkseder och svensk folktro i samband med död och begravning, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Hållans, A.-M., and Andersson, C., 1997: No trespassing. Physical and mental boundaries in agrarian settlements, in Andersson, H., Carelli, P. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Visions of the past. Trends and traditions in Swedish medieval archaeology, Stockholm, 583–602.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 1999: Skygger av en annen virkelighet. Oldnordiske myter, Oslo.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2002: Scandinavian ‘central places’ in a cosmological setting, in Larsson, L. and Hårdh, B. (eds), Central places in the Migration and Merovingian periods. Papers from the 52nd Sachsensymposium, Lund, August 2001, Stockholm (Acta archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8° 39), 3–18.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2004: Dyr og andre mennesker. Mennesker og andre dyr. Dyreornamentikkens transcendentale realitet, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Ordning mot kaos. Studier av nordisk förkristen kosmologi, Lund, 219–52.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2011: Iron Age myth and materiality. An archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000, London.Google Scholar
Heide, E., 2006: Spinning seidr, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 164–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschend, F., 1993: The origin of the hall in southern Scandinavia, Tor 25, 175–99.Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 1997: Livet i hallen. Tre fallstudier i den yngre järnålderns aristokrati, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 14).Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 1998: The idea of the good in Late Iron Age society, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15).Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 2009: The Early Iron Age in south Scandinavia. Social order in settlement and landscape, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 46).Google Scholar
Hillier, B., and Hanson, J., 1984: The social logic of space, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmquist, L., 2011: Birka's garrison and its warriors. Professionalism and elite in Scandinavian Viking Age society, in M. Rȩbkowski (ed.), Ekskluzywne życie – dostojny pochówek. W krȩgu kultury elitarnej wieków średnich (Wolińskie Spotkania Mediewistyczne 1), 223–32.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L., 1990: ‘Älgmannen’ från Birka. Presentation av en nyligen undersökt krigargrav med människooffer, Fornvännen 85, 175–82.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L., 1996: Älgmannen under tröskeln, Historiska nyheter 61, 8–9.Google Scholar
Holmqvist, W. (ed.), 1961: Report for 1954–1956, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö I).Google Scholar
Holmqvist, W., and Granath, K.-E., 1969: Helgö. Den gåtefulla ön, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Husetuft, N., 1933: Likferdsdøri, Jol i Sunnfjord 8, 31.Google Scholar
Jessen, E., 1862: Undersøgelser til nordisk oldhistorie, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Johansson, M., 1993: Sydvästportar i gravar från Mälarområdet, unpublished student paper, University of Stockholm, Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Kaliff, A., 1997: Grav och kultplats. Eskatologiska föreställningar under yngre bronsålder och äldre järnålder i Östergötland, Uppsala (AUN 24).Google Scholar
Kjos, O., 2009: Rapport arkeologisk utgravning. Bosetningsspor og gravminner. Hovet, 65/1 m.fl. Valle kommune, Aust-Agder, unpublished excavation report, University of Oslo, Museum of Cultural History, topographical archive.Google Scholar
Komber, J., 1989: Jernalderens gårdshus. En bygningsteknisk analyse, Stavanger (AmS-varia 18).Google Scholar
Kristensen, T.S., 2010: Husgeråd som husoffer, Primitive tider 12, 61–70.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 1995: Transformation in Migration Period animal art, Norwegian archaeological review 28, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2000: Sverd og spenne. Dyreornamentikk og sosial kontekst, Kristiansand (Studia Humanitatis Bergensia 13).Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2004: Symbolism in rites of transition in Iron Age Norway, in Wedde, M. (ed.), Celebrations. Selected papers and discussions from the Tenth Anniversary Symposion of the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 12–16 May 1999, Bergen, 287–303.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2010: Half beast – half man. Hybrid figures in animal art, World archaeology 42 (2), 261–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M., 1980: Metaphors we live by, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lang, J., 1984: The Hogback. A Viking colonial monument, in Hawkes, S.C., Campbell, J. and Brown, D. (eds), Anglo-Saxon studies in archaeology and history 3, Oxford, 83–176.Google Scholar
Larrington, C., 2007: Translating the Poetic Edda into English, in Clark, D. and Phelpstead, C. (eds), Old Norse made new. Essays on the post-medieval reception of Old Norse literature and culture, London, 21–42.Google Scholar
Larsson, L., 2011: A ceremonial building as a ‘home of the gods’? Central buildings in the central place of Uppåkra, in Grim, O. and Pesch, A. (eds), The Gudme–Gudhem phenomenon. Papers presented at a workshop organized by the Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA), Schleswig, April 26th and 27th, 2010, Neumünster (Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums Band 6), 189–206.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, H., 1991: The production of space, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C., 1987: Anthropology and myth. Lectures 1951–1982, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S., 1941: Gotlands Bildsteine, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, L., Nordström, K., Larsson, A.-C. and Rundkvist, M., 2002: Tempelvägen. Rapport från Arkeologikonsult 2002:2. Delundersökning av Åbygravfältet i Västerhaninge, unpublished excavation report, Arkeologikonsult.Google Scholar
Løken, T., 1987: The corrolation between the shape of grave monuments and sex in the Iron Age, based on materials from Østfold and Vestfold, in Bertelsen, R., Lillehammer, A. and Næss, J.-R. (eds), Were they all men? An examination of sex roles in prehistoric society, Stavanger (AmS-Varia 17).Google Scholar
Løken, T., 2001: Oppkomsten av den germanske hallen. Hall og sal i eldre jernalder i Rogaland, Viking 64, 49–86.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2009: Åsted og vadested. Deponeringer, genstandsbiografier og rumlig strukturering som kilde til vikingetidens kognitive landskaber, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo, Faculty of Humanities.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2013: Fragments of a conversion. Handling bodies and objects in pagan and Christian Scandinavia AD 800–1100, World archaeology, 45 (1), 46–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauss, M., 1979: Sociology and psychology. Essays, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munch, P.A., 1852: Det norske folks historie, Christiania.Google Scholar
Myhre, B., 1980: Gårdsanlegget på Ullandhaug I. Gårdshus i jernalder og tidlig middelalder i Sørvest-Norge, Stavanger (AmS skrifter 4).Google Scholar
Myhre, B., 1992: Funderinger over Ullandhaugs bosetningshistorie, in Skår, A.K. (ed.), Gammel gård gjenoppstår. Fra gamle tufter til levende museum, Stavanger (AmS Småtrykk 26), 47–68.Google Scholar
Myrberg, N., 2005: Burning down the house. Mythological chaos and world order on Gotlandic picture stones, Current Swedish archaeology 13, 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niles, J.D., Christensen, T. and Osborn, M., 2007: Beowulf and Lejre, Tempe.Google Scholar
Nordanskog, G., 2006a: Föreställd hedendom. Tidigmedeltida skandinaviska kyrkportar i forskning och historia, Lund.Google Scholar
Nordanskog, G., 2006b: Misconceptions concerning paganism and folklore in medieval art. The Roglösa example, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 308–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordberg, A., 2002: Vertikalt placerade vapen i vikingatida gravar, Fornvännen 97, 15–24.Google Scholar
Norr, S., 1996: A place for proletarians? A contextual hypothesis on social space in Roman and Migration Period long-houses, Current Swedish archaeology 4, 157–64.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., 1999: The archaeology of death and burial, Stroud.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., 2006: The origins of Old Norse ritual and religion in European perspective, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 86–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., and Richards, C., 1994a: Architecture and order. Approaches to social space, London.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., and Richards, C., 1994b: Architecture and order. Spatial representation and archaeology, in Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds), Architecture and order. Approaches to social space, London, 38–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulsson-Holmberg, T., 1997: Iron Age building offerings, Fornvännen 92, 163–75.Google Scholar
Petersen, J., 1933: Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland. Fra forhistorisk tid og middelalder, Oslo.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2002: The Viking way. Religion and war in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, Uppsala.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2008a: Bodylore and the archaeology of embedded religion. Dramatic licence in the funeral of the Vikings, in Whitley, D.M. and Hays-Gilpin, K. (eds), Faith in the Past. Theorizing Ancient Religion, Walnut Creek, CA, 143–66.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2008b: Dying and the dead. Viking Age mortuary behaviour, in Brink, S. and Price, N.S. (eds), The Viking world, London, 257–73.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2010: Passing into poetry. Viking Age mortuary drama and the origins of Norse mythology, Medieval archaeology 54, 123–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramqvist, P.H., 1992: Högom. The excavations 1949–1984, Umeå.Google Scholar
Reynolds, A., 2009: Anglo-Saxon deviant burial customs, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rødsrud, C., 2007: Graver og bosetningsspor på Bjørnstad (lokalitet 44), in Bårdseth, G.A. (ed.), Hus, gard og graver langs E6 i Sarpsborg kommune. E6–prosjektet Østfold Band 2, Oslo (Varia 66), 91–192.Google Scholar
Rønne, O., 2008: Seierstad 22. Lokalitet med spor etter hus fra før-romersk jernalder, rester av utpløyde gravhauger, ildsteder og kokegroper, in Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), Hus, boplass- og dyrkningsspor. E18–prosjektet Vestfold Bind 3, Oslo (Varia 73), 301–16.Google Scholar
Rundkvist, M., 2012: The secondary use of picture stones on Gotland prior to the first stone churches, with a typology of picture stone outline shape, in Karnell, M.H. (ed.), Gotland's picture stones. Bearers of an enigmatic legacy, Gotland (Gotlänsk Arkiv 84), 146–212.Google Scholar
Sander, B., 1997: Cemetery 116, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XIII).Google Scholar
Schmidt, H., 1999: Vikingetidens byggeskik i Danmark, Aarhus.Google Scholar
Skov, H., 1994: Hustyper i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder. Udviklingen af hustyperne i det gammeldanske område fra ca. 800–1200 e. Kr., Hikuin 21, 139–62.Google Scholar
Skov, H., 2002: The development of rural house types in the old Danish region 800–1500 A.D., in Klapste, J. (ed.), The rural house, from the Migration Period to the oldest still standing buildings (Ruralia IV), 30–33.Google Scholar
Skre, D., 2001: The social context of settlement in Norway in the first millenium AD, Norwegian archaeological review 34 (1), 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Söderberg, B., 2005: Aristokratiskt rum och gränsöverskridande. Järrestad och sydöstra Skåne mellan region och rike 600–1100, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Söderberg, B., 2006: Några perspektiver på kulten i en härskarmiljö. Järrestad under yngre järnålder, in Anglert, M., Artursson, M. and Svanberg, F. (eds), Kulthus & dödshus. Det ritualiserade rummets teori och praktik, Stockholm, 153–66.Google Scholar
Solheim, S., 1965: Lik, in Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, Copenhagen, 550–1.Google Scholar
Solli, B., 2002: Seid. Myter, sjamanisme og kjønn i vikingenes tid, Oslo.Google Scholar
Steinsland, G., 2002: Herskermaktens ritualer. Kan mytologien sette oss på spor av riter, gjenstander og kult knyttet til herskerens intronisasjon?, in Jennbert, K., Andrén, A. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Plats och praxis. Studier av nordisk förkristen ritual, Lund, 87–104.Google Scholar
Steinsland, G., 2005: Norrøn religion. Myter, riter, samfunn, Oslo.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2006: Escaping the allure of meaning. Toward new paradigms in the study of ritual in prehistory, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 95–98.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2008: Capturing mortuary ritual. An attempt to harmonize archaeological method and theory, in Fogelin, L. (ed.), Religion, archaeology, and the material world, 159–78.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2010: The way we bury our dead. Reflections on mortuary ritual, community and identity at the time of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, Documenta praehistorika 37, 33–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stylegar, F.-A., 2007: The Kaupang cemeteries revisited, in Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal, Aarhus (Norske Oldfunn XXII), 65–101.Google Scholar
Svanberg, F., 2003: Death rituals in south-east Scandinavia AD 800–1000, Bonn (Acta archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 4°).Google Scholar
Thäte, E.S., 2007: Monuments and minds. Monument re-use in Scandinavia in the second half of the first millennium AD, Bonn.Google Scholar
Trumbull, H.C., 1896: The threshold covenant or the beginning of religious rites, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Tuan, Y.-F., 1977: Space and place. The perspective of experience, London.Google Scholar
Turner, V.W., 1967: Betwixt and between. The liminal period in rites de passage, in Turner, The forest of symbols, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Turner, V.W., 1977: The ritual process. Structure and anti-structure. The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures presented at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Unwin, S., 2007: Doorway, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unwin, S., 2009: Analysing architecture, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weibull, L., 1911: Kritiska undersøkningar i Nordens historia omkring år 1000, Lund.Google Scholar
Weibull, L., 1918: Historisk-kritisk metod och nutida svensk historieforskning, Lund.Google Scholar
Welinder, S., 1993: Pots, females and food, Current Swedish archaeology 1, 165–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, P.J., 1988: The domestication of the human species, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Wylie, A., 1985: The reaction against analogy, Advances in archaeological method and theory 8, 63–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachrisson, T., 2004: The holiness of Helgö, in Clarke, H. and Lamm, K. (eds), Exotic and sacral finds from Helgö, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XVI), 143–75.Google Scholar
Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar (1965): translated into Norwegian by L. Heggstad, Oslo.Google Scholar
Eyrbyggja saga (1989): translated into English with an introduction and notes by H. Pálsson and P. Edwards, London.Google Scholar
Grimnesmål (1985): in Eddadikt, translated to Norwegian by L. Holm-Olsen, Oslo.Google Scholar
Grógaldr: available online at http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Grógaldr, retrieved 6 August 2012.Google Scholar
Gulathing Law (1994): published as Den eldre Gulatingslova, Oslo.Google Scholar
Ibn Fadlan's Risala (2012): published as Ibn Fadlan and the land of darkness. Arab travellers in the far North, translated into English by P. Lunde and C. Stone, London.Google Scholar
Landnámabók (1997): published as Landnåmsboken. Beretningen om landnåmet på Island ca. 870–930, translated into Norwegian by L.K. Schnei, Oslo.Google Scholar
Laxdæla saga (1997): Published as The saga of the people of Laxardal, translated into English by K. Kunz, in Ö. Thorsson (ed.), The sagas of the Icelanders. A selection, New York, 270–421.Google Scholar
The dreams of Baldr: available online at http://heimskringla.no/wiki/Baldrs_draumar, retrieved 20 January 2013.Google Scholar
Andreeff, A., 2007: Gotlandic picture stones, hybridity, and material culture, in Cornell, P. and Fahlander, F. (eds), Encounters, materialities, confrontations. Archaeologies of social space and interaction, Newcastle, 242–58.Google Scholar
Andreeff, A., 2012: Archaeological excavations of picture stone sites, in Karnell, M.H. (ed.), Gotland's picture stones. Bearers of an enigmatic legacy, Gotland (Gotlänsk Arkiv 84), 129–212.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1989: Dörrar til förgångna myter. En tolkning av de gotlänska bildstenarna, inAndrén, A. (ed.), Medeltidens födelse, Krapperup (Symposier på Krapperups borg 1), 287–319.Google Scholar
Andrén, A., 1993: Doors to other worlds. Scandinavian death rituals, Journal of European archaeology 1, 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, A., 1997: Mellan ting och text. En introduktion till de historiska arkeologierna, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, B., 1970: Tür der Toten. Sach- und Wortzeugnisse zu einer frühmittelalterlichen Gräbersitte in Schweden, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 4, 384–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrhenius, B., and O'Meadhra, U. (eds), 2011: Conclusions and new aspects, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XVIII).Google Scholar
Artelius, T., 1999: Den döde vid dörren. Reflektioner rundt förfäderskult utifrån fynd av människoben i två halländska långhus från järnålder, in Artelius, T., Englund, E. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Kring västsvenska hus. Boendets organisation och symbolik i förhistorisk tid, Göteborg (GOTARC, Series C 22), 73–85.Google Scholar
Bårdseth, G.A., 2009: The Roman Age hall and the warrior-aristocracy. Reflections upon the hall at Missingen, south-east Norway, Norwegian archaeological review 42 (2), 146–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A.S., 2010: Døre i vikingetidens langhuse. Et forsøg på at indtænke mennesket i bebyggelsesarkæologien, unpublished Master's thesis, University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, Prehistoric Archaeology.Google Scholar
Bell, C., 1992: Ritual theory, ritual practice, New York.Google Scholar
Bertell, M., 2006: Where does Old Norse religion end? Reflections on the term Old Norse religion, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 298–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanton, R.E., 1995: The cultural foundations of inequality in households, in Price, T.D. and Feinman, G.M. (eds), Foundations of social inequality, New York, 105–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blier, S.P., 1987: The anatomy of architecture. Ontology and metaphor in Batammaliba architectural expression, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Blindheim, C., and Heyerdahl-Larsen, B. (eds), 1995: Gravplassene i Bikjholbergene/Lamøya. Undersøkelsene 1950–1957, Oslo (Kaupang-funnene II).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P., 1977: Outline of a theory of practice, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., 2003: A life less ordinary. The ritualization of the domestic sphere in later prehistoric Europe, Cambridge archaeological journal 13 (1), 5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., 2005: Ritual and domestic life in prehistoric Europe, London.Google Scholar
Bratt, P., 2008: Makt uttryckt i jord och sten. Stora högar och maktstrukturer i Mälardalen under järnåldern, Ph.D. thesis, Stockholm University, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Brendalsmo, J., and Røthe, G., 1992: Haugbrot eller de levendes forhold til de døde. En komparativ analyse, META, Medeltidsarkeologisk Tidskrift 1–2, 84–119.Google Scholar
Bugge, S., 1867: Norrœn fornkvæði. Islandsk samling af folkelige oldtidsdigte om nordens guder og heroer, almindelig kaldet Sæmundar Edda hins fróða, Christiania.Google Scholar
Callmer, J., and Rosengren, E., 1997: ‘Gick Grendel att söka det höga huset . . .’ Arkeologiska källor till aristokratiska miljöer i Skandinavien under yngre järnålder. Rapport från ett seminarium i Falkenberg 16–17 november 1995, Halmstad (GOTARC series C 17).Google Scholar
Carlie, A., 2004: Forntida byggnadskult. Tradition och regionalitet i södra Skandinavien, Stockholm (Skrifter. Riksantikvarieämbetet arkeologiska undersökningar 57).Google Scholar
Carlie, A., 2006: Ancient building cults. Aspects of ritual tradition in southern Scandinavia, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 206–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlie, A., 2008: Magnate estates along the road. Viking Age settlements, communication and contacts in south-west Scania, Sweden, Acta archaeologica 79, 110–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carsten, J., and Hugh-Jones, S. (eds), 1995: About the house. Lévi-Strauss and beyond, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1964: Gods and myths of northern Europe, Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1968: The road to hell. A study of the conception of the dead in Old Norse literature, New York.Google Scholar
Davidson, H.R.E., 1993: Boundaries and thresholds. Papers from a colloquium of the Katharine Briggs Club, Stroud.Google Scholar
De Certeau, M., 1984: The practice of everyday life, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
Eriksen, M.H., 2010: Between the real and ideal. Ordering, controlling and utilising space in power negotiations. Hall buildings in Scandinavia, 250–1050 CE, unpublished Master's thesis, University of Oslo, Institute of Archaeology, Conservation and History.Google Scholar
Eriksen, M.H., 2011: Hallen og landskapet. Monumentalitet, liminalitet og transformasjon, Nicolay 113 (1), 11–18.Google Scholar
Feilberg, H.F., 1907: The corpse-door. A Danish survival, Folklore 18 (4), 364–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fendin, T., 2006: Grinding processes and reproductive metaphors, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 159–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredriksen, P.D., 2002: Karet/kroppen/identiteten. Spannforma leirkar i graver, unpublished cand.philol thesis, University of Bergen, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gardeła, L., 2011: Buried with honour and stoned to death? The ambivalence of Viking Age magic in the light of archaeology, Analecta archaeologica ressoviensia 4, 339–76.Google Scholar
Gardeła, L., 2012: Entangled worlds. Archaeologies of ambivalence in the Viking Age, Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Gejvall, N.-G., 1955: Human bones in buildings, in Stenberger, M. (ed.), Vallhagar. A Migration Period settlement on Gotland, Sweden. Part II, Copenhagen, 766–67.Google Scholar
Gennep, A. v., 1960: The rites of passage, London.Google Scholar
Geschwind, B.Z., 2005: Elden i rännan. Gravseden med kantrännor runt högar och stensättingar i Sverige, unpublished student paper, University of Stockholm, Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), 2005a: Gravfeltet på Gulli. E18–prosjektet Vestfold, Bind 1, Oslo (Varia 60).Google Scholar
Gjerpe, L.E., 2005b: Uthus, kulthus, dødehus eller grav?, in Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), Gravfeltet på Gulli. E18–prosjektet Vestfold, Bind 1, Oslo (Varia 60), 147–51.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S., 1969: Särdrag innom vikingatidens gravskick, in Christiansson, H. and Hyenstrand, Å. (eds), Nordsvensk forntid, Umeå (Skytteanska Samfundets handlingar 6), 133–50.Google Scholar
Gräslund, A.-S., 2001: Living with the dead. Reflections on food offerings on graves, in Sundqvist, O. and Nahl, A. Van (eds), Kontinuitäten und Brüche in der Religionsgeschichte. Festschrift für Anders Hultgård zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 23.12.2001, Berlin (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 31), 222–35.Google Scholar
Gurevič, A.J., 1969: Space and time in the Weltmodel of medieval Scandinavia, Medieaval Scandinavia 2, 42–53.Google Scholar
Hagberg, L., 1937: När döden gästar. Svenska folkseder och svensk folktro i samband med död och begravning, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Hållans, A.-M., and Andersson, C., 1997: No trespassing. Physical and mental boundaries in agrarian settlements, in Andersson, H., Carelli, P. and Ersgård, L. (eds), Visions of the past. Trends and traditions in Swedish medieval archaeology, Stockholm, 583–602.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 1999: Skygger av en annen virkelighet. Oldnordiske myter, Oslo.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2002: Scandinavian ‘central places’ in a cosmological setting, in Larsson, L. and Hårdh, B. (eds), Central places in the Migration and Merovingian periods. Papers from the 52nd Sachsensymposium, Lund, August 2001, Stockholm (Acta archaeologica Lundensia. Series in 8° 39), 3–18.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2004: Dyr og andre mennesker. Mennesker og andre dyr. Dyreornamentikkens transcendentale realitet, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Ordning mot kaos. Studier av nordisk förkristen kosmologi, Lund, 219–52.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L., 2011: Iron Age myth and materiality. An archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400–1000, London.Google Scholar
Heide, E., 2006: Spinning seidr, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 164–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschend, F., 1993: The origin of the hall in southern Scandinavia, Tor 25, 175–99.Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 1997: Livet i hallen. Tre fallstudier i den yngre järnålderns aristokrati, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 14).Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 1998: The idea of the good in Late Iron Age society, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 15).Google Scholar
Herschend, F., 2009: The Early Iron Age in south Scandinavia. Social order in settlement and landscape, Uppsala (Occasional Papers in Archaeology 46).Google Scholar
Hillier, B., and Hanson, J., 1984: The social logic of space, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmquist, L., 2011: Birka's garrison and its warriors. Professionalism and elite in Scandinavian Viking Age society, in M. Rȩbkowski (ed.), Ekskluzywne życie – dostojny pochówek. W krȩgu kultury elitarnej wieków średnich (Wolińskie Spotkania Mediewistyczne 1), 223–32.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L., 1990: ‘Älgmannen’ från Birka. Presentation av en nyligen undersökt krigargrav med människooffer, Fornvännen 85, 175–82.Google Scholar
Holmquist Olausson, L., 1996: Älgmannen under tröskeln, Historiska nyheter 61, 8–9.Google Scholar
Holmqvist, W. (ed.), 1961: Report for 1954–1956, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö I).Google Scholar
Holmqvist, W., and Granath, K.-E., 1969: Helgö. Den gåtefulla ön, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Husetuft, N., 1933: Likferdsdøri, Jol i Sunnfjord 8, 31.Google Scholar
Jessen, E., 1862: Undersøgelser til nordisk oldhistorie, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Johansson, M., 1993: Sydvästportar i gravar från Mälarområdet, unpublished student paper, University of Stockholm, Department of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Kaliff, A., 1997: Grav och kultplats. Eskatologiska föreställningar under yngre bronsålder och äldre järnålder i Östergötland, Uppsala (AUN 24).Google Scholar
Kjos, O., 2009: Rapport arkeologisk utgravning. Bosetningsspor og gravminner. Hovet, 65/1 m.fl. Valle kommune, Aust-Agder, unpublished excavation report, University of Oslo, Museum of Cultural History, topographical archive.Google Scholar
Komber, J., 1989: Jernalderens gårdshus. En bygningsteknisk analyse, Stavanger (AmS-varia 18).Google Scholar
Kristensen, T.S., 2010: Husgeråd som husoffer, Primitive tider 12, 61–70.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 1995: Transformation in Migration Period animal art, Norwegian archaeological review 28, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2000: Sverd og spenne. Dyreornamentikk og sosial kontekst, Kristiansand (Studia Humanitatis Bergensia 13).Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2004: Symbolism in rites of transition in Iron Age Norway, in Wedde, M. (ed.), Celebrations. Selected papers and discussions from the Tenth Anniversary Symposion of the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 12–16 May 1999, Bergen, 287–303.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, S., 2010: Half beast – half man. Hybrid figures in animal art, World archaeology 42 (2), 261–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M., 1980: Metaphors we live by, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lang, J., 1984: The Hogback. A Viking colonial monument, in Hawkes, S.C., Campbell, J. and Brown, D. (eds), Anglo-Saxon studies in archaeology and history 3, Oxford, 83–176.Google Scholar
Larrington, C., 2007: Translating the Poetic Edda into English, in Clark, D. and Phelpstead, C. (eds), Old Norse made new. Essays on the post-medieval reception of Old Norse literature and culture, London, 21–42.Google Scholar
Larsson, L., 2011: A ceremonial building as a ‘home of the gods’? Central buildings in the central place of Uppåkra, in Grim, O. and Pesch, A. (eds), The Gudme–Gudhem phenomenon. Papers presented at a workshop organized by the Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA), Schleswig, April 26th and 27th, 2010, Neumünster (Schriften des Archäologischen Landesmuseums Band 6), 189–206.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, H., 1991: The production of space, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C., 1987: Anthropology and myth. Lectures 1951–1982, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, S., 1941: Gotlands Bildsteine, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, L., Nordström, K., Larsson, A.-C. and Rundkvist, M., 2002: Tempelvägen. Rapport från Arkeologikonsult 2002:2. Delundersökning av Åbygravfältet i Västerhaninge, unpublished excavation report, Arkeologikonsult.Google Scholar
Løken, T., 1987: The corrolation between the shape of grave monuments and sex in the Iron Age, based on materials from Østfold and Vestfold, in Bertelsen, R., Lillehammer, A. and Næss, J.-R. (eds), Were they all men? An examination of sex roles in prehistoric society, Stavanger (AmS-Varia 17).Google Scholar
Løken, T., 2001: Oppkomsten av den germanske hallen. Hall og sal i eldre jernalder i Rogaland, Viking 64, 49–86.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2009: Åsted og vadested. Deponeringer, genstandsbiografier og rumlig strukturering som kilde til vikingetidens kognitive landskaber, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo, Faculty of Humanities.Google Scholar
Lund, J., 2013: Fragments of a conversion. Handling bodies and objects in pagan and Christian Scandinavia AD 800–1100, World archaeology, 45 (1), 46–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauss, M., 1979: Sociology and psychology. Essays, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munch, P.A., 1852: Det norske folks historie, Christiania.Google Scholar
Myhre, B., 1980: Gårdsanlegget på Ullandhaug I. Gårdshus i jernalder og tidlig middelalder i Sørvest-Norge, Stavanger (AmS skrifter 4).Google Scholar
Myhre, B., 1992: Funderinger over Ullandhaugs bosetningshistorie, in Skår, A.K. (ed.), Gammel gård gjenoppstår. Fra gamle tufter til levende museum, Stavanger (AmS Småtrykk 26), 47–68.Google Scholar
Myrberg, N., 2005: Burning down the house. Mythological chaos and world order on Gotlandic picture stones, Current Swedish archaeology 13, 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niles, J.D., Christensen, T. and Osborn, M., 2007: Beowulf and Lejre, Tempe.Google Scholar
Nordanskog, G., 2006a: Föreställd hedendom. Tidigmedeltida skandinaviska kyrkportar i forskning och historia, Lund.Google Scholar
Nordanskog, G., 2006b: Misconceptions concerning paganism and folklore in medieval art. The Roglösa example, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 308–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordberg, A., 2002: Vertikalt placerade vapen i vikingatida gravar, Fornvännen 97, 15–24.Google Scholar
Norr, S., 1996: A place for proletarians? A contextual hypothesis on social space in Roman and Migration Period long-houses, Current Swedish archaeology 4, 157–64.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., 1999: The archaeology of death and burial, Stroud.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., 2006: The origins of Old Norse ritual and religion in European perspective, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 86–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., and Richards, C., 1994a: Architecture and order. Approaches to social space, London.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., and Richards, C., 1994b: Architecture and order. Spatial representation and archaeology, in Parker Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds), Architecture and order. Approaches to social space, London, 38–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulsson-Holmberg, T., 1997: Iron Age building offerings, Fornvännen 92, 163–75.Google Scholar
Petersen, J., 1933: Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland. Fra forhistorisk tid og middelalder, Oslo.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2002: The Viking way. Religion and war in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, Uppsala.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2008a: Bodylore and the archaeology of embedded religion. Dramatic licence in the funeral of the Vikings, in Whitley, D.M. and Hays-Gilpin, K. (eds), Faith in the Past. Theorizing Ancient Religion, Walnut Creek, CA, 143–66.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2008b: Dying and the dead. Viking Age mortuary behaviour, in Brink, S. and Price, N.S. (eds), The Viking world, London, 257–73.Google Scholar
Price, N.S., 2010: Passing into poetry. Viking Age mortuary drama and the origins of Norse mythology, Medieval archaeology 54, 123–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramqvist, P.H., 1992: Högom. The excavations 1949–1984, Umeå.Google Scholar
Reynolds, A., 2009: Anglo-Saxon deviant burial customs, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rødsrud, C., 2007: Graver og bosetningsspor på Bjørnstad (lokalitet 44), in Bårdseth, G.A. (ed.), Hus, gard og graver langs E6 i Sarpsborg kommune. E6–prosjektet Østfold Band 2, Oslo (Varia 66), 91–192.Google Scholar
Rønne, O., 2008: Seierstad 22. Lokalitet med spor etter hus fra før-romersk jernalder, rester av utpløyde gravhauger, ildsteder og kokegroper, in Gjerpe, L.E. (ed.), Hus, boplass- og dyrkningsspor. E18–prosjektet Vestfold Bind 3, Oslo (Varia 73), 301–16.Google Scholar
Rundkvist, M., 2012: The secondary use of picture stones on Gotland prior to the first stone churches, with a typology of picture stone outline shape, in Karnell, M.H. (ed.), Gotland's picture stones. Bearers of an enigmatic legacy, Gotland (Gotlänsk Arkiv 84), 146–212.Google Scholar
Sander, B., 1997: Cemetery 116, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XIII).Google Scholar
Schmidt, H., 1999: Vikingetidens byggeskik i Danmark, Aarhus.Google Scholar
Skov, H., 1994: Hustyper i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder. Udviklingen af hustyperne i det gammeldanske område fra ca. 800–1200 e. Kr., Hikuin 21, 139–62.Google Scholar
Skov, H., 2002: The development of rural house types in the old Danish region 800–1500 A.D., in Klapste, J. (ed.), The rural house, from the Migration Period to the oldest still standing buildings (Ruralia IV), 30–33.Google Scholar
Skre, D., 2001: The social context of settlement in Norway in the first millenium AD, Norwegian archaeological review 34 (1), 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Söderberg, B., 2005: Aristokratiskt rum och gränsöverskridande. Järrestad och sydöstra Skåne mellan region och rike 600–1100, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Söderberg, B., 2006: Några perspektiver på kulten i en härskarmiljö. Järrestad under yngre järnålder, in Anglert, M., Artursson, M. and Svanberg, F. (eds), Kulthus & dödshus. Det ritualiserade rummets teori och praktik, Stockholm, 153–66.Google Scholar
Solheim, S., 1965: Lik, in Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, Copenhagen, 550–1.Google Scholar
Solli, B., 2002: Seid. Myter, sjamanisme og kjønn i vikingenes tid, Oslo.Google Scholar
Steinsland, G., 2002: Herskermaktens ritualer. Kan mytologien sette oss på spor av riter, gjenstander og kult knyttet til herskerens intronisasjon?, in Jennbert, K., Andrén, A. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Plats och praxis. Studier av nordisk förkristen ritual, Lund, 87–104.Google Scholar
Steinsland, G., 2005: Norrøn religion. Myter, riter, samfunn, Oslo.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2006: Escaping the allure of meaning. Toward new paradigms in the study of ritual in prehistory, in Andrén, A., Jennbert, K. and Raudvere, C. (eds), Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives. Origins, changes, and interactions, Lund, 95–98.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2008: Capturing mortuary ritual. An attempt to harmonize archaeological method and theory, in Fogelin, L. (ed.), Religion, archaeology, and the material world, 159–78.Google Scholar
Stutz, L.N., 2010: The way we bury our dead. Reflections on mortuary ritual, community and identity at the time of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, Documenta praehistorika 37, 33–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stylegar, F.-A., 2007: The Kaupang cemeteries revisited, in Skre, D. (ed.), Kaupang in Skiringssal, Aarhus (Norske Oldfunn XXII), 65–101.Google Scholar
Svanberg, F., 2003: Death rituals in south-east Scandinavia AD 800–1000, Bonn (Acta archaeologica Lundensia, Series in 4°).Google Scholar
Thäte, E.S., 2007: Monuments and minds. Monument re-use in Scandinavia in the second half of the first millennium AD, Bonn.Google Scholar
Trumbull, H.C., 1896: The threshold covenant or the beginning of religious rites, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Tuan, Y.-F., 1977: Space and place. The perspective of experience, London.Google Scholar
Turner, V.W., 1967: Betwixt and between. The liminal period in rites de passage, in Turner, The forest of symbols, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Turner, V.W., 1977: The ritual process. Structure and anti-structure. The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures presented at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Unwin, S., 2007: Doorway, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unwin, S., 2009: Analysing architecture, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weibull, L., 1911: Kritiska undersøkningar i Nordens historia omkring år 1000, Lund.Google Scholar
Weibull, L., 1918: Historisk-kritisk metod och nutida svensk historieforskning, Lund.Google Scholar
Welinder, S., 1993: Pots, females and food, Current Swedish archaeology 1, 165–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, P.J., 1988: The domestication of the human species, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
Wylie, A., 1985: The reaction against analogy, Advances in archaeological method and theory 8, 63–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachrisson, T., 2004: The holiness of Helgö, in Clarke, H. and Lamm, K. (eds), Exotic and sacral finds from Helgö, Stockholm (Excavations at Helgö XVI), 143–75.Google Scholar