VII.—On the Date of Grime's Graves and Cissbury Flint-mines

Reginald A. Smith

doi:10.1017/S0261340900011619

VII.—On the Date of Grime's Graves and Cissbury Flint-mines

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November 2011

Reginald A. Smith

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The formal recognition by the Monaco Congress (1906) of the Aurignac stage of culture marks a distinct advance in the classification of palaeolithic cave-relics. The point has been keenly debated, but most are now agreed that Aurignac, as a typical station, comes between Le Moustier and Solutré, and represents a civilization that extended over a large part of Europe. This stage has in recent years been so thoroughly studied that its distinctive types can be easily recognized, and many cave-deposits readily fall into this division; but so far very little of this sort has been noticed in England, where the industry seems, however, to have had a special and a splendid development.

Type: Research Article
Information: Archaeologia , Volume 63 , 1912 , pp. 109 - 158

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261340900011619 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1912

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References

^{page 109 note 1} Dr. Sturge's, Allen paper on Cave-periods in East Anglia is not yet published: a summary appeared in the Antiquary, May, 1912, p. 193.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 1} Journal of Ethnological Society of London, N.S. ii. (1870), p. 419.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 1} Op. cit., pl. xxviii; pl. xxx gives the specimens found in the excavation.

^{page 111 note 2} Man, 1908, no. 92Google Scholar PubMed ; and see p. 147 below.

^{page 111 note 3} The subject was fully discussed by Mr. Horace Sandars, F. S.A., in Archaeologia, lxii. 101.

^{page 111 note 4} Journ. Ethnol. Soc, N.S. ii, pl. xxviii, fig. 7; Evans, , Stone Implements, 2nd ed., p. 72Google Scholar.

^{page 114 note 1} Man, the Primeval Savage, p. 112, fig. 73.

^{page 116 note 1} Stone Age Guide (Brit. Mus.), 2nd ed., p. 50.

^{page 116 note 2} Proc. Preh. Soc. E. Anglia, i. 80, 91Google Scholar; Proceedings, xxiii. 240.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 1} Stone Age Guide, 2nd ed., p. 73.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 118 note 1} Both are figured by Coutil, M. Léon in Bull. Soc. préh. de France, 22 Dec. 1910.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 2} Stone Age Guide (Brit. Mus.), 2nd ed., p. 61.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 3} Piette, L'art pendant I'dge du renne; L'Anthropologie, 1895, p. 129Google Scholar ; Schmidt, R. R., Zeitschrift Ethnologie, 1911, p. 968Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note 4} Girod, and Massenat, , Les stations de I'áge du Renne, pl. i, fig. 3Google Scholar , where the locality is given as Laugerie Basse. An engraving of the corresponding organ has been found at the Blanchard rock-shelter, Sergeac, Dordogne.

^{page 118 note 5} Bull. Soc. d'études hist, et scient. de I'Oise, vii (1911).Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 6} Archaeologia, xlii. 59, pl. viii.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 1} Lord Northesk, who excavated here with Canon Greenwell, found another example ( Evans, , Stone Implements, 2nd ed., p. 80)Google Scholar ; and Prof. Boyd Dawkins mentions a possible third (Journ. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 249Google Scholar).

^{page 119 note 2} Proceedings, xxiii. 457.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 1} Archaeologia, xlv. 337 (read in 1875); details on pl. xxvi, and comparison of ground plan with Grime's Graves on pl. xxvii.

^{page 118 note 2} These pits are located on the plan given in Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vii, pl. x.

^{page 121 note 1} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., v. 364, 390, gives however the following list from this pit: Bos primi-genius (large), roe, stag, wild boar, badger, Bos longifrons, goat, and dog. Prof. Rolleston's observations are in vol. vi. 21.

^{page 121 note 2} Ibid., vi. 268.

^{page 121 note 3} Ibid., v. 390; vi. 24.

^{page 121 note 4} Ibid., v. 357, plates xiv-xix.

^{page 121 note 5} In this he was supported by Prof. Prestwich, who on the whole evidence, however, decided in favour of a neolithic date (op. cit., p. 386).

^{page 122 note 1} Op. cit., pp. 365, 386.

^{page 123 note 1} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vi. 22.

^{page 123 note 2} Plan and section in op. cit., pl. xv, p. 376.

^{page 123 note 3} Journal, vi. 263; see further, p. 430.

^{page 124 note 1} These are illustrated on his plate (xxv) and p. 440, this last being accepted as genuine by Pitt-Rivers.

^{page 124 note 2} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vii. 412.

^{page 124 note 3} Gen. Pitt-Rivers took a contrary view and saw no traces of habitation in the pits or galleries (op. cit., p. 428).

^{page 125 note 1} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., viii. 377Google Scholar; vii. 431.

^{page 126 note 1} Dr. Sturge has a large series as well as the remainder of Canon Greenwell's collection from Grime's Graves; and Mr. Garraway Rice, F.S.A., Mr. Thos. H. Powell, and other gentlemen kindly exhibited selections from their cabinets in illustration of the paper.

^{page 129 note 1} Proceedings, xxiii. 457.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 1} Stone Implements, 2nd ed., pp. 75-6.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 131 note 1} Archaeologia, lxii. 520. Dr. Sturge has a typical Northfleet implement from Weeting, Norfolk, with the large bulb reduced by chipping. A typical flint ‘pick’, 4½ in. long, said to have been found below coombe-rock in Selsey, has been published by Mr. Heron-Allen, (Selsey Bill, p. 72, pl. xii).Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 1} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., N.S., vi. 43.

^{page 133 note 2} Matériaux pour I'histoire de I'Homme, ii. (1866) 358Google Scholar : the lower beds are ‘sable gras, sable aigre et cailloutis’.

^{page 133 note 3} Bull, et Mem. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, 5th ser. i. (1902) 209, fig. 3.

^{page 133 note 4} In support of this may be mentioned a similar celt in Dr. Sturge's collection from the well-known palaeolithic site at Bromehill, Weeting, Norfolk.

^{page 133 note 5} Congrés internat. d'Anth. et d'Arch, prehist., Paris (1910), p. 203.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 1} Congres préh. de France, Autun (1907), p. 94, esp. fig. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 2} Ibid., Beauvais (1909), p. 254, plates i-vi; partial polishing is mentioned, p. 264.

^{page 135 note 1} Congres préh. de France, Vannes (1906), pp. 121, 137; figs. 1, 5, 10.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 2} Proceedings, xxiii. 241, 385.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 1} Translated from Der Sirgenstein und die diluvialen Kulturstätten Württembergs (Stuttgart, 1910), p. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 1} Evans, , op. cit., 2nd ed., pp. 518–19Google Scholar ; p. 498, fig. 391. The cones were found with remains of the hyaena (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xix. 273), and are compared with hundreds found at Standlake and Yarnton, Oxon.

^{page 138 note 1} References are given by Déchelette, , Manuel d'Archéologie, i. 86.Google Scholar

^{page 138 note 2} Hauser, O., Bericht über die Prähistoriker-Versammlung in Köln, 1907, p. 91Google Scholar ; see also L'Homtne prehistorique, 1908, p. 41Google Scholar.

^{page 138 note 3} The chemical question is discussed by Dr. Capitan, Revue d'Éc.d'Anth., 1896, P. 411; and Herr Hauser has published a comparative analysis of the patina and core of the flint (Bericht, &c, 98).

^{page 138 note 4} For another site see Congrés préh. de France, Perigueux, p. 176Google Scholar.

^{page 138 note 5} A thin assegai-blade, 5 3 in. long, L'Anthropologie, 1898, pp. 532Google Scholar , 540, fig. 1; reproduced in Piette's, Lart pendant I'áge du Renne, p. 46Google Scholar . Larger examples like Mr. Wilsher's have been found with other suggestive forms in Tunis; see de Morgan, Capitan and Boudy, ‘Les stations preh. du Sud Tunisien’ ( Rev. d'Éc. d'Anth. Paris, 1910, pp. 128, 129)Google Scholar.

^{page 139 note 1} Proceedings, vol. xxiv.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 2} Stone Age Guide (Brit. Mus.), 2nd ed., p. 72.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 3} Museums Journal, 1902, p. 156.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 139 note 4} Proc. Geol. Assoc, xii (1892), pp. 349, 354.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 1} Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Soc, v (1894), p. 250.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 2} A summary of the paper read to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, Jan. 22, 1912, is given in the Antiquary, March, 1912, p. 116.

^{page 140 note 3} These well-known relics have not been frankly accepted by all authorities as contemporary with precisely similar finds abroad (as at Mas d'Azil), but opinion is tending in their favour. See, for example, L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 319Google Scholar ; Congris internat., Paris (1900), pp. 207, 216Google Scholar PubMed.

^{page 141 note 1} Journ. Royal Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th sen, vii. 1.

^{page 141 note 2} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., N.S., vi. 366 (eight plates).

^{page 142 note 1} ritish Assoc.Reports, Portsmouth, 1911, p. 578Google Scholar ; Ussher, , Proc.R. Irish Acad., xxvGoogle Scholar . B. 1 (Doneraile). The Aurignac culture seems also to be represented at Toome (Lough Neagh) and Larne (Proc. R. Irish. Acad., xxv. C. 183,189, where Messrs. Coffey and Praeger connect Cissbury and certain other types with land-movements).

^{page 142 note 2} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxv. 271; the plates convey no idea of the series referred to. Evans, , op. cit., p. 653Google Scholar.

^{page 142 note 3} Rev. d'Éc. d'Anth. Paris, 1910, pp. 207Google Scholar , 208; 1911, p. 226. For Italian analogies, see Morelli, , Iconografia delta Preistoria Ligustica, pl. lxxiiGoogle Scholar and pl. lxxiii, figs. 1-6.

^{page 142 note 4} Strobl, and Obermaier, , Jahrbuchfilr Altertumskunde, iii (1909), p. 129.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 5} Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde, iv. 169; Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1912, pp. i, 180.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 1} Rutot, , Les deux grandes provinces quaternaires de la France, 23Google Scholar with map ( Bull. Soc. préh. de France, 1908)Google Scholar.

^{page 143 note 2} Archaeologia, lxii. 471.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 3} Journ. Anthrop. Inst., v. 373-4.Google Scholar

^{page 143 note 4} On this see Lapparent, , Traite de Geologie, iii. 1702Google Scholar , 1707, who preferred Searles Wood's theory of the loess as given in Geological Magazine, 1882, pp. 339, 411Google Scholar.

^{page 144 note 1} Parts of Cambs. and Suffolk (sheet 51 NE.), p. 79.

^{page 144 note 2} This problem is stated by Dr. Laloy, in L'Anthropologie, xix (1908), p. 614Google Scholar.

^{page 144 note 3} Especially St. Michel d'Arudy, Basses-Pyrenees, (L'Anthropologie, xvii. 28, fig. 1)Google Scholar.

^{page 145 note 1} Mahoudeau, , Rev. d'Éc. d'Anth. Paris, 1909, pp. 282Google Scholar , 286 (bridles).

^{page 145 note 2} Reliquiae diluvianae, p. 87.

^{page 145 note 3} L'Homme pre'historique, 1911, pp. 143, 167.Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 4} L'Anthropologie, xix (1908), p. 515Google Scholar ; cf. Duckworth, , Prehistoric Man, table opp. p. 84Google Scholar.

^{page 145 note 5} Internal. Preh. Congress (Norwich, 1868), p. 282.Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 6} Lewis Abbott in Bennett's, F. J.Ightham, 115, 118Google Scholar ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1. 200; lv. 419.

^{page 145 note 7} Hoernes, , Der diluviale Mensch in Europa, p. 88.Google Scholar

^{page 145 note 8} L'Anthropologie, 1894, p. 463Google Scholar : ‘le fameux hiatus n'existe que dans nos connaissances.’

^{page 145 note 9} L'origine des aniniaux domestiques en Europe et les migrations aryennes (Assoc. française pour l'avancement des sciences, Grenoble, 1904, pp. 1034–49).Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 1} L'Anthropologie, iv. 551; xvi. 187.

^{page 146 note 2} Les Grottes de Grimaldi, iii—Ge'ologie et Paléontologie (M. Boule, 1910), p. 199Google Scholar ; L'Anthropologie, xix. 302; xx. 583; Rolleston, , On the domestic pig of prehistoric times in Britain(Trans. Linnean Soc, 1876, 2nd ser., i, Zoology, p. 251)Google Scholar.

^{page 146 note 3} L'Anthropologie, xvi. 26.

^{page 146 note 4} L'Hotnme pre'historique, 1908, p. 41.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 5} L'Anthropologie, 1898, p. 553.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 6} Ibid., 1893, p. 467.

^{page 146 note 7} Dechelette, , Manuel d'Archeologie, i. 128Google Scholar ; L'Anthropologie, 1896, p. 2 (note)Google Scholar.

^{page 147 note 1} Man, 1908, no. 92, where the Canon's account of the find is given in his own words.

^{page 147 note 2} Evans, , op. cit., p. 135, fig. 81.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 1} Compte rendu, part i, p. 212.

^{page 148 note 2} Evans, , op. cit., p. 93, fig. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 3} Korrespondensblatt der deutschen anthrop. Gesellsch., 1882, p. 23Google Scholar ; cf . L'Anthropologie, 1893, p. 550Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 1} Öxer av Nostvettypen (Norges Geologiske Undersögelse, no. 42, 1905)Google Scholar ; Norges Vestlands Stenalder (Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1907, no. 1, p. 1)Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 2} Maps in Lapparent's Traité de Geologie, iii, 1712Google Scholar ; many memoirs in Die Veränderungen des Klimas sett dent Maximum der letzten Eiszeit (Stockholm Geological Congress, 1910)Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 3} Strandliniens Beliggenhed under Stenalderen (Norges Geologiske Undersogelse, no. 41).Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 4} Aarböger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (Copenhagen, 1903), 314.Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 1} Oldtiden, vol. i (Report for 1910), pp. 37, 69. The sites are 100 ft. above present sea-level, the Littorina sea reaching 70 ft. at Christiansund at the time of maximum depression (p. 74).

^{page 150 note 2} Bull. Soc. preh. de France, 26th Dec, 1907, and 26th Nov., 1908.Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 1} Congrés preh. de France, Beauvais, p. 235 (H. Martin).Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 2} Der diluviale Mensch in Europa, p. 89; cf . Martin, M.M. and Hue, , Congres préh. de France, Beauvais (1909), p. 259Google Scholar.

^{page 151 note 3} Isolated surface specimens of Aurignac type may be seen in the British Museum from Pontlevoy, Orleans; and others from Poitou are unmistakable but include a typical celt of Cissbury type 4 in. long, patinated creamy white.

^{page 152 note 1} Proc. Preh. Soc. E. Anglia, i. 79Google Scholar; Proceedings, xxiii. 238.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 2} One scheme is reproduced on p. 143; but it should be mentioned that some authorities place the Wilrm glaciation before Aurignac, e. g. Obermaier in L'Anthropologie, xvi. 26. For the points in dispute, see table in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1912, p 22Google Scholar.

^{page 153 note 1} See also Congres internat., Paris (1900), p. 214.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 1} Congres internal., Paris (1900), p. 207.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 154 note 2} Rev. d'Éc. d'Anth. Paris, 1898, p. 406.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 3} The flint was mined a mile away, on the opposite side of the Bresle valley.

^{page 155 note 1} Campigny, fig. 47, and Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vi. 440.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 2} Congres internat., Paris (1900), p. 211.Google Scholar

^{page 156 note 1} Bericht über die Prähistoriker-Versatnmlung in Kölu, 1907, p. 137Google Scholar ; Le Flenusien aux environs de Liege et en Hesbaye, p. 3 (C. R. du Congrés de la Fed. arch, et hist, de Belgique, Liege, 1909).

^{page 157 note 1} Ancient Britain, pp. 382-390: to the references there given may be added Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., 1895, p. 266 (Piette).Google Scholar

^{page 158 note 1} L'Anthropologie, 1894, p. 463.Google Scholar

^{page 158 note 2} Palaeolithic Man in N.W. Middlesex; and Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xxii. 66. Mention should also be made of Mr. W. J. Knowles's paper in Journ. Royal Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th ser., vii. 1.

^{page 158 note 3} Of the nineteen, twelve migrated and seven became extinct.

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VII.—On the Date of Grime's Graves and Cissbury Flint-mines

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