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II.—The Bronze Age in Macedonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2011

Stanley Casson
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Extract

In most text-books of archaeology the section dealing with the Bronze Age in the Aegean invariably refers us to the culture of Crete and Mycenae. Under the heading of ‘South-Eastern Europe’ we are usually given an account of the Bronze Age of Hungary and the Danubian area. But between these two regions lies an area which is, as yet, almost entirely uncharted by archaeologists, an area which, from its position, is one of the most important in Southern Europe. Between the Danube and the Aegean, the Black Sea and the hills that hem in the river Vardar on its right bank, lies an area across which, by rigidly limited routes, have passed all intrusive elements from Asia and all invading elements into Asia, either by way of the South Russian Steppe or across the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

Type
Research Article
Information
Archaeologia , Volume 74 , 1925 , pp. 73 - 88
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1925

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References

page 74 note 1 See Blegen, Korakou, p. 123, and Childe, , J. H. S., xlii, p. 275 (note).Google Scholar

page 74 note 2 See R. Popow in Prähist. Zeitschr. 1913, p. 449 (Malkata Podlisza) and Isvestia, vol. iii, p. 263Google Scholar (Morovitsa), and vol. ii, p. 248 (Malkata Peschera).

page 74 note 3 Wace, and Thompson, , Prehistoric Thessaly, p. 247.Google Scholar

page 75 note 1 e.g. a large hoard of twenty-seven socketed bronze celts from Sevlievo and a hoard of five sickles and two socketed celts from Rustchuk. These and other similar finds are now in the National Museum, Sofia.

page 75 note 2 The mounds visible near Gumuldjina are of the Roman period. See B. C. H., xliv, p. 409, fig. 13.Google Scholar

page 76 note 1 Rey, L., Observations sur les premiers habitats de la Macédoine (1921)Google Scholar.

page 76 note 2 Troy: a Study in Homeric Archaeology, p. 274; Homer, , Iliad, ii. 848.Google Scholar

page 76 note 3 Possibly the Homeric place-name Amydon is preserved in the modern Amatovo, on the Vardar, which is in close proximity to several large mounds.

page 76 note 4 The Ergene valley provides a few more.

page 76 note 5 Published in B. S. A., xxiii, pp. 1–63.Google Scholar

page 76 note 6 The latter published by Rey, op. cit., part ii.

page 77 note 1 Now in the National Museum, Athens

page 77 note 2 xxiv, p. 1 ff.

page 80 note 1 Some of Träger's surface finds (now in the Museum für Völkerkunde at Berlin) published by Schmidt, H. in Zeitschr. für Ethn., 1905, p. 91Google Scholar, and fragments now in the British Museum published in B. S. A., xxiii, pl. iii, 1, 3, 5.Google Scholar

page 80 note 2 Wrongly published as Neolithic in B. S. A., xxiii, pl. v, 3Google Scholar; for other fragments see Rey, op. cit., ii, pl. XVII, 1–3, and B.S.A., xxiii, pl. ii, and pl. xix, 7.Google Scholar

page 81 note 1 See Modestov, , Introduction à l'histoire romaine, pp. 173 and 177Google Scholar; and Peet, , Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy, pls. iii and iv.Google Scholar

page 81 note 2 See Wace and Thompson, op. cit., p. 198. H. Schmidt, in the article already referred to, has wrongly reconstructed the shape to which these handles belong. See p. 112, figs. 86, 87, 89, 90. Figs. 19 and 20 on p. 100 show handles which probably belong to flat two-handled bowls, not to jugs.

page 81 note 3 See Childe, , J. H. S., xlii, p. 275.Google Scholar

page 81 note 4 Radimsky, and Hoernes, , Die neolïthische Station von Butmir.Google Scholar

page 81 note 5 See Vassits, M. in Starinar, 1906, pp. 114, 115.Google Scholar

page 81 note 6 Hoernes, , Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst (2nd ed.), pp. 345, 347.Google Scholar

page 82 note 1 I have summarized the evidence for this in a recent paper in Man, November 1923, p. 170.

page 82 note 2 See Rey, op. cit., pp. 149, 158, and pp. 248 ff. (Gona and Sedes mounds).

page 82 note 3 It was found in situ in the soil in association with fragments of (a) and (b).

page 82 note 4 Now in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

page 82 note 5 In the National Museum, Sofia.

page 82 note 6 Traces of L.M. II are found in Thessaly, but the intrusion is not definite until L.M.III; see Wace and Thompson, op. cit., p. 227. One of the Mycenean fragments from Macedonia may be L.M. II.

page 82 note 7 See Rey, loc. cit.

page 83 note 1 For Brdo, Debelo see Wissenschqftliche Mittheilungen aus Boz. u. Herz., iv, p. 38, v, p. 124, and v, p. 135Google Scholar; Cungar, ibid., iv, f. 735; Ripać, ibid., v, 29.

page 83 note 2 ibid., ix, 1 ff.

page 83 note 3 e. g., ibid., iv, 73, figs. 64, 65 (Čungar); iv, 38 ff., figs. 2, 3 (Debelo Brdo); v, pl. 32 (Ripać).

page 83 note 4 Peet, op. cit., p. 506.

page 83 note 5 See Vassits in Glas, (Serbian Royal Academy publ.) 1911 (Belgrade), pp. 97 ff.

page 83 note 6 v. 16.

page 83 note 7 867–73. See also Perdrizet, in Klio, x, p. 8, n.3.Google Scholar The contrast of λίμνας ἔκτοθεν αἳ κατὰ χὲραον with the preceding lines seems to me to dispose of all doubt as to the meaning of Ἀχελωίδες. The existence at the same period of lake-dwellers in the marshes of the river Phasis is recorded by Hippocrates in ‘Airs, waters and places’, ch. 15.

page 84 note 1 Rey, op. cit., pp. 124, 88, 56, 146.

page 84 note 2 ibid., p. 146. ‘Leur présence et surtout la manière dont ils soutenaient le mur en pierres parait bien indiquer que le plus ancien niveau de Gona appartient à une habitation lacustre.’ Cf. also B. C. H., xl, p. 285.Google Scholar

page 84 note 3 The most striking example is the great mound of Vardarovtsi on the Vardar. See Rey, op. cit., p. 31. It may also be, of course, that the conical mound is a re-occupation of an abandoned site.

page 85 note 1 Rey, op. cit., pp. 194–99.

page 85 note 2 B. S. A., xxiii, pl. iv, 1–5.Google Scholar

page 85 note 3 Peet's second invasion, op. cit., p. 495. The ‘first’ invasion had come from Alpine regions and led to the Lake-dwelling culture of North Italy: see also Modestov, op. cit., pp. 207 ff.

page 85 note 4 I do not, however, attribute the burnt stratum in Chauchitsa to a destruction by invaders: it is too low down, and there is no change of pottery above or below it. Perhaps it indicates a deliberate clearance of the site by fire, as was done in some terremare, cf. Modestov, op. cit., p. 165, and Peet, p. 337.

page 85 note 5 Čungar, , W. M. B. H., iv, pp. 73 ff., fig. 65Google Scholar; Debelo Brdo, ibid., iv, pp. 38 ff., figs. 2, 3, 63.