III.–Luristān Bronzes in the Collection of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw

Stefan Przeworski

doi:10.1017/S0261340900014570

III.–Luristān Bronzes in the Collection of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2011

Stefan Przeworski

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The collection of fifty-three Luristān bronzes in the possession of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw, is among the largest private collections of its kind, and surpasses in number and choice even those of some museums. It includes several hitherto unknown types and varieties, and I should like to express my sincere thanks to the owner for his kindness in allowing me to study it and to publish the results. I am no less indebted to Professor Ellis H. Minns, Cambridge, for his valuable assistance in arranging my manuscript for the press and reading the proofs, and to the Society of Antiquaries of London, who kindly accepted the paper for publication in Archaeologia.

Type: Research Article
Information: Archaeologia , Volume 88 , 1940 , pp. 229 - 269

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261340900014570 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1940

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^{page 229 note 1} Since this paper was written, Mr. Savery has acquired further Luristān bronzes, with which we hope to deal at a future date.

^{page 230 note 1} Mission scientifique en Perse, iv (1896), pp. 3 ff.Google Scholar ; Humanité préhistorique, 1924, p. 96Google Scholar , fig. 34; p. 117, fig. 49 ; Préhistoire orientale, iii (1926), pp. 97 ff.Google Scholar ; p. 234, fig. 226.

^{page 230 note 2} Godard¹.

^{page 230 note 3} Godard², and Gouvernement Impérial de Perse, , Ministère de L'Instruction Publique, Annuaire 1931-1932, p. £80Google Scholar, pl. 29.

^{page 230 note 4} Contenau and Ghirshman, pp. 91 ff.

^{page 230 note 5} Stein, pp. 332 ff.

^{page 230 note 6} Pope⁵, pp. 114, 120ff.; E. F. Schmidt; Pope⁶, pp. 790ff.

^{page 231 note 1} Feilberg¹, p. 143, fig. 4.

^{page 231 note 2} Hall, , Ur Excavations, vol. i; Al-'Ubaid (1927), pl. 31Google Scholar.

^{page 231 note 3} Feilberg², pp. 84ff.

^{page 231 note 4} Przeworski¹, pp. 46 ff. On the protonegroid element in Irãn see also Cameron, pp. 17 ff.

^{page 231 note 5} S. P. A., iv, pl. 71 A, c.

^{page 231 note 6} Hüsing, , Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xlvi (1916), p. 233Google Scholar , fig. 3, 4-5.

^{page 232 note 1} Friederichs, H. F. and Müller, H. W., Anthropos, xxviii (1933), pp. 383 ff.Google Scholar , pl. 1, 12.

^{page 232 note 2} Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Orients, vi (1908), p. 110Google Scholar.

^{page 232 note 3} Langdon, , S.P.A., i, pp. 279 ffGoogle Scholar ; Godard³, p. 129, fig. 3; Meek, pp. 7 ff.

^{page 233 note 1} König, , ‘Geschichte Elams,’ Der Alte Orient, 29, 4 (1931), p. 17Google Scholar ; Cameron, pp. 132 ff.

^{page 233 note 2} S.P.A., i, p. 861, fig. 299; Rostovtzeff, pl. iv, 2.

^{page 233 note 3} Godard¹, pl. XLV, 174; S. P. A., iv, pl. 31 B. See also Wiesner, , ‘Fahren und Reiten in Alteuropa und im Alten Orient’, Der Alte Orient 38. 2-4 (1939), pp. 76 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 234 note 1} Godard¹, pl. XLI, 167.

^{page 234 note 2} Speleers², p. 94, fig. 15 F-J.

^{page 234 note 3} Legrain, pl. xvm, 52.

^{page 234 note 4} Ibid., pl. VIII, 25; S. P. A., iv, pl. 56 B.

^{page 234 note 5} Godard¹, pl. XLVIII, 181; Hollis, pp. 191 ff.; S.P.A., iv, pl. 56c.

^{page 234 note 6} S. Smith¹, pl. xv A; Dussaud², pp. 227ff. ; Encyclopédie photographique de l'art, i (1936), p. 285Google Scholar , fig. F; S.P.A., iv, pl. 26B-C.

^{page 235 note 1} See Przeworski, , S. P. A., i, pp. 241 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 235 note 2} Schmidt, E. F., Museum Journal, xxiii (1932), pl. cxxn AGoogle Scholar , and Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan, 1937, pl. LIVGoogle Scholar.

^{page 236 note 1} On the metal objects of this kind from the Near East see Przeworski, ,⁶Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500-700 v. Chr., 1939, chs. iii and ivGoogle Scholar.

^{page 236 note 2} Speleers³, p. III.

^{page 236 note 3} Legrain, pl. XI, 3.

^{page 236 note 4} Speleers¹, p. 82, fig. 13.

^{page 236 note 5} Godard¹, pl. XX, 60, 60 bis.

^{page 236 note 6} Godard¹, pl. XXVIII, 89-92.

^{page 237 note 1} Godard¹, pl. IX, 21; Legrain, pl. XI, 41; Moortgat², pl. 1, 1; Speleers¹, p. 83, fig. 14; S. P. A., iv, pl. 54 A.

^{page 237 note 2} Ghirshman, , Ill. L. N., nr. 5004 (1935), pp. 416 ff.Google Scholar ; Syria, xvi (1935), pp. 238 ff.Google Scholar ; Asm, xxviii (1938), pp. 645 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 238 note 1} Przeworski, , S.P.A., i, pp. 250 ff.Google Scholar , and p. 253, fig. 52.

^{page 238 note 2} On the Anatolian decorative bronzes and personal ornaments of the eighth century B.C. related to those of Luristãn see my paper: ‘Die Bedcutung der anatolischen Bronzefunde’ (II. Türkischer Geschichtskongress), Istanbul, , 1937, pp. 7 ff.Google Scholar , and with more details and full illustration: Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500-700 v. Chr., 1939, pp. 74 ff.Google Scholar , 178.

^{page 238 note 3} Yetts, pp. 76ff.; Hornblower, pp. 76 ff.

^{page 241 note 1} Godard¹, pl. XV, 45.

^{page 241 note 2} Woolley, , Ur Excavations, vol. ii: The Royal Cemetery, 1934, pl. 223Google Scholar

^{page 241 note 3} Godard¹, pl. XIV, 44; Speleers³, p. 64, fig.16.

^{page 242 note 1} Gauthier, and Lampre, , Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse, viii (1907), p. 145Google Scholar , fig. 295.

^{page 242 note 2} Contenau and Ghirshman, pl. v, 5.

^{page 242 note 3} I have described and classified the bronze pins from Luristãn in S. P. A., i, pp. 242-4.

^{page 243 note 1} Dullo, E., Prähistorische Zeitschrift, xxvii (1936), p. 69Google Scholar , fig. 1, 4.

^{page 243 note 2} Woolley, , op. cit., pl. 224, A. 10Google Scholar.

^{page 244 note 1} Montelius, , Die älteren Kulturperioden im Orient und Europa: II, Babylonien und Assyrien, 1923, p. 206Google Scholar , fig.636.

^{page 244 note 2} Montelius, , loc. cit., fig. 633Google Scholar.

^{page 244 note 3} Formerly property of Major W. Dziewanowski, Warsaw, see Przeworski², p. 12, fig. 4.

^{page 244 note 4} Speiser, , Excavations at Tepe Gawra, i (1935), pl. 48, 3Google Scholar.

^{page 244 note 5} Dullo, , op. cit., p. 105, fig. 11, 2Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note 1} Dussaud¹, pl. XLII bis.

^{page 245 note 2} Speleers¹, p. 81, fig. II.

^{page 245 note 3} , Jahrbuch des Historischen Museums in Bern, xvi (1936), p. 81Google Scholar , fig. 132-3.

^{page 245 note 4} Contenau³, pl. 11.

^{page 245 note 5} Ashton, pl. 1 A.

^{page 245 note 6} Speleers¹, 79, fig. 8.

^{page 245 note 7} Woolley, , op. cit., pl. 224, U.9680Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note 8} Dussaud¹, p. 251, fig. 10.

^{page 246 note 1} Collected by Dullo, , op. cit., p. 101Google Scholar.

^{page 246 note 2} Dullo, , op. cit., p. 105Google Scholar , fig. 11, 1.

^{page 246 note 3} Przeworski², pp. 25 ff., fig. 27.

^{page 246 note 4} Montelius, , op. cit., p. 206Google Scholar , fig. 637.

^{page 246 note 5} Loftus, , Travels and Researches in Chaldea and Susiana, 1857, pp. 263 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 246 note 6} Legrain, pl. 15, 48; S. P. A., iv, pl. 43 A.

^{page 247 note 1} Legrain, pl. 7, 26.

^{page 247 note 2} Godard¹, pl. 36, 153.

^{page 247 note 3} Erdmann, , Jahrbuch der Preussischen Kunstsammlungen, lxxv (1936), p. 207Google Scholar , figs. 7-8.

^{page 248 note 1} Griessmaier, p. 110, Nr. 161; Gadd², pl. xxx b; Gadd⁴, pl. xxix b; Fossing, p. 19, fig. 6; Dimand, p. 49, fig. 4; Deonna¹, p. 93, fig. 13; Godard¹, pl. xxxi, 114; Speleers¹, p. 77, fig. 5; S.P.A., iv, pl. 39 E.

^{page 248 note 2} Speleers², p. 87, fig. 18.

^{page 248 note 3} Rostovtzeff, pl. 1, 5; S.P.A., iv, pl. 41 c.

^{page 249 note 1} Aga-Oglu, p. 84, fig. 5.

^{page 249 note 2} Speleers², p. 103, fig. 30.

^{page 249 note 3} Moortgat², pl. IV, 8.

^{page 249 note 4} Ghirshman, , Revue des arts asiatiques, X (1936), p. 36Google Scholar , fig. H, and Syria, xvi (1935), pl. XLIV, 2Google Scholar.

^{page 250 note 1} Andrae, , Das wiedererstandene Assur, 1938, pl. 65 aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 250 note 2} Legrain, pl. xxi, 57.

^{page 250 note 3} Moortgat², pl. iv, 9; Gadd², pl. xxx e; S.P. A., iv, pl. 39 A.

^{page 250 note 4} Wolf, , Die Bewaffnung des allägyptischen Heeres, 1928, pl. 19Google Scholar , 1 ; Popplow, , Pferd und Wagen im Alten Orient, 1934, p. 70Google Scholar , fig. 46 ; Wiesner, , op. cit. pl. 11, 3Google Scholar.

^{page 250 note 5} Nioradze, , E. S. A., vii (1932), p. 90Google Scholar , fig. 10.

^{page 250 note 6} Przeworski², p. 16, fig. 11.

^{page 250 note 7} See S.P. A., i, p. 257, fig. 53.

^{page 251 note 1} Luschan, , Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, iii (1902), fig. 138Google Scholar , pl. 44 a.

^{page 251 note 2} Oppenheim, Von, Der Tell Halaf, 1931, pl. 18 bGoogle Scholar.

^{page 251 note 3} Legrain, pl. 19, 54. Further specimens: Przeworski, , E.S.A., X (1936), p. 75Google Scholar , fig. 2; Rostovtzeff, pl. 4, 3.

^{page 252 note 1} For instance Godard¹, pl. 44, 172; pl. 46, 176.

^{page 252 note 2} Legrain, pl. 18, 52; pl. 19, 53; Griessmaier, p. 108, Nr. 158.

^{page 252 note 3} Legrain, pl. 18, 52. For the symbolic value of such a rosette in Luristãn art see Roes, A., Revue archéologique, xii (1938), pp. 173 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 253 note 1} Godard¹, pl. 58, 210-12; Rostovtzeff, pl. 5, 2; Speleers⁶, pp. 43-4, fig. 23a-b.

^{page 254 note 1} Dussaud¹, p. 257, fig. 16; Godard¹, pls. 37-8, 157-9; S.P.A., iv, pl. 40.

^{page 254 note 2} Dimand, p. 49, fig. 2.

^{page 255 note 1} Speleers², p. 98, fig. 20; Dussaud¹, pl. XLII quater, 9; Legrain, pl. III, 7-9; Przeworski², p. 20, figs. 16-17.

^{page 255 note 2} Godard calls these ‘Funera Statuettes’; Dussaud in S.P.A. ‘Talismans’. ‘Finial’ would seem a non-committal term.

^{page 256 note 1} The relevant material, both monumental and epigraphic, as regards two-faced and two-headed deities in the Ancient Near East has recently been collected and examined by Furlani, , Miscellanea A. Deimel dedicata = Analecta Orientalia 12 (1935), pp. 136 ff.Google Scholar See further Ph. Ackerman, , Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology, V (1938), pp. 216 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 257 note 2} Moortgat², pl. v, 11; Przeworski², p. 19, fig. 14; Fossing, p. 17, fig. 3; Deonna¹, p. 95, fig. 14 ; Bulletin of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, xxi (1932), p. 145Google Scholar ; Dimand, p. 48, fig. 1; Legrain, pl. 11, 2.

^{page 257 note 1} Dussaud¹, p. 257, fig. 17; Rostovtzeff, pl. 2, 1; Przeworski, , ‘Dzieje i kultura starozytnej Persji,’ Wielka Historia Powszechna, i, Warsaw, 1932, p. 739, fig. aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 257 note 2} See also Przeworski², p. 19, fig. 15.

^{page 257 note 3} S.P.A., p. 253, fig. 52.

^{page 257 note 4} See note 1 and Przeworski, as there cited, p. 739, fig. b.

^{page 258 note 1} Moortgat², pl. vi, 15; Godard¹, pl. LIII, 199 ; Zurich, Kunstgewerbemuseum, Ausstellung Iranischer Kunst, 1936, p. 25Google Scholar ; Yetts, , E.S.A., ix (1934), p. 252Google Scholar , fig. 8; Rostovtzeff, pl. 2, 4.

^{page 258 note 2} Legrain, pl. iv, 10-12.

^{page 258 note 3} See Hudson, p. 14 ; An Illustrated Souvenir of the Exhibition of Persian Art, 1930, 3rd ed., p. 12Google Scholar , Nr. 21 NN; Griessmaier, p. 108, Nr. 159.

^{page 258 note 4} Fossing, p. 17, fig. 2; Godard¹, pl. LIII, 197; S. P. A., iv, pi. 45 H.

^{page 258 note 5} Deonna¹, p. 97, fig. 15.

^{page 259 note 1} Gadd⁴, pl. xxiv B; Moortgat², pl. vi, 14; Godard¹, pl. LIV, 202; Speleers¹, p. 88, fig. 23; Speleers², p. 69, fig. 31.

^{page 259 note 2} Griessmaier, p. 110, Nr. 160; Moortgat², pl. v, 13; Deonna¹ p. 97, fig. 16; Dussaud¹, pl. XLII quinquies; Godard¹, pl. LIV, 203.

^{page 259 note 3} Moortgat², pl. v, 11.

^{page 259 note 4} S.P.A., iv, pl. 44A.

^{page 260 note 1} Herzfeld, , lll. L. N., Nr. 4703 (1929), p, 983Google Scholar , figs. 5-6 ; Morgan, , Mission scientifique en Perse, (1896), p. 251Google Scholar , fig. 158.

^{page 260 note 2} Przeworski, , S. P. A., i, p. 251Google Scholar.

^{page 260 note 3} Godard¹, pl. xxx; Speleers², pp. 115-16, figs.9, 10, 12; Dimand, p. 49, fig. 3; S.P.A., iv, pl. 59 H.

^{page 260 note 4} Legrain, pl. VII, 31; Forrer, pl. 1, 1.

^{page 260 note 5} Legrain, pl. VII, 33.

^{page 260 note 6} Speleers², p. 115, fig. 9.

^{page 260 note 7} Przeworski, , S.P.A., i, p. 251Google Scholar.

^{page 261 note 1} Przeworski², p. 23, fig. 22.

^{page 261 note 2} Moortgat², pl. VII, 19.

^{page 261 note 3} Godard¹, pl. XXXIII, 137.

^{page 261 note 4} S. P. A., iv, pl. 60 K.

^{page 261 note 5} Godard¹, pl. XXXIII, 121; Arne¹ p. 279, fig. 12.

^{page 261 note 6} Godard¹, pl. XXXIII, 132; Speleers², p. 101, fig. 26; Speleers⁶, p. 42, fig. 18; Forrer, pl. 1, 3; S. P. A., iv, pl. 60 H.

^{page 261 note 7} Legrain, pl. iv, 18.

^{page 262 note 1} Godard¹, pl. XXXIII, 131; Legrain, pl. iv, 23.

^{page 262 note 2} Götze, , ‘Kleinasien’: Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients, iii, 1, Handhuch der Altertumswissenschaft, iii, 1, iii, 1933, p. 111Google Scholar.

^{page 262 note 3} Przeworski, , S.P.A., i, pp. 243–4Google Scholar.

^{page 262 note 4} Arne¹, p. 279, fig. 13.

^{page 263 note 1} Schmidt, E. F., Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan, 1937, pl. xviGoogle Scholar.

^{page 264 note 1} Speleers⁴, p. 43, fig. 25.

^{page 264 note 2} Legrain, pl. vi, 20; S. P. A., iv, pl. 47 B.

^{page 264 note 3} Ashton, pl. 1 B; Aga-Oglu, p. 85, fig. 6; Michelet, p. 104; Godard¹ pl. xxxvi, 155, and a number of unpublished specimens.

^{page 265 note 1} Aga-Oglu, , loc. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 265 note 2} Michelet, , loc. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 266 note 1} Pudelko, , A.f.O., ix (1934), p. 85Google Scholar , pl. iv, 1; S.P.A., iv, pl. 122c. Other specimens: Gadd, , B.M.Q., XI (1937), pp. 121ff.CrossRef Google Scholar ; Luschey, , Archäotogischer Anzeiger, LIII (1938), cols. 760 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 266 note 2} Godard¹, pl. XXVII, 84.

^{page 266 note 3} Speleers², p. 99, fig. 23.

^{page 266 note 4} Godard¹, pl. XXVII, 83; S. P. A., iv, 55 ^D, 57 ^D.

^{page 266 note 5} Moortgat², pl. VII, 21; Godard¹, pl. XXXIII, 138; Speleers², p. 117, fig. 13.

^{page 266 note 6} S.P.A., iv, pl. 53^E.

^{page 267 note 1} S. P. A., iv, pl. 61 B.

^{page 267 note 2} Godard¹ pl. LXII; S. P. A., iv, pls. 67 B, 68.

^{page 267 note 3} Speleers², p. 118, fig. 16, No. 0986.

^{page 267 note 4} Speleers⁶, p. 43, fig. 21.

^{page 267 note 5} Godard¹, pl. LXIV; Moortgat², pl. VIII, 23; Contenau³, pl. 11; S.P.A., iv, pls. 69-72; Baumgartner, p. 58, figs. 1-2; Godard², p. 125, fig. 16.

^{page 267 note 6} Speleers², p. 91, fig. 35; Moortgat², pl. x, 35.

^{page 267 note 7} Legrain, pl. XXIII, 61; S.P.A., iv, pl. 25 A.

^{page 268 note 1} Speleers², p. 91, fig. 42; Speleers², p. 118, fig. 16, No. 0–904.

^{page 268 note 2} S.P.A., iv, pl. 62 E.

^{page 268 note 3} Arne¹, p. 282, fig. 19.

^{page 268 note 4} Speleers², p. 118, fig. 17.

^{page 268 note 5} S.P.A., iv, pls. 62-4.

^{page 268 note 6} Moortgat², pls. VIII-IX; Speleers², pp. 118-19, figs. 16-19; Speleers², pp. 90-4, figs. 35-47; Speleers⁶, p. 43, figs. 20-1; S. P. A., i, p. 273, fig. 65.

^{page 269 note 1} Herzfeld, , ‘Niphauanda,’ Iranische Denkmäler, i, B, 3–4Google Scholar , 1933, pl. XVI, 5-6; xx, 4, 6; Speleers⁵, p. 43, fig. 24.

^{page 269 note 2} Pope⁵, p. 123, fig. 5.

^{page 269 note 3} Contenau, and Ghirshman, , Syria xiv (1933), pl. III, 1Google Scholar; Herzfeld, , op. cit., pl. x, 15Google Scholar.

^{page 269 note 4} Contenau³, pl. 1, 9.

^{page 269 note 5} Przeworski, , E. S.A., X (1936), p. 113Google Scholar, fig. 30.

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III.–Luristān Bronzes in the Collection of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw

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