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XI.—Early Iron Age Burials in Yorkshire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2011

William Greenwell
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Extract

The primary purpose of this paper is to give an account of the investigation of a cemetery in the Bast Riding of Yorkshire, which has been carried out during the last few years. That purpose has been extended so as to make it include what has resulted from an examination of other, though similar, places of burial in the same district. Before, however, any description is given of what has been discovered by the various examinations of these burial sites, something by way of introduction seems to be required, and this it is here sought to supply.

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Research Article
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Archaeologia , Volume 60 , Issue 1 , 1906 , pp. 251 - 324
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Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1906

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References

page 252 note a See a paper by Mr.Evans, Arthur J. , F.R.S., F.S.A., in Archaeologia, lii. 315–388Google Scholar.

page 252 note b Several discoveries of similar pottery to that found at Aylesford and Shoebury have been made elsewhere in Kent and Essex as well as in neighbouring places in that section of Britain. Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, N.S. vi. 222. Reference may be made to the same Transactions, N.S. ix. 195. For a full account of these finds the reader is referred to Mr. Arthur Evans's paper on “A Late-Celtic Urn-Field at Aylesford,” above noted.

page 252 note c M. Léon Morel mentions the discovery, at Saint Remy-sur-Bussy, of a cremated body in an urn with a glass armlet and an iron brooch. He also records a second instance at Vitry-le-François. (La Champagne Souterraine, Reims, 1898. Text, p. 185; album, plate 41, fig. 9.) In Gaul cremation seems to occur chiefly in the lower valleys of the Seine and Somme, and of the lower Rhone.

page 254 note a They are mentioned by Leland, who writing about 1534–1543 says: “Adjacet et Drifelde ager cognomento Danisous, multis interfectorum tunmlis spectabilis. Famaque vulgaris est, belli alea regem in illo occubisse agro, sœviente per ilia tempora tyrannide Danica.” Collectanea (ed. 1770), iv. 34. Sir William Dugdale, in his Book of Arms, now in the Heralds' College, speaks of the place, which he appears to have visited, and states the number of the mounds, as he guesses, to be 300. The country people, he says, call them the Danes Graves. Other notices occur which it is not necessary to mention. There is an entry in the Kilham Parish Register which deserves to be given in full. “Memorandum, May 15th, 1721. That on the day and year abovesaid we began our Perambulation on the “West side of Pockthorpe, and in our procession we came nigh the Danes Graves in Driffield field where out of Curiosity we caused a Man to dig in one of the said Graves when Digging we found a large thigh Bone one Leg Bone and one Scull of no extraordinary size with several other Bones after wch we continued our progress till we came to Gare Closes in Rudston field in wch round we could not find any Butts or Bounds had ever been set up by Kilham betwixt them and Nafferton, Driffield, Cottam, Langtoft and Rudston we began our motion at 9 o'clock and Returned at 2—being on Horseback in number 28 Horsemen. Tho. Prickett vicr.”

page 255 note a The district of the Wolds is also largely covered with lines of earthworks, either defensive or limitary, the date of which is uncertain. Of these the Danes Dyke near Flamborough, which defends the promontory upon which that place is situated, is the most striking in its appearance, as it is in other ways the most noteworthy. The investigation of the great rampart and its accompanying ditch, which was made by General Pitt-Rivers, proved that it had been constructed by people who were using and making implements of flint, and was therefore almost certainly antecedent to the introduction of iron. Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xi. 455. Report of the British Association (1881), p. 690.

page 255 note b A short manuscript account, drawn up by the Rev. E. W. Stillingfleet, of what was found by him and others at Arras in the years 1815, 1816, and 1817, is preserved in the library of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. In the museum of the same society at York are contained those relics which fell to Mr. Stillingfleet's share of what was then discovered. From these notes, illustrated by the articles themselves, I have been enabled to obtain much information about the contents of the graves at Arras. Notices of the cemetery at Arras are to be found in the following books.: Oliver, History of Beverley, 3, 4, with a plate; a short note by Mr. Stillingfleet in the York volume of the Archæological Institute, 1846, with illustrations; Davis and Thurnam, Crania Britannica, vol. ii. under “Skull from Arras.” In the plate attached many of the articles from Arras and Hessleskew are figured, but. not very satisfactorily.

page 256 note a Six of the mounds were opened by Mr. Mortimer in 1895, but in none of them was anything found except the bones of the bodies. Proceedings of the East Riding Antiquarian Society, iii. 21.

page 256 note b British Barrows, 456Google Scholar.

page 256 note c British Barrows, 208 seq.

page 258 note a An account of the grave was given by Mr. J. R. Mortimer, who supposed the burial to have been of an “Anglo-Saxon,” in The Reliquary, ix. 180, plates xxii. xxiii. The articles found are now in the British Museum. There were other graves discovered, but all inquiries have failed to obtain any particulars about them.

page 258 note b J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years’ Researches in British Grave Mounds, 354 seq.

page 258 note c The armlet was given to the Ashmolean Museum by the Rev. William Drake. There was also found on the left forearm of the skeleton a highly polished but imperfect jet armlet. Both the armlets are now lost. An iron comb is said to have been laid under the skull. It was probably the remains of an iron brooch. Archæological Journal, xvi. 83, where is a figure of the bronze armlet. (See fig. 19 post.)

page 258 note d Paper by Mr. Mortimer, Proceedings of Yorkshire Geological Society, xiii. 291Google Scholar.

page 258 note e Archæological Journal, xxii. 108Google Scholar.

page 258 note f Paper by Mr. Mortimer, Proceedings of Yorkshire Geological Society, xiii. 296, plate xliiGoogle Scholar.

page 260 note a Mr. Stillingfleet says: “The body was frequently laid on the surface of the native bed of chalk. But in many instances we found a cist or excavation in the chalky rock of the depth of about a foot, in which the body was deposited. In a few instances the body was interred above the surface of the chalk.”

page 261 note a The question is discussed in British Barrows, 25.

page 264 note a Very similar vessels in shape, size, and nature of clay and baking have been found with cremated interments in Essex, apparently of the Late-Celtic period. In one case an iron spearhead was found inside the pot. Some of these vessels are preserved in the Museum at Colchester.

page 264 note b An imperfect vessel was found by Mr. Mortimer, and is figured in the paper referred to in Note f, p. 8.

page 264 note c Some of the barrows at Arras belonged to the Bronze Period. A portion of a cinerary urn, referred to in the text, now in the Museum at York, among the relics from Arras, came from one of them.

page 264 note d Some of the vessels at Somme-Bionne and in Marne contained bones of pig, sheep, and other animals. Morel, La Ghampagne Souterraine, 69.

page 265 note a The finding of a bone of any animal, deposited with the body, is of rare occurrence, though bones, usually broken to extract the marrow, are frequently met with in the material of the barrow. I do not remember more than one or two occasions where any animal bone, except that of a pig, has been found associated with a burial of the Bronze Age.

page 265 note b British Barrows, 30.

page 267 note a The brooch found in one of the graves at Cowlam is a quite typical one. British Barrows, 209.

page 267 note b The design may originally, when it was applied to an earlier piece of ornamented work, have presented some special form, of which the pattern on the brooch is a degenerate and meaningless representation.

page 268 note a A very similar brooch was found, with a contracted body of a woman, in a grave at Newnham, Cambridge. It was laid on the bones of the chest with two other brooches; placed on the right arm just above the wrist was a bronze armlet. Some other articles of bronze were found in the grave, the whole contents of which are in the museum of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. A brooch almost identical in form and structure was found in 1886 at Beckley, near Oxford, and is now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum.

page 268 note b Mr. Stillingfleet does not appear to have detected the nature of some of the iron articles he found at Arras, but from his description it seems certain that one was a brooch, though, apparently, it was the only one discovered there.

page 269 note a Wright, Essays on Archaeological Subjects, i. 22. A brooch not unlike that from the Danes. Graves, but with a longer pin, was found in a cist with an unburnt body, at Craigie, near Dundee. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxviii. 235, fig. 1. A contracted body was discovered in a cist at Moredun, near Gilmerton, Midlothian, with which were associated an iron circular penannular brooch, like that of the Danes Graves, an iron brooch of La Tène type, and an iron pin with a circular head and the top of the stem turned at a right angle to the head, making an elbow. This form of pin, which occurs made of bronze and ornamented, is not an early one, and has been found with Samian ware. l.c. xxxviii. 433, fig. 4. A brooch and pin, very similar to those from Moredun, formed part of the relics discovered in a broch at the Laws, Monifieth, Forfarshire. l.c xvii. 301; xxxviii. 434, fig. 6.

page 271 note a It is described in the Archæological Journal, xvi. 83, where an engraving of it is given. The.Society is indebted to the Royal Archæological Institute for the loan of the block (fig. 19).

page 272 note a I am not acquainted with the occurrence of a spindle whorl with interments of the Bronze Age in Britain, though tbe process of weaving was well known to the people of that time. Spindle whorls are common on the site of the Swiss Lake Dwellings of the time of bronze. It is a frequent accompaniment of the burial of a woman in Anglian and Saxon cemeteries as the spear-head is of a man. In Bavaria, when property passed through male descent it was said in old legal language topass through the spear-side, when by female descent through the spindle-side.

page 273 note a It must be kept in mind that burial places of the dead and sites of occupation of the living may have been used for those purposes over a lengthened period, during which changes in the shape and material of manufactured articles had taken place. This has been too often disregarded, and in consequence weapons, implements, and ornaments which belonged to different times and peoples have been treated as if they were of one and the same time.

page 275 note a Dr. Hull's letter, written October 2, 1827, says, “Some [skeletons] had rings of brass upon their arms, and one had a torques of brass round the neck.” Mr. Stillingfleet states that the “torques” was 5½ inches in diameter.

page 276 note a The Gentleman's Magazine, September, 1841, p. 303.Google ScholarPubMed

page 279 note a Crania Britannica, vol. ii. under “Skull from Arras.”

page 279 note b The peculiar position which Mr. Stillingfleet describes was probably due to dislocation of the bones after the flesh had decayed, the body having been interred in the usual contracted form.

page 279 note c It is possible that, as was the case in the third barrow at Arras, some other portions of the pigs (“wild boars” Mr. Stillingfleet calls them) were there and not noted. In a sketch of the grave among Mr. Stillingfleet's papers the entire skeleton of the animals is represented, one on each side of that of the man.

page 280 note a Among the various articles found at Stanwick in the North Riding, now in the British Museum, are six more or less perfect linch-pins, of two forms. One of them is very similar to that under notice, but has on the top a ring like those connected with harness, which have pairs of double, pointed oval, diverging projections upon them, it is perfect, 6¾ inches long, made of iron plated with bronze, and has upon it three pairs of projections. It is figured in the York volume of the Archæological Institute, plate iv. fig. 2, of Introduction, and in the Catalogue of Antiquities at Alnwich Castle, p. 89, fig. 3. (See Fig. 40, post.)

page 281 note a Mr. Stillingfleet says, “and the rings had a very pretty chain pattern running round them.” This pattern does not appear on the bit now in the York Museum.

page 281 note b A bit of similar construction, but richly decorated, now in the British Museum, was found at Rise in Holderness, East Yorkshire. Nothing is known about the circumstances of its discovery. (Fig. 23.)

page 282 note a This is not the only instance on the Wolds where a shield had been buried with its owner. At Grimthorpe, in addition to a sword, spear, and other articles, the remains of a shield were found in the grave.

page 282 note b Mr. Stillingfleet records in his notes, “The wheels had rested in an inclined direction (inclining from the body).”

page 282 note c Mr. Stillingfleet says “they were much resembling the harsh snaffle-bit now used by our horsebreakers.” One of these bits was found entire, with some other iron rings, which had probably been attached to the harness of the chariot; the other bit was injured by the workmen.

page 283 note a This is the account given by Mr. Stillingfleet to the meeting of the Archæological Institute at York in 1846, but in his original notes he says, “On the body of this charioteer had been placed two horns, one of which with part of its outer case of thin brass plate was found pretty entire, with the very hole (square) by which it had been suspended to the belt of the charioteer.”

page 283 note b There is some resemblance between this curved instrument and the similarly shaped ones of deer's horn, which have been found on the site of Lake Dwellings of the Bronze Age in Switzerland and elsewhere, and which have been regarded as the cheek pieces which, in connexion with a leather thong, formed a bridle-bit. The resemblance is, however, only a general one, and the absence of any perforation, except that at the base, seems to indicate that the two articles could not have answered the same purpose.

page 284 note a In a grave at. Ciry-Salsogne (Aisne) the skeleton of a woman was found laid at full length on the back, and beyond the feet was the bit of a horse made of iron. There was also a bronze torque round the neck and an armlet of the same metal on the right wrist. A brooch had fastened the dress near the shoulder, and in addition to two earrings there was a profusion of ornaments about the chest. Seven vessels of pottery of elegant shapes and much decorated were placed round the body. Moreau, Album Caranda (1892), plate cxxxix. (Nouv. Série.)

page 256 note a See Kemble and Franks, Horæ. Ferales, 196, plate xx. and Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd S. xx. 57.

page 256 note b The extended mode of burial was that practised in Gaul, -where the body appears to have been always laid at full length in the grave. In the large cemetery at Hallstatt, which, however, in the main belongs to an earlier period, the time of the transition from bronze to iron, the extended position was that in use.

page 288 note a Mortimer, , Forty Years' Researches, 361.Google Scholar

page 288 note b York Volume of the Archæological Institute, Introduction, plates ii. iii. iv.

page 288 note c Mortimer, , l.c. 358.Google Scholar

page 288 note d l.c. 359.

page 289 note a l.c p. 360, fig. 1022.

page 290 note a Associated Architectural Societies' Reports, etc. xxi. 71.Google Scholar

page 290 note b Letter from Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart. Archaeologia, xxi. 39seq. plates v. vi.Google Scholar

page 291 note a Wilson, , Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, ii. 153.Google Scholar

page 291 note b An account of the discovery of some chariot burials in France, where the circumstances of the burials are fully recorded and the articles deposited in the graves well illustrated by figures, will be found in M. Morel's work before cited. I have added a brief description of two other burials which will be of interest in connection with the Yorkshire instances.

A very remarkable interment where the remains of the chariot and the bits of the horses had been buried with the dead warrior occurred at Sesto Calende, at the south end of Lago Maggiore. The body, which had been burnt, was in a grave under a tumulus. In addition to the chariot there were associated with the interment a helmet and greaves made of bronze, an iron sword in a bronze sheath, the handle of which terminated in two antennæ, a spear-head and two arrow-points of iron, a bronze bucket ornamented with figures of horsemen and footmen, animals and birds, and some pottery painted in black and red. Montelius, La civilisation prim, en Italie, Série B., pp. 317, 318, plate lxii.

A valuable discovery was made by M. Chauvet in Western France in 1883. Under a large earthen mound (38 métres in diameter), called Le Gros-Guignon (Savigné, Vienne), were two mounds of stone, each of which covered a place of burning. They stood north and south, and in the latter he found, together with the partially burnt bones of the buried person, a large number of articles connected with his equipment. The body had been placed between the two upright wheels of a chariot, near which were some horse bones. The various bronze and iron articles comprised two iron tires of wheels (3 centimétres wide), fragments of iron rings, probably of the naves of the wheels, bronze disks, bronze and iron nails, numerous other bronze and iron fragments, and two vessels of brown pottery. “Le Gros-Guignon,” par Gustave Chauvet, Bulletin de la Société Archéologique de la Oharente (1883), vi. 145.

Reference may be made to burials at Berru and Gorge-Meillet, both in the Department of La Marne. described respectively by A. Bertrand, Archéologie Celtique et Gauloise (ed. 1889), 356, and by E. Fourdrignier, Double Sépulture Gauloise de la Gorge-Meillet

page 292 note a This occurred in a grave in the cemetery of Somme-Bionne (Marne), Champagne Souterraine, p. 23, plate vii. seq. M. Morel refers, at p. 28, to a similar discovery by M. Morean at Fère-en-Tardenois.

page 293 note a De situ orbis, liber iii. cap. viii. (London, 1719), 55.Google Scholar

page 293 note b Cassiodori opera. Jornandes, De rebus Geticis, (Paris, 1588), 16.Google Scholar

page 293 note c De Bello Galileo, liber iv. cap. 33. Some interesting notes on the subject will be found in a paper by Tylor, Professor E. B., F.R.S. “On the Origin of the Plough and “Wheel Carriage,” in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1881), X. 74, and to some remarks on the paper in the same volume, p. 127.Google Scholar

page 293 note d Belium Alexandrinum, cap. 75.

page 294 note a Mr. Stillingfleet's notes, which are accompanied by a rough sketch, state that the mirror was found with a skeleton in a small barrow, there being nothing else in the grave. He says they found “the round iron instrument, which we familiarly termed the oat cakes baker, from its resemblance to that culinary utensil. The shape of this instrument resembles the rough draft. It is like a modern hand screen. The diameter of the circulur part is about 7¼ inches. The length of the handle, including the perforation (a ring at the end of the handle and another where it joins the mirror), 5½ inches. The iron is much corroded. The outer diameter of the two perforations 1½ inches, the inner diameter about ¾ inch.”

page 294 note b As the number of burials where a mirror formed part of the grave-goods is small, I think it will not encumber this account if a brief notice of these very important discoveries is given.

At Trelan Bahow, in the parish of St. Keverne, Cornwall, some graves were found in 1833. They had a direction nearly east and west, and the excavation in each case was lined with flat stones set on edge and covered with similar flagstones. Nothing is said about bones, but the interments were presumably of unburnt bodies. In one grave, together with bronze rings, portions of brooches,, beads, some of blue and others of black and grey streaked glass, and remains of much corroded and indeterminate objects of iron, there was deposited a bronze mirror, the back of which is ornamented over nearly the whole surface. Archælogical Journal, xxx. 267, where there is a figure of the mirror.

At Mount Batten, Plymouth, several graves containing unburnt bodies were discovered in 1865. Among the various articles found in the graves were brooches, armlets, and rings of bronze, an iron dagger in a bronze sheath, other iron implements, portions of coloured lathe-turned pottery and of glass vessels, and a bronze mirror without its handle, and two handles apparently belonging to mirrors. The back of the mirror is decorated with a very characteristic Late Celtic pattern. Archaeologia, xi. 500.

The most valuable discovery was one made in 1879, near Birdlip, on the Cotswold Hills. There were three cists constructed of thin slabs of stone, placed in a line north and south. The two outerones contained each the skeleton of an adult male with whose body nothing was associated. In the middle one was deposited the skeleton of a woman who had died in the prime of life. Upon her face was laid a bowl, well made of hammered bronze, near which was a handle, probably belonging to it, while near by was a similar but smaller bowl. There were also in connexion with the body a silver brooch, coated with gold, which has a spiral head to the pin, a hollow penannular armlet and some rings all of bronze, two bronze handles, one of which had the head of an animal upon it, and a number of large rings, some 2 inches wide, made of red amber, jet, and dark grey marble. A very fine and perfect bronze mirror completed the grave-goods. It is beautifully ornamented on the back with a design of Late Celtic type. Proceedings of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archæological Society, v. 137, plate xix.

The last discovery of a burial with a mirror, and not the least interesting one, was made outside the town but within the borough of Colchester, in 1904. With a burnt body in a grave, in addition to the mirror, which like all those of bronze was decorated on the back, was a small cup of the same metal, with an engraved handle, which had a small boss of red coral on it, and part of a bronze pin. The pottery was especially valuable; besides a pedestalled vase ornamented with belts, in which way most of the vessels were decorated, there were two large jugs with handles and a covered pot, both types new to Britain. All the vessels were well made. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd S. xx. 213.

page 295 note a Mr. Stillingfleet records in his notes the finding of two swords at Arras, but he does not state that they were discovered in connection with a burial. Somewhere within the limits of the Arras cemetery, he says: “Not many years ago were found the remains of two swords with brass handles and iron blades … now unfortunately …. lost In 1816 one of them was found and given to Dr. Hull of Beverley.” It is possible that these swords were of the Late Celtic period, when bronze fittings to the handle are not infrequent. Had they been ordinary comparatively modern swords Mr. Stillingfleet would most likely have stated the fact.

page 296 note a Similar beads of blue glass with white annulets upon them were found at Cowlam. British Barrows, 208. I am not aware that any like them have occurred accompanying an interment elsewhere in Britain. In the cemetery at Hallstatt there were many beads of the same blue colour with white annulets. Von Sacken, Grabfeld von Hallstatt, plate xviii. figs. 32, 37.

page 297 note a This white material, which also formed part of the Arras pendant and of the Danes Grave pin, has been examined by Professor Church, F.R.S., who has come to the conclusion that it is shell, though it may be coral. I have, however, as his opinion was not a decided one, called it coral, because, judging from the occurrence of that substance upon the metal work of the time, it was more likely to be coral. Upon this coral there is a deposit which has been regarded as a coating of silver. Professor Church says of it: “As to the coating on the white material of the brooch, it must be regarded as adventitious, and formed no part of the original structure. It is a subsequent deposit, and may be called ‘epigene.’ It contains iron and copper, chiefly as hydrated oxides. During the decay of the object it has been deposited from water with more or less regularity upon the white material.”

page 297 note b A star-shaped figure, suggesting the same motive, occurs on a brooch found in the cemetery of La grande Sérenne in the valley of Barcellonette. It is made of bronze and is fixed upon a circular disk which forms the termination of the reflected end of the bow. Chantre, Premier Age du Fer plate x. figs. 1, 2. A somewhat similar brooch, with seven rays of coral on the foot plate, was found in a cemetery attributed to the second century B.C. at Uzès, Dépt. Grard. Bulletin Archéologique, 1897, p. 488. A bronze brooch (fig. 43), decorated with coral, which has a radiating pattern on the circular foot-plate, was found with a burial at Pleurs, Marne. Morel, l. c. Album plate 27, fig. 3. Another similarly decorated was found in the same cemetery. (Fig. 44.)

page 299 note a A plain gold ring was found upon the right hand of a man who was buried with a chariot, in a grave at Somme Bionne. Morel, l.c. pp. 24, 33, plate ix. fig. 2. A bronze ring with an ornamented face was discovered in a grave at Mount Batten, Plymouth. Archaeologia, xi. 507, plate xxxi. fig. 4.

page 299 note b Mr. Stillingfleet's notes, where there is a full-sized drawing, apparently an accurate one, of the ring.

page 300 note a An armlet similar to this was found in one of the Arras barrows, but was given away, nor have I been able to trace it. Armlets of much the same pattern occurred in the cemetery of Somsois, Marne. Morel, l.c. Text, p. 89; Album, plate xvii. figs. 1, 5, 12; and in a grave at Pleurs: Morel, l.c. p. 117, plate xxvii. fig. 10.

The way in which this armlet is joined is somewhat peculiar. The one end, which is placed beneath a knob larger than the others, has been split horizontally, and into the opening thus made, the other end, which is flat and pointed, has been inserted and fixed there by an iron pin.

page 301 note a Mr. Stillingfleet, speaking of the armlets found at Arras, and referring to those in his possession now in the York Museum, says, “We found several much finer bracelets, but they did not fall to my share.”

page 301 note b The ornamental addition to the bow of the brooch was probably composed of coral or vitreous paste, similar to the substance found on some of the brooches and pendant already described.

page 301 note c The “little wheel” may have been the head of a pin similar to that found at the Danes Graves. In another note Mr. Stillingfleet says it was 1 inch in outer diameter and ⅝ inch in inner diameter. A bronze article which looks as if it might be similar to the Arras “wheel” was found at Stanwick, and is figured in the Catalogue of Antiquities at Alnwick Castle, p. 90, fig. 15. A pin with a wheel-shaped head, but which has a straight shank, is figured in Wylde, Catalogue of Bronze Antiquities in the Dublin Museum, p. 559, fig. 422.

page 303 note a Mr. Stillingfleet refers to the axe in two places in his notes. Speaking of four barrows opened June 2, 1815, he says “in one of them we found brass ornaments for the ears, painted green; one of them in my possession is a beautiful hatchet or British battle-axe in miniature, which has been ornamented and confined by a glass bead” In another and later part of his notes he says: “In W. 57 (the number refers to a plan which accompanies the notes) we found a skeleton and the beautiful miniature little axe ornament. I think also the little pellet ornament.” This is probably what is figured in the notes , with the following description: “The outer shape of a brass ornament (probably appended to an earring) found in a barrow at Arras. It is formed of four brass or copper pellets.” In another note Mr. Stillingfleet says it was ⅝ inch wide on the longest side of the square.

page 304 note a A miniature bronze axe was exhibited by Mr. Albert Way at the Worcester meeting of the Archæological Institute in 1862. There is no notice of it in the Journal of the Society, nor have I been able to learn anything about it.

page 304 note b Engraved in Archæological Journal, xxii. 110Google Scholar.

page 305 note a The same was the case at Arras. Mr. Stillingfleet says, “Each barrow we found to contain the skeleton of one human body.”

page 305 note b British Barrows, 156 note, 260, 309, 399.

page 307 note a Vol. xxii. 109.

page 307 note b N. S. vi, 66–73.

page 313 note a Journal of the Anthropological Institute, N. S. VI. (1903), 66–71.Google Scholar

page 314 note a The skulls are all photographed with the lower border of the orbit, and the upper border of the external auditory meatus in the same horizontal plane, that is in the position recommended at the Frankfort Congress.

page 315 note a The skulls are all photographed with the lower border of the orbit, and the upper border of the external auditory meatus in the same horizontal plane, that is in the position recommended at the Frankfort Congress.

page 315 note b Sergi, , Specie e Varieta Umane, 1900.Google Scholar

page 315 note c Sergi, Nuove osservazioni sulle forme del cranio umano

page 317 note a Sergi, Nuove Osservazioni sulle forme del cranio umano.

page 317 b There are two skulls from Arras in the Museum of the University of Oxford. Their measurements are as follows:

They bear a stricking resemblance in general shape to those from the Danes Graves.

page 319 note a Certain skulls are merely recorded, their fragmentary state precluding all measurement.

page 320 note a Annual Report of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society.

page 320 note b Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. V. On the Reconstruction of the Stature of Prehistoric Races.—Philosophical Transactions of the Moyal Society 1898.

page 322 note a Ripley, Races of Europe.

page 323 note a Wright, “Skulls from Round Barrows of East Yorkshire,” Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1903, 1905.