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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2011
The Anglo-Saxon kalendars which survive are so few in number, and are contained in manuscripts which, whether considered from the liturgical or the historical point of view, are of such first-rate importance, that any attempt to elucidate some of the many problems which they present, as for example those of chronology and provenance, must, surely, be well worth while. The present dean of Wells, Dr. J. Armitage Robinson, who has himself thrown so much light upon the early kalendars of Wells and of Somerset, draws attention to the human interest attaching to such documents, to the fragments of history hidden away in them waiting to be pieced together and set in their places; and points out that they are capable of throwing a sidelight now and then on periods as distant and as dark as the tenth century. The dean tells us that he found his task intriguing, and indeed the attempt to unravel the secrets of these ancient kalendars is attended with more than ordinary difficulties, so many are the will-o'-the-wisps besetting the path. The occasional rewards are, however, so great, and bring such satisfaction, that the many disappointments inevitable at some stages of the task are quickly forgotten, and it is likely that these documents will continue to fascinate scholars as much in the future as they have in the past.
page 219 note 1 Muchelney Memoranda, Somerset Record Society, 1928.
page 220 note 1 Its press-mark is Y. 6, and catalogue number MS. no. 274.
page 220 note 2 Prior c. 1050, bishop of Worcester, 1062–95.
page 220 note 3 The Bosworth Psalter, pp. 161–2.
page 220 note 4 Turner, , Early Worcester MSS., Oxford, 1916Google Scholar, Appendix IV, p. lx.
page 220 note 5 Henry Bradshaw Society, 1921.
page 220 note 6 2 Jan. Isidori. epi. 25 Jan. Proiecti. mar. 3 Mar. Adriani. 3 July. Transl. Thomae Aplī. 18 Aug. Elenae. re
. 29 Dec. Tibbae. uir.
It is to be noticed that WH alters or corrects the date of two feasts, namely, iv. Non. Mar. DCCC Mar. (at v Non. in R), Non. Mar. Perpetue et Felicitatis (at ii Non. in R), and iii. Id. Jul. Mildrythae uirg. (at iiii Id. in R), and adds to the entry at vi Id. Mai, septimi. cyrilli.
page 221 note 1 17 Mar. Uuitburge. uir. (R, WH, Wo).
I Apr. Beati Baronti monachi (R, WH only). The usual date is 25 Mar. The Martyrologium Gallicanum (du Saussy, Paris, 1637) has at 8 Kal. Apr. Dep. Barontii et Desiderii monachorum qui natione Galli …
21 June. Apollonaris. mar. (R, WH, Wo). All three MSS. include also the more usual feast at 23 July).
23 Aug. Timothei et Apollonaris (of Reims. R, WH). This feast occurs also in a St. Albans kalendar of xi cent.
page 221 note 2 pp. 160–1. When Mr. Bishop drew up this table the Bury Psalter kalendar does not seem to have been in his possession. It is to be noted now that the following, which appear in his table of rare feasts, are found in that kalendar also; Peter the Deacon (20 Apr.), Wilfrid (24 Apr.), John of Beverley (7 May), Transl. of St. Andrew (9 May), Christina (19 July), Amandus (26 Oct.), and Benedict (4 Dec).
page 221 note 3 The symbol WH stands for MS. Junius 99, now MS. Hatton 113 (Wulfstan's Homiliary); the symbol Wo for C.C.C.C. MS. 391 (Wulfstan's Collectar). The latter kalendar is printed in the Leofric Collectar, vol. ii, pp. 589–600. Wo has many fewer of the unusual feasts which are common to R and WH; we may therefore leave the kalendar of Wulfstan's Collectar out of consideration in this paper.
page 221 note 4 The Missal of Robert of Jumièges (H. B. S.), London, 1896, Introduction, pp. xxxix–xlGoogle Scholar.
page 222 note 1 Frère, E., Manuel du Bibliographe normand, Rouen, 1860, vol. ii, pp. 310Google Scholar sqq.
page 222 note 2 The Bosworth Psalter, pp. 161–2.
page 222 note 3 Ibid., pp. 60–2.
page 222 note 4 The date of this kalendar turns on the date of the Translations of St. Hiurminus (24 Jan.) and St. Botulf (14 Feb.). As these translations were carried out under the sanction of Canute, it seems reasonable to suppose that they were effected in the lifetime of that king. But the evidence is conflicting.
page 222 note 5 This kalendar is sometimes assigned to Peterborough, but, apart from other evidence, the presence of two notable Crowland feasts, that of St. Pega (8 Jan.), and the Translation of St. Guthlac (30 Aug.), neither of which is found in any other kalendar, shows conclusively that it is a kalendar of Crowland. Mr. Edmund Bishop (MS. note-book, no. ix) and Dr. W. H. Frere (MS. Collations of Kalendars) ascribe it to Crowland.
page 223 note 1 From Kalendar and Sanctorale.
page 223 note 2 A Festival of St. Cuthbert at 4 Sept. is found in the ninth-century kalendar, MS. Digby 63.
page 223 note 3 Cuthbert in a later hand.
page 223 note 4 Amongst the latter we may note the masses for St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Andrew; each has a full-page illumination, and each the whole of its first page written in gold.
page 224 note 1 St. Dunstan's name does not appear in the kalendar.
page 225 note 1 ‘Atheluuoldus … Cujus praedicationem maxime juvit sanctus Suuithunus, eodem tempore relevatus; quia quod Atheluuoldus verbis edocuit, hoc Suuithunus miraculis mirifice decoravit.’ Vila S. Æthelw. in Chronicon monasterii de Abingdon, ii, 262 (R. S.).
page 225 note 2 Bosworth Psalter, p. 19.
page 225 note 3 This kalendar has recently been examined in detail by Dr.Robinson, J. Armitage in Muchelney Memoranda (Somerset Record Soc., 1928)Google Scholar.
page 225 note 4 Printed in Bosworth Psalter, pp. 165–71, and assigned by Mr. Edmund Bishop to ‘furthermost Wessex’.
page 225 note 5 Mr. Edmund Bishop has investigated this kalendar and has shown it to be of Northern origin. He suggests that it may be a kalendar of York. Bosworth Psalter, p. 158.
page 226 note 1 This kalendar, which appears to show East Anglian or Northern influence in some of its entries, is examined in detail by Mr. Edmund Bishop (Bosworth Psalter, pp. 152–3).
page 227 note 1 When, in 1013, Queen Emma was sent oversea for her safety to the court of her brother Richard of Normandy, she was accompanied in her journey by Ælfsi, abbot of Peterborough, who is said to have remained there three years with the queen. During his stay in France Ælfsi bought the body of Florentinus from the monks of Bonneval who, however, retained the saint's head. The body would therefore appear to have been brought over in 1016 (Gunton, History of the Church of Peterburgh, 1786, pp. 14, 251; Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Thorpe), ii, 119).
page 227 note 2 Missal of R. of J., p. xxxviii. The prayer will be found on p. 279.
page 228 note 1 In Bosworth Psalter.
page 228 note 2 Gesta Pontificum, Will, of Malmesbury (R. S.), p. 324.
page 228 note 3 The Times of St Dunstan, Robinson, J. Armitage, D.D., Oxford, 1923, p. 117Google Scholar.
page 228 note 4 Gesta Pontificum, Will, of Malmesbury (R. S.), pp. 327, n. 4, and 328.
page 229 note 1 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Thorpe), ii. 96.
page 229 note 2 Ælfsi succeeded Kenulf, who was appointed bishop of Winchester in 1005.
page 229 note 3 The feast does not appear in the kalendar of R (for reasons which will be suggested later).
page 229 note 4 Nova Legenda Anglie, f. ccxxiii. ‘Anno autem domini millesimo quinto reliquie sanctorum Kyneburge et Kyneswide et Tibba ad monasterium de Sancti Petri cum magno honore translate sunt.’
page 229 note 5 Howorth, Golden Days of the English Church, iii, 209.
page 229 note 6 The Times of St. Dunstan, Dr.Robinson, J. Armitage, Oxford, 1923, p. 106Google Scholar.
page 229 note 7 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Plummer, i, 30.
page 229 note 8 Dr. J. Armitage Robinson has drawn my attention to the fact that St. Mary became popular in dedications in the Dunstan-Oswald-Ethelwold period.
page 229 note 9 Murray's, Handbook to the Cathedrals of England, Eastern Division, London, 1862, p. 60Google Scholar.
page 230 note 1 It is perhaps worth noting that, amongst the masses specially distinguished in the Sanctorale, those for St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Andrew have each a full-page illumination and each its first page written in gold. See ante, p. 223, note 4.
page 230 note 2 Anglia Sacra, ii, pp. 241–70. The Vita Wulfstani has since been reprinted by the Royal Historical Society (Autumn, 1928) under the editorship of Mr. R. R. Darlington. The work is for the first time printed in its entirety.
page 231 note 1 Habebat tune Magistrum Ervenium nomine, in scribendo & quidlibet coloribus effingendo peritum. Is libros scriptos, Sacramentarium & Psalterium, quorum principales literas auro effigiaverit [effigiauerat in Vita Wulfstani, R. H. S. 1928], puero Wlstano delegandos curavit. Ille preciosorum apicum captus miraculo, dum pulchritudinem intentis oculis rimatur, & scientiam literarum haurit medullis. Verum doctor ad saeculi spectans commodum, spe majoris praemii Sacramentarium Regi tune temporis Cnutoni, Psalterium Emmae Reginae contribuit. Perculit puerilem animum dispendium; & ex imo pectore alta traxit suspiria. Moeror invitavit somnum; & ecce consopito assistens vir vultus Angelici tristitiam propulsat, librorum reformationem promittit. Nee minus pollicito multo post evenit; sicut progrediens sermo dicere perget. Vita S. Wlstani. Anglia Sacra, ii, p. 244.
page 231 note 2 Freeman, Norman Conquest, ii, 236 (3rd ed.). The book is described as ‘Codex literis aureis scriptus, in quo nomina sanctorum distincta cum imaginibus continebantur’.
page 231 note 3 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Thorpe), ii, 155.
page 231 note 4 Flor. Wigorn. (Thorpe), i 212.
page 232 note 1 Interea Rex Edwardus Aldredum Episcopum Coloniam ad Seniorem Imperatorem Henricum direxit, quædam negotia, quorum cognitionem causa non flagitat, compositurum. Qui cum in Imperatoriæ augustae dignationis oculis invenisset gratiam; aliquot ibi dierum continuatione laborum suorum accepit pausam. Ei seu pro sui reverentiâ, seu quia tanti Regis legatus esset, multi multa, quidam Sacramentarium et Psalterium, de quibus supra dixi, dedit in exenium. Ambos enim Codices, ut suæmemoriæ apud illas gentes locaret gratiam, Cnuto quondam miserat Coloniam. Aldredus ergo prophetiæ quondam Wlstano dictæ ignarus, patriam cum renavigâsset, libros pro merito vitæ illi soli arbitratus competere restituit. Suscepit ille cœleste depositum, magnifice gratulatus, & gratias agens Deo, quod religioso non fraudaretur desiderio. Vita S. Wlstani. Anglia Sacra, ii, p. 249.
page 232 note 2 See Turner, Early Worc. MSS., Appendix iv, p. lxii, where, after examining its obits, the late Rev. H. M. Bannister discussed the question of the probable date of the kalendar, and attempted a reconstruction of its history.
page 232 note 3 Amongst such added entries is an interesting group of Glastonbury feasts which probably owed their place in a Worcester kalendar either to St. Dunstan or to bishop Living (1039–46), who held the see of Worcester together with that of Crediton, and had been a monk of Glastonbury (Will, of Malmesbury, quoted in Leofric Missal, p. liv, note 7). One of these, the Translation of Aidan and Ceolfrith, 8 Oct., now survives only in this kalendar and in MS. Bodl. Jun. A. 99.
page 233 note 1 The marriage of Canute with the Lady Emma took place in 1017.
page 233 note 2 Jan. (undated) Basil; 22 Jan., Vincent; 10 Feb., Zoticus cum sociis; 3 May, Juvenal; 19 May Dunstan; 26 June, John and Paul; 11 July, Benedict; 25 Aug., Audoen; 9 Sept., Audomar; ? 9 (the date assigned in the Sanctorale is uncertain) Sept., Transl. of Ethelwold; 1 Oct., Vedast and Bavo (with Remigius and German); 18 Oct., Justus; 20 Nov., Edmund; 23 Nov., Felicitas; 7 Dec, Octave of St. Andrew. All of these except Zoticus occur in Bury or Crowland kalendars, or in both, and most of them are found in the Homiliary kalendar.
page 233 note 3 Bury, ii Non. Mar. Transl. Kynesþyðe atque Kyneburge. Crowland (same date). S
arum Kyneburge et Kynesþyðe atque Tibbae. The Bury order of the names agrees with that in the Litany of R. The later Peterborough kalendars agree with Crowland.
page 233 note 4 The Easter tables given on fo. 15 vo of the Missal begin with the year 1000.
page 234 note 1 p. 223, note 2.
page 234 note 2 Missal of Robert of Jumièges, Introduction, p. xxiv.
page 234 note 3 Kemble, Codex Dipl. 706.
page 234 note 4 Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS., Westwood, J. O., London, 1868, pp. 136Google Scholar sqq.
page 234 note 5 The Benedictional of Saint Ethelwold, Roxburghe Club, 1920, introduction by Sir George Warner, p. xiv.
page 235 note 1 Translation from The Times of St. Dunstan, p. 118.
page 235 note 2 Vita S. Æthelwoldi, in Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon (R. S.), ii, 261–2. Est igitur locus in regione quae vocatur Elig, nobilitatus nimium reliquiis et miraculis Sanctae Aeldrithae virgini ac sororum ejus; sed erat tunc destitutus et regali fisco deditus, quem emebat Atheluuoldus a rege, constituens in eo monachos perplures, quibus praefecit patrem, Brinthothum nomine, discipulum suum; locumque affluentissime ditavit aedificiis et terris. Alterum vero locum adquisivit a rege et a nobilibus terrae, situm in ripa fluminis Nen, qui lingua Anglorum antiquitus Medeshamstede, modo consuete Burh nominatur, quo simili modo monachos congregavit, Aldulfum eis abbatem praeficiens, qui postmodum archiepiscopatum Eboracae civitatis obtinuit. Tertium quoque locum praetio adquisivit, juxta praedictum flumen, Thorniae Anglice nuncupatum, quem eadem conditione monachis delegavit; constructoque monasterio, abbatem ejusdem, Godomannum vocabulo, constituit, et possessionibus abundanter ditavit.
page 235 note 3 ‘Abbot Godeman’ appears as a witness down to 1012. Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon (R. S.), i, 425. See also The Benedictional of Ethelwold (Roxburghe Club), p. xiv.
page 235 note 4 Historia Aurea, quoted in Liber de Hyda, p. 182 (R. S.).
page 235 note 5 Northants Record Soc., vol. ii, p. 2 (translated by W. T. Mellows).
page 236 note 1 Quoted in Dugdale's Monasticon, 1819, ii, 594, n. k.
page 236 note 2 Leland, Collect, torn, i, p. 8. Quoted in Dugdale's Monasticon, 1819, ii, loc. cit.
page 236 note 3 The forged Chronicle of Ingulph names Godeman as abbot of Thorney in 975. In that year, it tells us, Turketul, , abbot of Crowland, ‘was buried in his church … being interred by his neighbours, the fathers, Adulph, abbot of Burgh, and Godman, abbot of Thorney’ (Ingulph's Chronicle of the Abbey of Crowland, translated by Riley, H. T., Bohn,London, 1854, p. 105Google Scholar). This statement though, of course, valueless as evidence is of interest in this case as there could be no reason for inventing facts concerning Peterborough and Thorney.
page 236 note 4 The Times of St. Dunstan, p. 116.
page 236 note 5 Dugdale, Monasticon, ii, 599.
page 236 note 6 Now in Cambridge University Library.
page 236 note 7 p. xiii, footnote.
page 237 note 1 The Benedictional of Ethelwold, p. xiv.
page 237 note 2 The Times of St. Dunstan, p. 118.
page 237 note 3 Gesta Pontificum, p. 324. See also John of Tynemouth, Historia Aurea, quoted in Liber de Hyda (R. S.), p. 182.
page 237 note 4 Dugdale, Monasticon, i, 474.
page 237 note 5 For praepositus see Dom Cuthbert Butler's Sancti Benedicti Regula Monasteriorum, Freiburg, 1927, p. 214. Nowhere in St. Benedict's Rule is the word praepositus used in the sense of prior (idem, p. 204). What the word implied in the latter part of the tenth century seems uncertain, but we know from the Vita Wulfstani (Bk. I, Chap. 6) that about 1050 it was used for prior.
page 238 note 1 The English Church, from its Foundation to the Norman Conquest, Hunt, London, 1899, p. 354. Circuitque Atheluuoldus singula monasteria, mores instituens, obedientes admonendo et stultos verberibus corrigendo. Vita Æthelwoldi, op. cit., p. 262.
page 238 note 2 Ramsey Chronicle (R. S.), p. 347:
Nomina Abbatum Ramesiae.
Ednothus senior fuit praepositus, scilicet prior, tempore Alwyni comitis quia ipsemet fuit loco abbatis, nee fuit aliquis abbas Ramesiae tempore quo vixit.
page 239 note 1 Norman Conquest, ii, 470 (3rd ed.).
page 239 note 2 Gunton, History of the Church of Peterburgh. Dugdale, Monasticon: Ervinus, Earwinus, Erwinus, Ernwinus, Arwinus, Arewinus, Arnewinus, Arnwius.
page 239 note 3 Searle, , Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum, Cambridge, 1897Google Scholar.
page 239 note 4 iii Non. Apr. Hie obiit fr' nr' Earnþius cler'.
page 240 note 1 Patrick's Supplement to Gunton's History of the Church of Peterburgh, pp. 254–5. Dean Patrick quotes Hugo Candidus and the Chronicle of Abbot John.
page 240 note 2 Gunton, op. cit., p. 325.
page 240 note 3 Gunton, op. cit., p. 254.
page 240 note 4 Gunton, op. cit, p. 254.
page 241 note 1 There seems to be a faint trace of a final a after the l of giul, but it cannot be clearly read.
page 241 note 2 Sanctorale has mass for S. Basil, undated.
page 241 note 3 Sacramentary reads Agnae, as also at v Kal.
page 241 note 4 Sanctorale has mass for S. Vincent.
page 241 note 1a Sanctarum uirg … interlined in green capitals and erased.
page 242 note 1 Sacramentary adds ‘Zotici cum Sociis’.
page 242 note 2 Partly erased. The Bury Kalendar shows ‘Eaduuardi’ to be an error for Eaduuardi.
page 242 note 3 Error in MS.
page 243 note 1 Sanctorale adds Vigil of S. Benedict.
page 243 note 1a In Canon of the Mass of R.
page 244 note 1 MS. has numquam.
page 244 note 1a A.D. 1002
page 245 note 1 Sanctorale adds mass for S. Juvenal.
page 245 note 2 Sanctorale substitutes mass for S. Dunstan.
page 246 note 1 Error in MS.
page 246 note 2 Sanctorale has mass, for SS. John and Paul.
page 246 note 3 So also Bury Kalendar.
page 246 note 1a Dr. W. H. Frere marks the entry of St. Wistan as in a later hand, but it would appear to be in the original.
page 247 note 1 Sanctorale has at v. Id. Natale Sēi Benedicti ab
.
page 247 note 2 Sanctorale prefixes mass for S. Felix, m.
page 248 note 1 Sanctorale reads ‘vii Fratrum cum Matre’.
page 248 note 2 Sanctorale adds Vigil.
page 248 note 3 Sanctorale Prefixes mass for S. Audoenus at viii Kal.
page 249 note 1 Sanctorale adds, after mass for S. Gorgonius, mass for the Transl. of s. Ethelwold and one for S. Audomar.
page 250 note 1 Sanctorale has Remegii Germani Vedasti Bauonis.
page 250 note 2 Sanctorale adds mass for s. Iustus. M.
page 250 note 1a Bauonis et Piatonis m
. in original hand, but added later?
page 250 note 2a Osuualdi inserted in red and epī altered to epo. The entry originally ran: Transī sōr confesso Aydani epī et Ceolprythi ab. [ Transl. St. Oswald. 1089.]
page 250 note 3 In a later hand. The usual date for the Translation of St. Wilfrid is iiii Id. Oct.
page 251 note 1 Sanctorale has mass for S. Edmund, k.
page 251 note 2 Sanctorale adds mass for S. Felicitas.
page 251 note 1a In later hand.
page 252 note 1 Sanctorale has mass for Oct. S. Andrew. Apost.
page 252 note 2 Sanctorale has Vigil.
page 253 note 1 In dating the kalendar it does not appear to be necessary to connect this entry with the translation to Bari (1087). This feast appears first in Cotton MS. Nero A. 11 which Mr. E. Bishop dates c. 1020–30. [A chapel was dedicated to St. Nicholas at Evesham by Abbot Aethelwig (1066–77).]
page 254 note 1 The eleventh-century Worcester kalendar in C.C.C.C. MS. 9 adds yet another, St. Patrick the Elder, Aug. 24.
page 254 note 2 Feb. 9. Eufraxig (Crowland at Feb. 11).
Mar. 3. Focg (Bury at Mar. 5).
May 4. Quiriaci (only in this kalendar).
” 20. Basille (Galba A. xviii).
July 19. Arsenii (Bury, Crowland, Bodl. Digby MS.63).
Aug. 20. Maximi (Bury, Cotton MS. Nero A. 11).
Nov. 17. Teclç (St. Willibrord's Kal., Digby MS. 63, Salisbury MS. 150, and Glastonbury). and May 16, Brendani; May 17, Torpetis; both found (as is Basille, May 20) in the twelfth-century Drwmnond Missal (Burntisland, 1882).
page 254 note 3 Turner, Early Worcester MSS., App. iv. lx.
page 254 note 4 St. Egwin and his Abbey of Evesham, Stanbrook Abbey, Worcester, 1904.