III.—Medieval finds at Al Mina in North Syria

Arthur Lane Esq.

doi:10.1017/S026134090001050X

^{page 19 note 1} Antiq. Journ., xvii, 1937, 1–15Google Scholar, ‘Excavations near Antioch in 1936’; also Journ. Hellenic Studies, lviii, 1938, 1–30,Google Scholar ‘Excavations at Al Mina, Sueidia’, by Sir Leonard Woolley.

^{page 19 note 2} The coins found in the 1936 campaign have been described in the Num. Chron., Fifth Series, xvii, 1937, by E. S. G. Robinson, ‘Coins from the excavations at Al Mina; with an appendix on the coins of Posidium’, and by D. Allen, ‘Coins of Antioch, etc., from Al Mina’.

^{page 19 note 3} Pausanias, viii, 29, 3; Strabo, xvi, 2, 7, p. 651c. The river was evidently still navigable in A.D. 369–70; see note 2, p. 212 of Chapot's article mentioned below. In the middle ages it was no longer so; Mukaddasi (c. 985) says, ‘Neither the Barada, the River Jordan, the River Maklub (Upper Orontes), nor the River of Antioch (Lower Orontes) are navigable for boats’ (trans. Le Strange, Palestine Pilgrims Text Soc., 1892, 82).

^{page 19 note 4} Libanius, Or. XI (Antiochicus), xli, 286, ed. Reiske: τοσοῦτον γὰρ διέχομεν λιμένων ὅσον ἡμᾶς καθαρούς τε τηρεῖ θαλαττίων κακῶν καὶ μετόχους ποιεῖ τῶν ὲκ θαλάττης καλῶν. σταδίοι γὰρ τὸ μέσον εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατὸν … Quoted by Chapot in his most valuable article ‘Séleucie de Piérie’ (Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, vi, 1907, 149).Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 1} Quoted by Chapot, loc. cit.; Malalas (p. 270, Bonn): … εἰς δρόμωνα ἀπὸ τοῦ λεγομένου Βυτυλλίου ὁρμιστηρίου, ὄντος αὐτοϕυοῦς λιμένος πλησίον Σελευκείας της Συρίας.

^{page 20 note 2} Architectural evidence mentioned on p. 24, below; pottery, p. 27; glass, p. 62; other objects, p. 74; coins of Justin, Justinian, and Heraclius, Num. Chron., xvii, 1937, 194.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 3} Antiq. Journ., xvii, 4.

^{page 20 note 4} The most convenient summary of events at Antioch during this period will be found in E. S. Bouchier's Short History of Antioch, 1921, 179–212; V. Schultze's Antiocheiae (Altchristliche Städte und Landschaften, iii, 1930) is less helpful. There is probably useful material in Henri Lammens's Promenades dans l'Amanus (quoted by R. Dussaud in his Topographie de la Syrie, 1927, 419, n. 7, 427, n. 4), but I have been unable to procure this work. It is not in the catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and if it appeared as an article in some periodical, Dussaud gives no clue for tracing it.

^{page 20 note 5} M. Rostovtzeff, Caravan Cities, 1932, 91–119.

^{page 21 note 1} On the question of trade-routes, see R. Dussaud, Topographie de la Syrie, 1927, map xiv; Heyd, W., Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen âge, 1885, i, 42–4; E. Rey, Les Colonies franques de Syrie au 12^me et 13^me siècles, 1883, 196 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 2} Stanley Lane-Poole, A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages, 1901, 66–76.

^{page 21 note 3} Das Buck der Länder von Szech Ebn Ishak el Farsi el Isztachri, trans. Mordtmann, A. D., Hamburg, 1845, 37, 44 (map v).Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 1} E. S. Bouchier, A Short History of Antioch, 213 ff.

^{page 22 note 2} See Ballardini, G., ‘Note sui “bacini” romanici e in particolare su alcuni “bacini” orientali in San Sisto di Pisa’ (Faenza, xvii, 1929, 113 ff.).Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 3} Bouchier, op. cit., 234 ff.; W. B. Stevenson, The Crusaders in the East, 1907, 25 ff.

^{page 22 note 4} Heyd, W., Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen age, 1885, i, 133. He quotes the claim made for unaided conquest in the Genoese records.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 5} Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, 1097–1291, ed. Röhricht, 1893, p. 5, 1101; pp. 29–30, 1127; also in 1169, 1178, etc.; Heyd, op. cit., i, 133, 156.

^{page 22 note 6} The Damascus Chronicle, ed. Gibb, 1932, 100.

^{page 22 note 7} Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, 1108, 1154.

^{page 23 note 1} Heyd, op. cit., i, 324.

^{page 23 note 2} Alternatives are given by Heyd, op. cit., i, 169: Sevodi, Matthew of Edessa, trans. Dulaurier, Bibliothèque arménienne, 169; Sedium, Raoul de Caen in Recueil des historiens occidentaux des croisades, iii, 151; Suidin or Sudinum in Venetian or Genoese charts; Soldyn, Soldinum in Marco Sanuto, Secreta fidelium crucis, 174, 244; Sollinum, Sulinum in Ughelli, Ital. Sacr., iv, 287, the Genoese records, and Caffaro, Annales, 14; Solim in Theodoricus, De locis sanctis, ed. Tobler, 108, etc.; Σουδὶ, Σουδεὶ,Σουέτιον in Anna Comnena, ii, 87, 126, 239, ed. Bonn; Souediyeh in Edrisi, ii, 136, trans. Jaubert, and in Yaqut, Yacuts Geographisches Wörterbuch, ed. Wüstenfeld, 1869, i, 385. The transliteration of the Arabic form by scholars itself adopts as many spellings as phonetics allow.

^{page 23 note 3} Ed. Laurent, , Peregrinatores medii aevi quattuor, 1864, 171.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 4} Yacuts Geographisches Wörterbuch, ed. Wüstenfeld, , 1869, i, 385.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 1} Num. Chron., xvii, 1937, 5.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 1} The best illustrations are in Leclerq, H., Manuel d'archéologie chrétienne, 1907Google Scholar, ii, figs. 352–60. See also Dalton, O. M., Cat. of Early Christian Antiquities in the British Museum, 1901Google Scholar, nos. 923–7; Wulff, O., Altchristliche und mittelalterliche Bildwerke, 1909,Google Scholar nos. 1556–61; Strzygowski, J., Cat. du Musée du Caire, Koptische Kunst, 1904Google Scholar, nos. 7136–8 and 8979 (copy of diptych).

^{page 28 note 1} Finds at Hama: H. Ingholt, Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne des fouilles de Hama, 1934, 19. Smyrna: Wulff, op. cit., no. 1561. Pergamon: Pergamon, i, 2, 332, fig. 110. Samos: Schneider, A. M., ‘Samos in frühchristlicher und byzantinischer Zeit’ (Athenische Mitteilungen, liv, 1929), 127, 128, nos. 5, 6. Constantinople: fragments were found under the mosaic discovered by the St. Andrews expedition of 1936–7 (information of Mr. R. B. K. Stevenson).Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 2} The very extensive Samarra literature is quoted in the following publications: Sarre, F., Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra II. Die Keramik von Samarra, 1925Google Scholar, esp. 36 ff.; Koechlin, R., Les céramiques musulmanes de Suse au Musée du Louvre, 1928Google Scholar (Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, tome xix).

^{page 29 note 1} Coptic pottery: Murray, M. A., ‘Coptic Painted Pottery’ in Ancient Egypt, 1935Google Scholar, 1–15; O. Wulff, op. at., 285–98. Sassanian pottery: E. Kühnel, Die Ausgrabungen der zweiten Ktesiphon-Expedition, 1931–2, 28; Harden, D. B., ‘Excavations at Kish and Barghuthiat’ in Iraq, i, 1934, 124;CrossRef Google Scholar Koechlin, op. cit., 37 ff. The Byzantine polychrome bowl in Kiev, illustrated in Ars Islamica, iii, 1936, 106,Google Scholar fig. 10, and by Makarenko, M., ‘Un vase provenant de l'Asie Mineure à Kiev’ in Recueils d'Histoire d'archéologie, des mœurs et des arts de Kiev, i, 1930, 97–100,Google Scholar has been erroneously claimed as Sassanian (by Pope, A. U., An Introduction to Persian Art, 1930, 66).Google Scholar The blue-glazed pots, with figure decoration in high relief, illustrated by Pézard, pls. V–VII, are apparently forgeries.

^{page 29 note 2} ‘Die abbasidischen Lüsterfayencen’ in Ars Islamica, i, 1934, 149ff.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 3} Kühnel, E., ‘Dated Persian Lustred Pottery’ in Eastern Art, iii, 1931, 220, fig. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 1} Quoted by Wiet, G., Ars Islamica, iii, 1936, 172.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 2} By Kühnel, Ars Islamica, i, 150.

^{page 30 note 3} Aly Bey Bahgat, in his Céramique musulmane de l'Égypte, 1930, has evolved a purely arbitrary system of dating which places certain fragments in pre-Tulunid times; his argument is vitiated by his failure to distinguish between the native and imported wares. See also the review by Flury, S. in Syria, vii, 1927, 268.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 4} Aly Bey Bahgat, op. cit., pl. VII.

^{page 30 note 5} Lane-Poole, S., A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages, 1901, 77 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 6} Wiet, G., ‘Deux pièces de céramique égyptienne’, in Ars Islamica, iii, 1936, 172 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 1} Compare Hobson, R. L., Guide to the Islamic Pottery of the Near East (British Museum), 1932, pl. iv, 14.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} Marçais, G., Les faïences à reflets metalliques de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan, 1928, 10–13.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 3} Bosco, Velazquez, Medina Azzahra y Alamiriya, 1912Google Scholar, pls. XLIX–LII; Kühnel, E., ‘Daten zur Geschichte der spanisch-maurischen Keramik’, in Jahrbuch der asiatischen Kunst, 1925, 170.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 4} Hobson, R. L., Guide, 8–10, and Oriental Ceramic Society Transactions, London, 1928–1930, 21 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 5} See Flury, S., ‘Une formule épigraphique de la céramique archaïque de l'lslam’, in Syria, v, 1924, 53 ff., esp. pl. xxi.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 6} Samarra, ii, nos. 214–17.

^{page 31 note 7} Diameter, 13·5 cm. Found in 1936; now in the British Museum.

^{page 32 note 1} Samarra, ii, nos. 165–96; Les Céramiques musulmanes de Suse, nos. 82 ff. Pézard, pls. CIII–CIX.

^{page 32 note 2} Victoria and Albert Museum, Review of Principal Acquisitions, 1931, 15, fig. 8, and op. cit., 1934, 8,9.

^{page 32 note 3} Aly Bey Bahgat and F. Massoul, La Céramique musulmane de l'Égypte, pl. XLVIII, 81; Flury, S., Syria, xiii, 1932, 100.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 4} A. J. Butler, Islamic Pottery, pl. VA.

^{page 33 note 1} I hope to deal with this ware at greater length in a forthcoming article, ‘Glazed Relief-ware of the Ninth Century’, in Ars Islamica.

^{page 33 note 2} Pézard, pl. XII.

^{page 33 note 3} This group will be more thoroughly described in my Ars Islamica article quoted above, where I have incorporated the suggestions about the epigraphy so kindly offered by Mr. Rhuvon Guest.

^{page 34 note 1} Fouquet, D., Contribution à l'étude de la céramique orientate, 1900, pl. xv, 1, and p. 125.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 2} Samarra, ii, nos. 218–21. A fragment of this class from Fostat is in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and others are in the collection of Mr. George Eumorfopoulos.

^{page 34 note 3} Erdmann, K., ‘Ceramiche di Afrasiab’, in Faenza, xxv, 1937, 129Google Scholar, 130; Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, xxxiii, 1937, no. 10, ‘The Iranian Expedition’, 13, 14.Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 1} Ars Islamica, ii, 1935, 201–2 (sgraffiato-ware from Kish); Samarra, ii, nos. 262–73 (eleventh to twelfth century).Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 2} Fragments in the Victoria and Albert Museum, from Fostat, nos. c. 932–5, 1921.

^{page 37 note 1} pl. xix, 1, top left; compare Samarra, ii, no. 253, and Herzfeld, E., Wandschmuck von Samarra (Samarra, i), 1923, pls. LXVII, 195; LXIX, 193 b.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 2} pl. XIX, 1, bottom left; see also p. 76, no. 4.

^{page 37 note 3} Samarra, ii, nos. 113–24; Suse, nos. 72–81, 107. The Victoria and Albert Museum has recently acquired a small jug of fine, whitish ware painted in glassy yellow, brown, and green colours, with dull purple outlines (c. 198, 1937)—clearly the same kind of thing as Samarra, ii, no. 122.

^{page 38 note 1} Ars Islamica, ii, 1935, 204–10.Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 2} For a fuller discussion and references to the literature, see Sarre, and Herzfeld, , Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, iv, 1920, 4–10;Google ScholarSuse, 37–53; , F. and Massoul, M. in Cumont's, F.Fouilles de Doura-Europos, i, 1926, 454–76;Google ScholarRostovtzeff, M., Caravan Cities, 1932,Google Scholar 117, 119 (on the dating of Dura); Debevoise, N. C., Parthian Pottery from Seleucia on the Tigris, 1934.Google Scholar

^{page 39 note 1} See appendix, p. 76, nos. 2, 3.

^{page 39 note 2} Samarra, ii, 13–14.

^{page 39 note 3} Suse, nos. 72–81; Samarra, ii, nos. 120–4.

^{page 39 note 4} Sarre, , ‘Frühislamische Keramik aus Mesopotamien’ in Cicerone, 1929, 37, fig. IGoogle Scholar

^{page 40 note 1} Sarre, F., Keramik und andere Kleinfunde der islamischen Zeit von Baalbek, 1925, 22, fig. 66, 2, 4.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 2} Sarre, and Herzfeld, , Archäologische Reise im Enphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, iii, 1911, pl. cxv, 1, 6.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 3} Samarra, ii, 4; Suse, 11–23 (footnotes).

^{page 40 note 4} Harden, D. B. in Iraq, i, 1934, 124–8.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 5} Rice, D. Talbot in Ars Islamica, i, 1934, 65–9.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 6} Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, xxxii, 1937, no. 10, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 7} Olmer, P., Catalogue du Musée Arabe, Caire. Les filtres de gargoulettes, 1932.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 8} Sauvaget, J., Poteries syro-mésopotamiennes du XIV^e siècle, Paris, 1932.Google Scholar Similar wares are reported from Hama: Ingholt, H., Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne des fouilles de Hama, Copenhagen, 1934, 27–34.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 9} Dja'far, Musée National Syrien, 10–11, pl. 111, 2. Fragments of similar ones mentioned by Ingholt, loc. cit., 29; Dimand, , A Handbook of Mohammedan Decorative Arts, 1930Google Scholar, 154, fig. 89; Hobson, , A Guide to the Islamic Pottery of the Near East, 1932, 32, fig. 40.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 1} Palestine Department of Antiquities Quarterly, iii, 1933–1934, pl. LVII, fig. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 2} Ingholt, H., Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne des fouilles de Hama, 1934, 28.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 3} Recueil des historiens orientaux des croisades, v, 154. The objects mentioned are marble sculptures taken from the churches; many of these reached Damascus.

^{page 43 note 1} Rice, D. Talbot, Byzantine Glazed Pottery, 1930, 21, group A 3.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 2} Pergamum, , Volbach, , Mittelalterliche Bildwerke aus ltalien und Byzanz, Berlin, 1930Google Scholar, pl. 18; Miletus (?), loc. cit., pl. 17, 6662: Constantinople, Talbot Rice, op. cit., 32 ff., pl. XIII; Samos, , Athenische Mitteilungen, liv, 1929, 135;Google ScholarSparta, , Annual of the British School at Athens, xvii, 1910–1911Google Scholar, pls. XV, XVI; Corinth, , American Journal of Archaeology, 1929,Google Scholar 523; 1930, 443; 1933, 476, 571, etc.; Athens, , Athenische Mitteilungen, liii, 1928, 181, Beil. XXXVIII, and Hesperia, ii, 1933, 310 ff., figs. 7–9, 13 g.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 1} American Journal of Archaeology, xxxiv, 1930, 433,Google Scholar fig. 6 B; Talbot Rice, op. cit., pl. XIX B.

^{page 44 note 2} See Lane, A., ‘Early Sgraffito Ware of the Near East’, in Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 1938.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 3} Ars Islamica, iii, 1936, 108Google Scholar, fig. 9. Bock, De, ‘Poteries vernissées du Caucase et de la Crimee’, in Mémoires de la Soc. des Antiquaires de France, 56, 1897, 218 ff., nos. 8, 11, 12, 28, 29, 30.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 4} Preliminary Report upon the Excavations carried out in the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 1927 on behalf of the British Academy, 34: Second Report, etc., 1928, 23, fig. 13.

^{page 44 note 5} Pergamum, Volbach, Mittelalterliche Bildwerke, etc., pl. 24, 6289, 6290, 6556, and pl. 25, 6306, and pl. 29, 9533, 9559; Lycia, op. cit, pl. 20, no. 565.

^{page 44 note 6} Nos. c. 929, 1589–1921.

^{page 45 note 1} Johns, C. N. in Palestine Quarterly, i, 1931–1932, pl. LIII, 1–4, 7; ii, 1933–4, pl. LVI, fig. 1, and p. 139, fig. 2, g and h.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 2} Compare Ebersolt, J., Catalogue des poteries byzantines et anatoliennes du Musée de Constantinople, 1910Google Scholar, nos. 7, 16; Walk's, H., Byzantine Ceramic Art, 1907, figs. 27, 32.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 3} Johns, C. N., Palestine Quarterly, iii, 1933–1934, 139, fig. 2, e, f, pls. LIV, LV.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 1} Palestine Department of Antiquities Quarterly, iii, 137.

^{page 46 note 2} P. 19, above.

^{page 46 note 3} Antioch-on-the-Orontes, i; ‘The excavations of 1932’, ed. G. W. Elderkin, 5, fig. 2, and several fragments on pl. XVI.

^{page 46 note 4} Mr. F. O. Waage very kindly showed me the recent finds of the Princeton expedition; his forthcoming publication should contain material of the greatest interest.

^{page 46 note 5} These were found on the edge of the site near the modern road; they were not at first recognized as wasters, and we missed the opportunity for unearthing the kilns. The two pieces in the top right and that in the bottom right corners of pl. XXXVI, I, are from finished bowls showing the same patterns as the rest, which are all unfired. Pl. XXI, 1, top left, may also be a waster, with part of another bowl adhering.

^{page 47 note 1} I am indebted to Dr. D. V. Thompson, of the Courtauld Institute of Art, for his kindness in making a scientific analysis of these fragments.

^{page 48 note 1} This ridge occurs on the imitations of Chinese sgraffiato-ware found at Samarra (Santarra, ii, figs. 144, 150, 151) and also occasionally on Cypriote bowls of the Lusignan period; it is seen once on the ‘Atlit’ painted ware (fig. 7c). But on twelfth- to thirteenth-century ware in general its appearance is a strong point in favour of manufacture at Al Mina.

^{page 48 note 2} Compare Palestine Quarterly, iii, pl. LIV, fig. 2, and p. 139, fig. 2 F.

^{page 48 note 3} The same feature is often found on the Lusignan pottery of Cyprus. A fragment found at Al Mina in 1936, with a human mask, has been erroneously attributed to the sixth to seventh century by Hobson, R. L., British Museum Quarterly, xi, 3, 1937, 115.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 4} Ht. 25 cm.

^{page 48 note 5} This pattern (as pl. XXI, 1, third row left) occurs also on Persian ‘minai’ and on Rakka wares, and possibly there is some connexion here. Compare Meyer-Riefstahl, Parish-Watson Collection, fig. 34; Amtliche Berichte, xlviii, 1927, title-page. The pattern of three humps on the rim of the last-mentioned bowl, very commonly found on Rakka pottery, is also to be seen on the Port St. Symeon ware (Palestine Quarterly, iii, pl. LV, 3, 4).Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 1} Cf. Volbach, , Mittelalterliche Bildwerke aus Italien u. Byzanz (Berlin, 1930), pl. 17, 6662.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 2} See article in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, ‘Simurgh’.

^{page 49 note 3} It is present in a less pronounced form on the human figures, pl. XXIV, I A, and Ingholt, Rapport … Hama, pl. x, 2. Numerous fragments were found at Al Mina with parts of similar collars, but none could be made up. Sphinxes in Near Eastern art often have something round their necks; on a twelfth-to thirteenth-century Mesopotamian mirror a necklace (Meyer-Riefstahl, , The Parish-Watson Collection of Mohammedan Potteries, 1922, fig. 40); on a Persian ‘minai’ bowl, a sort of ruff (op. cit., fig. 43).Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 1} Antiq. Journ., xvii, pl. 11; Hobson, R. L. in British Museum Quarterly, xi, 1937, 116Google Scholar, and Ars Islamica, iv, 1937, 193, fig. 1. Shape as fig. 8E.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 2} Sarre, F., Seldschukische Kleinkunst, 1909,Google Scholar pl. 1 (stone reliefs with winged genii, from Konia) and fig. 21 (sphinxes on stone relief from Konia); Lamm, C., Mittelalterliche Gläser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem nahen Osten, 1929, pl. 112, 16 (Syrian enamelled glass); Meyer-Riefstahl, op. cit., fig. 38 (fourteenth-century bronze candlestick): Münchener Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, 1907, 23, fig. 8 (fifteenth-century MS).Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 3} Sarre, F., ‘Das Metallbecken des Atabeks Lulu’ in Munchener Jahrbuch, 1907, 19, fig. 1. R. L. Hobson, Catalogue of the George Eumorfopoulos Collection, vi, pl. LXI, F. 386.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 4} P. 73.

^{page 50 note 5} H. Ingholt, Rapp. prél. de la premiere campagne desfouilles de Hama, 1934, pl. x, 2, p. 36. Shape evidently as fig. 8 J. For the bottle, see Lamm, Mittelalterliche Gläser, pl. 140.

^{page 50 note 6} Cf. ibid., pls. 121, 17; 127, 4, 5, etc.

^{page 50 note 7} D. Talbot Rice, Byzantine Glased Pottery, 1030, pl. XIII.

^{page 51 note 1} Johns quotes identifications suggested by Mr. A. Van de Put, Palestine Quarterly, iii, 139–40.

^{page 51 note 2} Amtliche Berichte, xlviii, 1927, title-page, and p. 8. The triangular shield also occurs on the Cypriote sgraffiato-ware, brandished by ill-drawn pedestrian warriors or incorporated in the design.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 3} Diam. 29 cm.; shape as fig. 8 J. The outside covered with slip and glaze, coloured green, reaching half-way down. Inside, the horse and rider are left white, the background being patched with brown and green.

^{page 51 note 4} Compare the horses in a thirteenth-century French MS. A Book of Old Testament Illustrations in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, text by Cockerell, S. C., James, M. R., ffoulkes, C. J. (Roxburghe Club, 1927), pp. 141–2, and illustrations 20–2, 87, etc.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 5} Hobson, Guide to the Islamic Pottery, p. 31, fig. 39. For a contemporary Byzantine treament of a similar subject, see Mémoires de la Soc. Nat. des Antiquaires de France, 1897, p. 213, fig. 8 (sgraffiatoware).

^{page 51 note 6} R. L. Hobson, Guide to the Islamic Pottery, p. 31, fig. 9 (from near Aleppo); Sarre and Herzfeld, Arch. Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, 1911, iii, pl. CXIII, 6. A large bowl from north Syria in the Damascus Museum probably belongs here (conventional plant decoration). For the relation of these pieces to the carved ware with added colours, see Lane, , ‘Early Sgraffito Ware of the Near East’, in Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 1938.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 1} See Lane, op. cit.

^{page 52 note 2} Palestine Quarterly, iii, 141.

^{page 52 note 3} Ingholt, , Rapp. prél. de la première campagne desfouilles de Hama, 1934, pl. x, 2.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 4} Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, ii, 1930; Herzfeld and Guyer, Meriamlik und Korykos, fig. 207, J 9491, 9494 a, b, 9495, 9500, 9507. A bowl from Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, in Amer. Journ. of Arch., xxxix, 1935, p. 548, fig. 44.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 5} British Museum Quarterly, xi, 1937, 116Google Scholar; Ars Islamica, iv, 1937, 193.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 6} Monumenta Asiae Minoris, ii, fig. 205, J 2509, 9511, 9512, 9514; fig. 207, J 9497. The other fragments cannot be certainly identified from the illustrations alone.

^{page 52 note 7} See p. 54.

^{page 53 note 1} Hobson, R. L., Guide to the Islamic Pottery, 1932Google Scholar, pp. 28–30, figs. 37, 38; British Museum Quarterly, xi, 3, 1937, p. 116;Google ScholarArs Islamica, iv, 193; Rice, D. Talbot, Byzantine Glazed Pottery, 1930Google Scholar (see index); Taylor, J. du P., Cyprus Dept. of Antiq. Reports, 2, 1934, pp. 24–5, pls. XI, XII; 3, 1935, p. 34, pl. XII. Miss Taylor is preparing a comprehensive study of the material.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 2} Cyprus Report, 2, 1934, pl. x, 4. Related in technique to the class described on p. 43.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 53 note 3} Ibid., 2, 1934, pls. X, 3; XII, 2. I cannot agree with Miss Taylor's attribution. The first should be sixteenth-century Italian—cf. Baroni, G., Ceramiche italiane minori del Castello Sforzesco, Milan, 1934 pp. 144–7 etc. For the second, compare op. cit., p. 381, no. 538 (attrib. to Treviso). There is a good deal of Italian maiolica in the Cyprus Museum—mostly dating after 1489, when Venetian rule began, but imported from the central as well as north Italian factories.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 4} Cf. Rice, Talbot, Byzantine Glazed Pottery, 1930Google Scholar, p. 57, fig. 311; Hobson, R. L., Guide to the Islamic Pottery, 1932Google Scholar, fig. 38; Cyprus Report, 2, 1934, pl. xi, 1.Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 54 note 1} Cyprus Report, 3, 1935, pl. XII, 3; Victoria and Albert Museum, Review of Principal Acquisitions, 1933, pl. 6 a. The dresses are hardly detailed enough to act as a guide for dating, though women usually wear the same sort of coiffure and clothes as on the icon dated 1356 (Rice, Gunnis, and Rice, The Icons of Cyprus, 1937, pl. 1). One bowl in Nicosia shows a man with a wide hat like that in fig. 20 of the same work (mid-fifteenth century).Google Scholar PubMed

^{page 54 note 2} Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antigua, ii, 1930; Herzfeld and Guyer, Meriamlik und Korykos, fig. 205, J 9509–12, 207, J 9497.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 1} See Sarre and Herzfeld, Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, i, 156 ff., iv, 20 ff.; Sarre, F., ‘Drei Meisterwerke syrischer Keramik’, in Amtliche Berichte, xlviii, 1927,Google Scholar pp. 1 ff.; Kouchakji, F., ‘Glory of er-Rakka Pottery’, in International Studio, March 1925.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 1} Vignier, C., ‘Notes sur la céramique persane’, in Rev. des arts asiatiques, ii, 1935.Google Scholar See also Hobson, R. L., ‘A Dish of Rakka Pottery’, in British Museum Quarterly, vii, 1932, p. 49;CrossRef Google ScholarLane, A., ‘Early Sgraffito Ware of the Near East’, in Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 1938.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 2} Illustrated by Lane, loc. cit.

^{page 59 note 3} Catalogue 98 A.

^{page 59 note 4} Pope, A. U., in Art Bulletin, xiv, 1932, p. 379.Google Scholar

^{page 60 note 1} Aly Bey Bahgat, La céram. Mus. de L'Égypte, 1930, p. 66.

^{page 60 note 2} Idem, op. cit., pp. 66–7.

^{page 60 note 3} Examples, Bahgat, op. cit., pls. XXX, 4, 9, 10, 11, XXXI; La Céramique égyptienne de l'époque musulmane, 1922, pls. 56, 57.

^{page 61 note 1} See Moschetti, A., ‘Delia ceramica graffita padovana’, series of articles in Padova, 1931, esp. p. 174Google Scholar, and Conton, L., Ceramiche veneziane dei secoli XIV e XV pescate di recente in laguna, 1929Google Scholar, facing pp. 14, 18. Other examples illustrated by Borenius, T., Catalogue of a collection of maiolica belonging to Henry Harris, 1930, pls. 11 a, 111 a.Google Scholar

^{page 61 note 2} I am indebted to Miss A. Frantz for a photograph and description of this bowl.

^{page 61 note 3} Bossert, Th., Peasant Art in Europe, 1927, pl. LXXIII, esp. no. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 1} Lamm, C. J., Mittelalterliche Gläser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dent nahen Osten, 1930 (hereafter referred to as Gläser); Das Glas von Samarra, 1928 (ref. Samarra); Glass from Iran in the National Museum, Stockholm, 1935 (ref. Iran).Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 2} See Lamm, Samarra, p. 86, for a lengthier discussion.

^{page 63 note 1} Ibid., p. 7. Compare Harden, D. B., Roman Glass from Karanis, 1936, pls. XVIII, nos. 608, 612; xx, 793, 813, etc.Google Scholar

^{page 64 note 1} Harden, op. cit., p. 167 ff., pl. VI, 484, 482, 479. The terminus post quern nihil for the Karanis finds is apparently about A.D. 460 (pp. 24 ff.). Harden quotes two examples of Syrian provenance in English collections; they may frequently be seen in Syrian dealers’ shops.

^{page 64 note 2} Lamm, Gläser, p. 490, passages 36 ff.; see also pp. 15–16.

^{page 64 note 3} Ibid., p. 16.

^{page 65 note 1} Coarser bottle-necks, like Lamm, Gläser, pl. 25, nos. 16–22, were also found, the threads in some cases being of pale blue glass.

^{page 65 note 2} Lamm, Samarra, no. 105. A hundred and seventy of these bottles were found at Samarra in a single store-room.

^{page 66 note 1} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 3, nos. 46–8; Iran, pl. 3; Samarra, iv, no. 79.

^{page 66 note 2} Lamm, Samarra, iv, no. 32; Iran, pl. 14 p.

^{page 66 note 3} As Lamm, Gläser, pl. 2, no. 29.

^{page 66 note 4} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 2, nos. 13, 14; Iran, pl. 15 A-C.

^{page 66 note 5} Lamm, Samarra, iv, 38; Iran, pl. 14 J.

^{page 66 note 6} Lamm, Gläser, pls. 4, no. 37; 5, no. 2.

^{page 66 note 7} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 55, 4.

^{page 66 note 8} Lamm, Samarra, no. 222; Iran, pl. 31 A-E; Gläser, pl. 52, 11, 13, 14.

^{page 66 note 9} Lamm, Iran, pls. 36, 37; Samarra, nos. 217–19; Gläser, pls. 59, 61.

^{page 67 note 1} Lamm, Iran, pl. 30 E, G; Gläser, pl. 53, 4, 6, 9. A rather similar kind of cutting is seen on heavy glass bowls from Kish approximately dated in the sixth century (Harden, D. B., ‘Glass from Kish’, in Iraq, i, 1934, pp. 131–6).Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 1} Schmidt, R., Das Glas, 1922, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 2} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 13.

^{page 69 note 3} Lamm, Samarra, nos. 158–63.

^{page 69 note 4} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 12, 1, 8.

^{page 69 note 5} Lamm, Samarra, pp. 39 ff.; Gläser, pp. 50, 62 ff.

^{page 70 note 1} Lamm, Gläser, pls. 16, 17, 18; p. 62. Samarra, pp. 45 ff. Very few pieces were found at Samarra. The examples from the Caucasus (Lamm, Gläser, pl. 18, 4, 7, 12, 14) probably reached there from Persia, and suggest that the type was made in that country as well.

^{page 71 note 1} Garrucci, R., Vetri ornati difigure in oro trovati net cimiteri del cristianiprimitivi di Roma, 1858;Google ScholarSchmidt, R., Das Glas, 1922, p. 18.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 2} Ed. Hendrie, R., 1847, book ii, chap. xiii.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 3} A colour probably composed of powdered lapis lazuli with a glass flux, as used for the enamelled glass (Lamm, Gläser, p. 244).

^{page 71 note 4} Lamm, Gläser, pls. 45, 1; 46, 26.

^{page 73 note 1} Lamm, Gläser, pl. 42, 4.

^{page 73 note 2} Lamm, ibid., p. 243.

^{page 73 note 3} Lamm, ibid., pp. 243 ff.

^{page 73 note 4} Schmidt, R., Das Glas, 1922, pp. 51 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 1} Pauty, E., Les Bois sculptés jusqu'a l'époque ayyoubide (Musée de l'art arabe), 1931, pp. 28–9.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 1} Discussed by E. Herzfeld, Samarra, ii, 82.

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