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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 July 2012
In the subjoined letter, which, as a family relic, I lately communicated to Mr. Lister Parker, and which has since been read to this Society, allusion is made to a stage-coach in 1663. This led me to enquire into the antiquity of wheeled carriages, and the modes of travelling formerly adopted in this country, and should you consider the fruits of my researches sufficiently interesting to merit the attention of the Society, you are at liberty to lay them before that body.
page 443 note a To his honoured Father Edward Parker, esquire, at Browsholme, these, Leave this letter wth ye Post Master, at Preston, in Lankashire, to bee sent as above directed.
Honoured Father.
My dutie premised, &c. I got to London on Saturday last, my journey was noe ways pleasant, being forced to ride in the boote all the waye, ye company yt came up wth mee were persons of greate quality, as knights and ladyes. My journey's expence was 30s. this traval hath soe indisposed mee, yt I am resolved never to ride up againe in ye coatch. I am extreamely hott and feverish, what this may tend too I know not, I have not as yet advised wth any doctor. As for newes wee have onely this, yt ye queene is very well recovered, but tis thought she is not yet with childe. Justice Hyde (who was one ufye Judges of ye Common Pleas) is now called to bee Lord Cheife Justice. Doctor Hinckman, who was Bishop of Saulsbury, is translated toLondon. Collonel Hutchinson, who was one of the regicides, is taken in this last Plott; hee was apprehended at Newarke, and brought to London (by his Majestyes speciall command) upon Saturday last: wee had his company on some parte of the roade. Our forraigne newes is onely such as you have in ye country; ye Turke procedees vigerously in Hungary. I desire yt all my manuscripts may bee sent up wth speede. This is all but yt I am your dutifull and obedient sonne
London, 3d Novembris —63.
page 444 note 1 See pages 469-472.
page 444 note b History of Inventions and Discoveries, vol. I. p. 111.
page 445 note c It is stated that news of the abdication of James the Second did not reach the Orkneys until three months after that important event took place.
page 445 note d “They shall bring all your brethren for an offering unto the Lord, out of all nations, upon horses, and in chariots, and in litters, and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy mountain Jerusalem.” Isaiah lxvi. ver, 20.
page 445 note e In the Polychronicon it is termed a horse-bere. Strutt's Horda, I. 45.
page 445 note f Ibid. II. 89.
page 445 note 1 Honelitters, Coverdale, Bishops Bible, Tyndale.
page 445 note 2 In Carrucis, Vulgate. Carts, Coverdale, Tyndale, Bishops Bible.
page 446 note g It might be said, and more correctly, that Massinger describes the manners of his own times, and an observation that Mr. Gilford makes elsewhere may be applied here with equal truth; that Massinger, “like his contemporaries, gives the customs of his native land to his foreign scene. He speaks indeed of Syracuse; but he thinks only of London.” Mass. II. p. 13.34.
The introduction of Sedans, to which this passage in the Bondman may have some relation, is attributed to the Duke of Buckingham. (See p. 468.) A patent was granted, in 1634, to Sir Saunders Buncombe for the exclusive letting, &c. of Sedan chairs, as will be afterwards noticed.
page 446 note h Lamb's Trans, of Catullus 1.137.
page 446 note i In the year 1527, when Wolsey visited France to negociate a peace, we find that the Dame Regent, the king's mother, entered Amiens, “riding in a very riche chariot; and with her therein was the Queen of Navarre her daughter, furnished with a hundred and more more of ladies and gentlewomen following, every one riding upon white palfreies;. besides diverse and many ladies, some in riche horse-litters, and some in chariots.” (Wordsworth's Eccles. Biog. 1.389.) The king, though attired with the utmost magnificence, according to the military spirit of the age, rode into the city on “a goodly genet.”
page 447 note j Leland's Collectanea, IV. 267. I gladly avail myself of an early occasion to thank the intelligent friend to whom this letter is addressed, for these extracts, and for the various information connected with the present subject, which he has most kindly imparted.
page 448 note k Hunter's Hallamshire, p. 94.
page 448 note l Northumberland Household-book, p. 449, transcribed by Bishop Percy from Harl. MS. 69. (25.)
page 448 note m Hunter's Hallamshire, p. 90. In Commenius's work, Orbis sensualkm pictus, first published in 1631, we find mention of the following vehicles as then in use: 1st. the hanging waggon or coach (currus pensilis) drawn by six horses, and used by great persons. 2d. the chariot chariot drawn by two horses, and the same number it is stated were employed in carrying horse-litters (arcerce lectica). This work is quoted by Strutt as illustrative of English customs, but the author wrote in high Dutch, and his descriptions and accompanying prints apply to Holland.
page 449 note h Antiq. Repertory, 1st edit. vol. I. p. 261.
page 449 note o Evelyn's Diary, vol. I. p. 9.
page 449 note p Northumberland Household-book, p. 447. Chariots of this description were doubtless appendages to all great establishments. In the inventory of the effects of the second Earl of Cumberland, at Barden Tower, taken after his death in 1572, are the following items:
“It'm, the old chariett, with 2 pair of wheeles bound with iron, and cheynes belonging thereto xxxs.
“It'm, one charrett, with all apperteyninge.” Whitaker's History of Craven, p. 238.
page 450 note q Translated by Lord Berners, by the general term, “Carriages.”
page 450 note r Lord Berners renders penoncel, “cognisaũce, or armes:” we have here therefore a proof of the early practice of distinguishing wheeled carriages by the armorial bearings of the owner. They were certainly painted upon coaches on their introduction into England. Vide p. 463.
page 450 note s So the French translate it, l'he Vulgate has plaustra. Wicliff comes near to the present translation, viz. maynes.
page 451 note t A margioal note in an edition of the Geneva translation, printed by Barker in 1599, compares “covered charets” to “horselitters to keep the things that were carried in them from weather.” The terms “Charett,” “Wagon,” and “Coche,” were employed about the time this translation was made, with little discrimination.
“Tho, up him taking in their tender hands, They easily unto her charett beare: Her teme at her commaundement quiet stands, Whiles they the corse into her wagon reare, And strowe with flowers the lamentable beare: Then all the rest into their codes dim.”
Faery Queen, B. III. Canto iv.
page 451 note u Northumberland Household-book, p. 448.
page 451 note v “King Rycharde deed, was layde in a lytter, and sette in a chayre, covered with blacke baudkynne, and foure horses all blacke in the chayre, and two men in blacke leadyng the chayre, and four knyghtes all in black folowyng.” The King's head was on “a blacke quisshen, and his visage open.” Froissart, Lord Berners' Translation, (Ed. 1812) II. 762.
page 451 note w Horda, 1. 45.
page 451 note x Mr. Ellis regards this MS. as a production of the earlier part of the eleventh century. By Strutt it is described to be of the ninth century.
page 452 note y Ellis's Specimens of early English Poetry, I.339.
page 452 note z In Harmar's translation of Beza's Sermons upon the three first chapters of the Canticles, printed at Oxford, 1587, (Sermon XXVIII. p. 374.) the passage stands, “King Solomon made himselfe a coche of the wood of Lebanon.” (Chap. iii. ver. 9.) This word has at different times been rendered palace, bed, and in the authorized version “chariot.”
In Wicliff it is a chaier. In the Vulgate ferculum. The Hebrew makes it a bridal couch or room. This tends to prove that the true derivation of the word is from coucher, and that it implied originally a moveable couch or bed. We need not, therefore, resort with Minshew for the etymology of the word, to Kutzsche (averbo Hungarico Kotczy), or to Cuchey, the Cambridge Carrier; yet the following passage, selected from the diary of Cuspinian, Mayor of Vienna, (which I owe to the researches of my friend Mr. Douce,) goes to establish the former. The writer is speaking of a visit made to that city in 1515 by Maximilian, and the Kings of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland. “Ingrediebantur toto die Viennam currus, quadrigse, et bigae Hungarorum, & Polonorum. Vehebantur multi in curribus illis velocibus, quibus nomen est patria lingua Kottschi.” Vide Germanicarum rerum Scriptores varii Marquardi Freheri (1637, fol.) II. 312.
page 453 note a The journey made by this princess at the commencement of the same rebellion, as related by Froissart, was wonderfully expeditious for those times, and her indisposition, to which Stow alludes, might proceed from the fatigue and anxiety consequent upon it.
“The same daye that these unhappy people of Kent were comynge to London, there retourned fro Canterbury the kynges mother, Princes of Wales, comynge from her pylgrimage; she was in great ieopardy to haue ben lost, for these people came to her chare (sailloiet sur son char) and delt rudely with her, whereof the good lady was in great doute lest they wolde have done some villany to her or to her damosels: howbeit God kept her, and she came in one day fro Canterbury to London, for she never durst tarry by the waye.”—Froissart, ut supra, vol. I.641.
page 454 note b Stow's Surrey of London and Westminster, by Strype, 1720, vol. I. B. 1.242.
page 454 note e Rot. Parl. IV. p. 248.
page 454 note d Anecdotes of Old Times, pp. 273, 275.
page 455 note e Encyclopédic, 1751, tome II. art. Carrosse.
page 455 note f Ibid.
page 455 note g Ibid.
page 455 note h “Colloquia, meditationes, &c. &c. D. Mart. Luth. in raensa prandii & coenæ, & in peregrinationibus observata & fideliter transcripta.” Frankfort 1571. 8vo. torn. I. fol. 199 verso.
page 455 note i Hollinshed's Chron. III. 548.
page 455 note k Hollinshed's Chronicle, III. 781. This Queen's litter is worth describing, “Then came the Queene in a litter of white cloth of gold, not covered nor bailed, which was lead by two palfries clad in white damask doone to the ground, head and all, led by hir footman. Over hir was borne a canopie of cloth of gold, with foure guilt staves and foure silver bells. For the bearing of which canopie were appointed sixteene knights, foure to beare it one space on foot, and other foure another space, &c.”
page 456 note l Hollinshed's Chron. IV. 6.
page 456 note m Ibid. 158.
page 456 note n Progresses, vol. IV. pt. I. pp. 57, 60.
page 456 note o That they had no springs is very clear, from the Water-Poet's assertion, that in the paved streets of London, “men and women are so tost, tumbled, iumbled, and rumbled.” Even in Sir William D'Avenant's time, it seems that our coaches were far behind those of our neighbours in elegance and convenience. In the “first day's Entertainment at Rutland castle” there is a smart controversy between a Parisian and a Londoner, which deserves to be referred to as preserving some curious particulars of the contrasted modes of living in the two capitals. The Parisian, after some sharp comments on the domestic arrangements of the English, adds, “I have now left your houses, and am passing through your streets, but not in a coach, for they are uneasily hung, and so narrow that I took them for sedans upon wheels. Nor is it safe for a stranger to use them till the quarrel be decided whether six of your nobles sitting together shall stop and give place to as many barrels of beer. Your city is the only metropolis in Europe where there is a wonderful dignity belonging to carts. Master Londoner, be not so hot against coaches; take advice from one that eats much sorrel in his broth.”
page 456 note 1 D'Avenant's Works, fol. 1673, p. 351, &c.
page 456 note 2 “Coach and sedan you buthe shall reverence, and ever give way to beere (or brewers) cart wheresoever you shall meete him, either in citie or countrie, as your auneient and elder brother.” “Coach and Sedan, pleasantly disputing for place and precedence, the Brewer's Cart being moderator, London, printed by Robert Raworth for John Crooch, 1636.” From this curious and rare tract several quotations are given in the following pages.
page 457 note P Hollinshed's Chron. vol. 1.370.
page 457 note q Northumberland Household-book, p. 153.
page 457 note r Whitaker's Craven, p. 256.
page 457 note s Ibid. p. 262.
page 458 note t Lysons' Environs, vol. II. p. 582.
page 458 note u Bearcroft's History of the Charter House, p. 85.
page 458 note v In investigating the manners and customs of past ages, the household-books of our nobility and gentry are valuable storehouses of information. For the free use of the one here quoted I am indebted to my friend Mr. Gage, of Lincoln's-inn, in whose “History and Antiquities of Hengrave,” will be found many interesting extracts from this curious record of his ancestors.
page 458 note w Donations to minstrels, and alms to the poor, were probably common expences attendant upon travellers of rank at this period. They occur, as I am informed by the Rev. Mr. Hunter, in the accompts of Sir William Saint Loe, captain of the guard to Queen Elizabeth, when travelling from Chatsworth to London in August 1560; who often relieved “old soldiers” upon the road. Sir William's retinue consisted of 13 horses. The inns appear to have furnished them not merely with comforts, but with many of the luxuries of the table.
page 459 note x Lodge's Illustrations, II. 239.
page 459 note y Lodge's Illustrations, II. 284.
page 459 note z Hist. Eng. III. 463.
page 460 note a Hollinshed's Chron. I. 414.
page 460 note b Whitaker's Craven, p. 321.
page 460 note c Correspondence of Sir George Radcliffe (1810), p. 36.
page 460 note d Vol. II. p. 72.
page 461 note e Annals of Queen Anne, Lond. 1704, vol. II. Appendix.
page 462 note f The first engraved representation of an English coach is probably to be found in the fine old print of the Palace of Nonsuch, by Hoefnagel, which bears the date of 1582. (Braunii Civitates orbis terrarum, vol. V. plate I.) Queen Elizabeth is there seated in a low heavy machine, open at the sides, with a canopy, and drawn by two horses only. Her attendants follow her in a carriage of different form, with an oblong canopy. The driver of the latter carriage rides on one of the horses, but the queen's coachman is seated on the front of the coach, though it appears from the tract before referred to, entitled, “Orbis sensualium pictus,” that it was a long time after the invention of coaches before the box was added to them. These curious carriages are given in the accompanying Plate, Figg. 5 and 6; and in Fig. 6, the boot of the coach, which is mentioned in page 472, is clearly distinguishable.
page 462 note g This discrepancy in dates has, I find, been also noticed by Dr. Pegge, in his Curialia, page 276.
page 462 note h The price which this vehicle bore at this early period is also given in the same document: “1573. For my mres coche, with all the furniture thereto belonging, except horses, xxxiiijli. xiiijs.
“For the paynting of my mr and my mres armes upon the coach, ijs. vjd,
“For ij coche horses bought by Mr. Payton xjli. xiiis. nijd.”
Sir William Dugdale's Diary affords us the same information, as to the price of a chariot at the close of the following century.
“1681. Payd to Mr. Meares, a coaehmaker, in St. Martin's Lane, for a little charriot, wch I then sent down into ye country £23.13s. 00d. And for a cover of canvas £01. OOs. 00d Also for harnesse for 2 horses £04. 00s. OOd.”
page 463 note i Mr. Douce in one of his interesting communications on the subject of this enquiry, observes, “although this quotation from the Burghley Papers (III. No. 53) presents probably the earliest specific date of the use of coaches in England, we must infer that they were known before, though probably not long before. Bishop Kennet, in a note that I found among his papers, mentions that J. Chamberlayne Esqr. of Petty France has a picture of his grandfather, on which is this inscription—Sir Thomas Chamberlayne of Prestbury in Gloucestershire Ambassr from England to Charles V. Philip II. and to the King of Sweden in Flanders. He married a lady of the house of Nassau, and from face also he brought the first coaches and the first watches that were seen in England. He was born in the reign of Edw. IV. and died in the reign of Q. Elizabeth—This curious inscription therefore leaves the exact time of the introduction of coaches into England in a state of uncertainty.”
page 463 note k “The said Walter Rippon,” Stow continues, “made the first hollow turning coche, with pillars and arches, for her majesty, being then her servant. Also, in anno 1584, a chariot throne with foure pillars behinde to bear a canopie, with a croione imperiatt on the toppe, and before two lower pillars, whereon stoode a lion and a dragon, the supporters of the armes of England.” The roof of a coach is still called the imperiale, in French, though now uncrowned, and the term is in use in England, though applied differently.
page 464 note l Hist, of Commerce, II. 133.
page 464 note m This document has been given by Beckman (Hist. Invent. 1.118), but it so fully illustrates the subject, by shewing in what light carriages were regarded by a warlike people, that I have inserted an extract of it. After reciting how much the Germans were formerly celebrated in war for their manly virtue and intrepidity, the duke laments that, in his Electorate, skill in riding had declined, and proceeds to remark, as a chief cause of this degeneracy, “that our vassals, servants and kinsmen, without distinction, young and old, have dared to give themselves up to indolence and to riding in coaches, and that few of them provide themselves with well equipped riding horses, and with skilful experienced servants, and boys acquainted with the roads: not being able to suffer any longer this neglect, and being desirous to revive the ancient Brunswick mode of riding, handed down and bequeathed to us by our forefathers, we hereby will and command, that all and each of our before-mentioned vassals, servants, and kinsmen, of whatever rank or condition, shall always keep in readiness as many riding horses as they are obliged to serve us with by their fief or alliance; with polished steel furniture, and with saddles proper for carrying the necessary arms and accoutrements, so that they may appear with them when necessity requires: we also will and command our before-mentioned vassals and servants, to take notice, that when we order them to assemble, either altogether or in part, in times of turbulence, or to receive their fiefs, or when on other occasions they visit our court, they shall not travel or appear in coaches, but on their riding horses.” Lunig. Corp. jur. feud. Germ, ii, p. 1447.
page 465 note n 27 Hen. VIII. c. 6. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13. and 8 Eliz. c. 8.
page 465 note o See 44 Eliz. cap. 1.
page 465 note P D'Ewes's Journals of all the Parliaments during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (edit. 1682), p. 602.
page 465 note i Annals of Commerce, II. 167.
page 465 note r “A Knight's conjoring done in earnest discovered in jest.” By Thomas Dekker, London 1607.
page 465 note s “Coach and Sedan,” ut supra.
page 466 note t We have here an additional proof, to those adduced by Archdeacon Nares in his valuable dictionary, (art. Caroch) that a caroch and coach differed from each other. The following quotation cited in that work would denote that theywere respectively suited to town and country.
Nay for a need, out of his easy nature,
May'st draw him to the keeping of a coach
For country, and carroch for London.
Green's “Tu quoque,” 0. P. vii. 28.
From this passage it might be suspected that the carroach (a name borrowed from the French) was the carriage of luxury, the coach of mere utility for travelling, but in the well known letter of Lady Compton, the rich heiress of Sir John Spencer, written at the commencement of the 17th century, the terras are otherwise used. Amongst other moderate stipulations, that lady requires two coaches for herself, and a third for her women. Also “att any tyme when I travayle I will be allowed not only carroaches and spare horses for me and my women, but I will have such canrradges as shall be fittinge for me all orderly.” The latter were for conveying her own wardrobe, and that of her women. The words soon became confounded, and coach, with occasional exceptions, was generally used.
page 466 note s Taylor's Works (1630). “A Thiefe.”—Again, Taylor Vents his spleen in prose: “This is the rattling, rowling, rumbling age, and the World runs on Wheeles. The hackney-men, who were wont to haue furnished trauellers in all places with fitting and seruiceable horses for any iourney (by the multitude of coaches) are vndone by the dozens, and the whole Common-wealth most abominably iaded, that in many places a man had as good to ride vpon a woodden post, as to poast it vpō one of those hungerstaru'd hirelings: which enormity can be imputed to nothing, but the coaches intrusion is the hackneyman's confusion. Nor haue we poore watermen the least cause to complaine against this infernal swarm of trade-spillers, who like the grashoppers, or caterpillers of Egypt, haue so ouerrun the land, that we can get no liuing vpon the water; for I dare truelv affirme, that euery day in any tearme (especially if the Court be at Whitehall) they do rob vs of our liuings, and carry 560 fares daily from vs, which numbers of passengers were wont to supply our necessities, and enable vs sufficiently with meanes to doe our Prince and Countrey seruice.”—“The World runnes on Wheeles.” Taylor's Works, p. 237.
page 467 note v Bennett's Hist, of Eng. II. 720.
page 468 note w “Coach and Sedan,” ut supra.
page 468 note x i. e. Talc, at this time also commonly called Muscovy glass.
page 469 note r Treatise of Political Arithmetic, by Sir W. Petty.
page 469 note z Taylor's Works, p. 237.
page 469 note a Aubrey's Lives, &c. II. 554.
page 469 note b This feeling was probably general. In the beginning of the 16th century, “when the electors and princes did not choose to be present at the meetings of the States, they excused themselves by informing the emperor, that their health would not permit them to ride on horseback; and it was considered as an established point, that it was unbecoming for them to ride like women,” Beckman, ut sup. 1.114.
page 470 note c Edit. 1632. First printed in 1584.
page 470 note d Book IV. Satire vi. published in 1597-8.
page 470 note e First printed in 1606.
page 470 note f Edit. 1631, folio, p. 867, col. 2.
page 471 note g Brewster's Encyclopaed. art. Carriage. A tradition exists in Scotland, as I am informed by Sir Walter Scott, that chaises or chariots were first introduced into that country in 1745. The nobility were accustomed to travel previously in vehicles resembling Noah's ark, and the gentry upon horseback; but, in that memorable year, the Prince of Hesse appeared in a carriage of the description just mentioned, to the admiration of all Scotchmen, who regarded it “as a coach cut in half.”
page 471 note b 1659. May 2nd, I set forwards towards London by Coventre Coach; 4th I came to London.
1660. March 13, My dau. Lettice went towards London in Coventre Waggon.
1662. June 28th, Given 16s. in earnest, and for my passage wth my man in Aylesbury Coach on Thursday next.
1663. Jan. 27th, I went to Baginton (with his own horses it would appear); 28th to Towcester; 29th to St. Alban's; 30th by St. Alban's Coach to London.
1677. Apr. 8th, I went to Coventre; 9th thence to Woburne by Chester Coach; 10th to London.
1679. July 16th, I came out of London by the Stage Coach of Bermicham to Banbury. 1680. June 30th, I came out of London in Bedford Stage Coach to the Earle of Aylesburie's house at Ampthill.
From the diary of a Yorkshire Clergyman, which the Rev. Mr. Hunter kindly transmitted, I gather that in the Winter of 1682 a journey from Nottingham to London, in a Stage Coach, occupied four whole days. One of this gentleman's fellow travellers was Sir Ralph Knight, of Langold in Yorkshire (an officer in Monk's army); so that Mr. Parker was not singular in having as his companions in such a conveyance, “persons of greate quality as Knights and Ladyes.”
page 472 note i These appear to have been projections at the sides of coaches for the accommodation of passengers, who, in occupying them, sat with their backs to the carriage. They were probably uncovered. The present construction of the carriages of the Lord Mayor and Speaker, in which their officers are so placed as to look out at the side windows, may have originated when the boot was disused; but “Mr. Speaker's coach, however cumbrous, gives an inadequate idea (as the editor of Bassompierre's Embassy to England, in 1626, justly observes) of the vast machines of former days, which were rather closets on wheels, than what we would call coaches.” p. 80.
Allusions to the boot are frequent in our older writers, but the following quotation gives sufficient explanation upon so important a topic:
“The coach is a close hypocrite, for it hath a couer for any knauery, and curtaines to vaile or shadow any wickednes: besides, like a perpetuall cheater, it weares two bootes and no spurs, sometimes hauing two paire of legs in one boote, and oftentimes (against nature) most preposterously it makes faire ladies weare the boote; and, if you note, they are carried backe to backe, like people surpriz'd by pyrats, to be tyed in that miserable manner, and throwne overboord into the sea. Moreouer, it makes people imitate sea-crabs, in being drawne side-wayes, as they are when they sit in the boote of the coach, and it is a dangerous kinde of carriage for the commonwealth, if it be rightly considered.”
“The World runnes on Wheeles.” Taylor's Works, p. 240.
page 474 note k Upon this point the author of the tract before referred to (Coach and Sedan) writes with much warmth:
“And Coach, twice or thrice a yeare, you must needes take a boone voyage to London with your ladie, under a cullor to bee new cullour'd, guilded, or painted, covered, seated, shod, or the like, when her errand indeede is, as one saith well, speaking to such ladies as love to visit the citie;
‘To see what fashion most is in request, How is this Countess, that court ladie drest.’
“Hence it happens, Coach, that by your often ambling to London, Sir Thomas, or Sir John, sinks (as in a quicksand) by degrees, so deep into the merchant, mercer, or taylor's, booke, that hee is up to the eares, ere hee be aware; neither can he be well drawne out without a teame of vsurers, and a craftie scrivener to bee the fore-horse, or the present sale of some land, so that wise men suppose this to bee one maine and principall reason, why within a coach journey of a day or two from the citie, so many faire inheritances, as have beene purchased, by lord majors, aldermen, merchants, and other rich citizens, have not continued in a name to the third, yea, scarce the second generation, when go farre north or westward, you shall find many families, and names both of the nobilitie and gentrie, to have continued-their estates, two, three hundred yeeres and more, in a direct succession.”