Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:50:49.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The salt of Bunyoro: seeking the origins of an African Kingdom

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Graham Connah*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia

Extract

Excavations at the salt-making village of Kibiro, on the Ugandan shore of Lake Albert in East Africa, suggest that an important part of the economy of the Kingdom of Bunyoro originated early in the present millennium. The predominance of roulette-decorated pottery, in particular the use of carved roulettes, indicates that Kibiro was first occupied by people with northern affinities, possibly from the upper Nile region or further west. Collectively, these findings provide important clues concerning the origins of the Kingdom of Bunyoro.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baker, S.W. 1866. The Albert N’yanza, Great Basin of the Nile, and explorations of the Nile sources. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Beattie, J. 1960. Bunyoro: an African kingdom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Berger, I. 1980. Deities, dynasties, and oral tradition: the history and legend of the Abacwezi, in Miller, J.C. (ed.), The African past speaks: essays on oral tradition and history: 6081. Folkestone: Dawson.Google Scholar
Casati, G. 1891. Ten years in Equatoria and the return with Emin Pasha. London: Frederick Warne.Google Scholar
Colvile, H. 1895. The land of the Nile springs: being chiefly an account of how we fought Kabarega. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1987. African civilizations: precolonial cities and states in tropical Africa: an archaeological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1989. Kibiro revisited: an archaeological reconnaissance in Southwestern Uganda, Nyame Akuma 32: 4654.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1990. Archaeology in Western Uganda, 1990 MNyame Akuma 34: 3845.Google Scholar
Connah, G., Kamuhangire, E. & Piper, A.. 1990. Salt-production at Kibiro, Azania 25.Google Scholar
Crazzolara, J.P. 1950. The Lwoo: Part I: Lwoo migrations. Verona: Missioni Africane.Google Scholar
David, N. 1982. The BIEA Southern Sudan Expedition of 1979: interpretation of the archaeological data, in Mack, J. & Robertshaw, P. (ed.) Culture history in the Southern Sudan: archaeology, linguistics and ethnohistory. Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa. Memoir no. 8.Google Scholar
David, N., Harvey, P. & Goudie, C.J.. 1981. Excavations in the Southern Sudan, 1979, Azania 16: 754.Google Scholar
David, N. & Vidal, P.. 1977. The Nana-Modé village site (Sous-Préfecture de Bouar, Central African Republic) and the prehistory of the Ubanguian-speaking peoples, West African Journal of Archaeology 7: 1756.Google Scholar
Dunbar, A.R. 1969. A history of Bunyoro-Kitara, Revised ed. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fagan, B.M. & Yellen, J.E.. 1968. Ivuna: ancient salt-working in southern Tanzania, Azania 3: 143.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. 1976. Excavating deep communities by transect samples, in Flannery, K.V. (ed.), The early Mesoamerican village: 6872. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Garlake, P. 1978. The kingdoms of Africa. Oxford: Elsevier-Phaidon.Google Scholar
Grant, J.A. 1864. A walk across Africa. Edinburgh & London: Blackwood.Google Scholar
Heizer, R.F. & Graham, J.A.. 1967. A guide to field methods in archaeology: approaches to the anthropology of the dead. Palo Alto (CA): The National Press.Google Scholar
Hiernaux, J. & Maquet, E.. 1968. L’Age du Fer á Kibiro (Uganda). Musée Royal de 1’Afrique Centrale. Tevuren: Annales serie in-8°, Sciences Humaines, no.63.Google Scholar
Hill, G.B. (ed.). 1881. Colonel Gordon in Central Africa 1874-1879: from originai letters and documents. London: De La Rue.Google Scholar
Lanning, E.C. 1953. Ancient earthworks in Western Uganda, Uganda Journal 17(1): 5162.Google Scholar
Lanning, E.C. 1954. Earthworks in Uganda, Antiquity 28: 37.Google Scholar
Lanning, E.C. 1955. The Munsa earthworks, Uganda Journal 19(2): 17782.Google Scholar
Lanning, E.C. 1960. The earthworks at Kibengo, Mubende District, Uganda Journal 24(2): 18396.Google Scholar
Mounteney-Jephson, A.J. 1890. Emin Pasha and the rebellion at the Equator: a story of nine months’ experiences in the last of the Soudan provinces. 2nd ed. London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.Google Scholar
Oliver, R. 1982. The Nilotic contribution to Bantu Africa, Journal of African History 23(4): 43342.Google Scholar
Phillipson, D. 1981. A preliminary archaeological reconnaissance of the Southern Sudan, 1977-8, Azania 16: 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posnansky, M. 1961. Pottery types from archaeological sites in East Africa, Journal of African History 2(2): 17798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, D. 1968. The excavation of an Ankole capital site at Bweyorere, Uganda Journal 32(2): 16582.Google Scholar
Phillipson, D. 1969. Bigo bya Mugenyi, Uganda Journal 33(2): 12550.Google Scholar
Reid, A. 1990. Ntusi and its hinterland: further investigations of the Later Iron Age and pastoral ecology in Southern Uganda, Nyame Akuma 33: 268.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P. 1988. The Interlacustrine region: a progress report, Nyame Akuma 30: 378.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P. & Mawson, A.. 1981. Excavations in Eastern Equatoria, Southern Sudan, 1980, Azania 16: 5595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertshaw, P. & SiiriAinen, A.. 1985. Excavations in Lakes Province, Southern Sudan, Azania 20: 89161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roscoe, J. 1923. The Bakitara or Banyoro. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schweinfurth, G., Ratzel, F., Felkin, R.W. & Hart-laub, G. (ed.). 1888. Emin Pasha in Central Africa: being a collection of his letters and Journals. London: George Philip.Google Scholar
Shinnie, P.L. 1960. Excavations at Bigo, 1957, Uganda Journal 24(1): 1628.Google Scholar
Soper, R. 1971. Iron Age archaeological sites in the Chobi Sector of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda, Azania 6: 5387.Google Scholar
Soper, R. 1985. Roulette decoration on African pottery: technical considerations, dating and distributions, African Archaeological Review 3: 2951.Google Scholar
Speke, J.H. 1863. Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. Edinburgh & London: Blackwood.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M. & Pearson, G.W.. 1986. High-precision calibration of the radiocarbon time scale, AD 1950-500 BC, Radiocarbon 28(2B): 80538.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M. & Reimer, P.J.. 1986. A computer program for radiocarbon age calibration, Radicarbon 28 (2B): 102230.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.E.G. 1987. The Interlacustrine region: new work on the later Iron Age, Nyame Akuma 29: 624.Google Scholar
Sutton, J.E.G. & Roberts, A.D.. Uvinza and its salt industry, Azania 3: 4586.Google Scholar
Thruston, A.B. 1900. African incidents: personal experiences in Egypt and Unyoro. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Tosh, J. 1970. The northern Interlacustrine Region, in Gray, R. & Birmingham, D. (ed.), Pre-colonial African trade: essays on trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900: 10218. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Uganda. 1962. East Africa 1:250,000 survey map, Hoima sheet, Series Y 503, Sheet NA-36-9, Edition 1-USD, Uganda, Lands and Surveys Department Google Scholar
Uzoigwe, U.N. 1975. Precolonial markets in Bunyoro-Kitara, in Ogot, B.A. (ed.), Hadith 5: Economic and social history of East Africa: Proceedings of the 1972 Conference of the Historical Association of Kenya: 2465. Nairobi: East Africa Literature Bureau.Google Scholar