Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T04:10:16.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A re-assessment of the larger fetus found in Tutankhamen's tomb

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

C.A. Hellier
Affiliation:
The Gade Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway (Email: [email protected])
R.C. Connolly
Affiliation:
Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK (Email: [email protected])

Abstract

As noted by Geoffrey Chamberlain, the two baby girls found in Tutankhamen's tomb were probably his stillborn heirs. More controversially he suggested that they were twins, although one appeared to be larger than the other. Here new research on estimating the age of a fetus is shown to support the twin hypothesis, while recent work on Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome explains why they could be such different sizes.

Type
Method
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amaru, R. C., Bush, M. C., Berkowitz, R. L., Lapinski, R. H. & Gaddipati, S.. 2004. Is discordant growth in twins an independent risk factor for adverse neonatal outcome. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 103: 71–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appleton, C., Pinto, L., Centeno, M., Clode, N., Cardoso, C. & Graca, L. M.. 2007. Near term twin pregnancy: clinical relevance of weight discordance at birth. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 35:62–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagnall, K. M., Harris, P. F. & Jones, P.R.M.. 1982. A radiographic score of the longitudinal growth of primary ossifictaion centres in limb long bones of the human fetus. Anatomical Record 203: 293–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bajoria, R., Wigglesworth, J. & Fisk, N. M.. 1995. Angioarchitecture of monochorionic placentas in relation to the twin-twin transfusion syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172: 856–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajoria, R. 1998. Chorionic plate vascular anatomy determines the effeciency of amnioreduction therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Human Reproduction 13: 1709–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bareggi, R., Grill, V., Zweyer, M., Sandrucci, M. A., Narducci, P. & Forabosco, A.. 1994. The growth of long bones in human embryological and fetal upper limbs and its relationship to other developmental patterns. Anatomy and Embryology 189: 1924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bareggi, R., Grill, V., Zweyer, M., Sandrucci, M. A., Martelli, A. M., Narducci, P. & Forabosco, A.. 1996. On the assessment of the growth patterns in human fetal limbs: longitudinal measurements and allometric analysis. Early Human Development 45: 1125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bebbington, M. W. & Wittmann, B. K.. 1989. Fetal transfusion syndrome: antenatal factors predicting outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 160: 913–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benirschke, K. & Kim, C. K.. 1973. Multiple pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 288: 1276–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, H. 1933. The tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen (in three volumes, republished 2001). London: Gerald Duckworth.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, G. 2001. Two babies that could have changed world history. The Historian 72: 610.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, G. 2004. Childbirth in ancient Egypt. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 124: 284–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chescheir, N. C. & Seeds, J. W.. 1987. Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios in twin gestations. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 71: 882–4.Google Scholar
Christie, A., Martin, M., Williams, W. L., Hudson, G. & Lanier, J. C.. 1950. The estimation of fetal maturity by roentgen studies of osseous development. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60: 133–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cremin, B. J. & Drapper, R.. 1981. The value of radiography in perinatal deaths. Pediatric Radiology 11: 143–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De La Fuente, A. A., Dornseiffen, G., Van Noort, G. & Laurini, R. N.. 1988. Routine peri-natal radiography in a peripheral pathology laboratory. Virchows Archive of Pathology, Anatomy and Histopathology 413: 513–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denbow, M. L., Cox, P., Taylor, M., Hammal, D. M. & Fisk, N. M.. 2000. Placental angioarchitecture in monochronic twin pregnancies: relationship to fetal growth, fetofetal transfusion syndrome and pregnancy outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 182: 417–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derry, D. 1933. Report upon the two human fetuses discovered in the tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, in Carter, H.The tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Volume 3: 167–9. London: Gerald Duckworth.Google Scholar
Dickinson, J. E. & Evans, S. F.. 2000. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes from the Australian and New Zealand twin-twin transfusion syndrome registry. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 182: 706–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazekas, I. G. & Kosa, K.. 1978. Forensic fetal osteology. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.Google Scholar
Felts, W.L.J. 1954. The prenatal development of the human femur. American Journal of Anatomy 94: 144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisk, N. M. & Galea, P.. 2004. Twin-twin transfusion. New English Journal of Medicine 351: 182–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, G. A., Wilson, A. J. & Stewart, J. H.. 1978. Peri-natal post-mortem radiography - experience with 2500 cases. British Journal of Radiology 51: 351–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabbe, S., Niebyl, J. & Simpson, J. L.. 1996. Obstetrics normal and problem pregnancies. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc.Google Scholar
Gardner, E. & Grey, D. J.. 1970. The prenatal development of the human femur. American Journal of Anatomy 129: 121–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonsoulin, W., Moise, K. & Kirshon, B.. 1990. Outcome of twin-twin transfusion diagnosed before 28 weeks of gestation. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 75: 214–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Griscom, N. T. & Driscoll, S.G.. 1980. Radiography of still born fetuses and infants dying at birth. American Journal of Radiography 134: 485–9.Google Scholar
Gronvall, J. & Graem, N.. 1989. Radiography in postmortem examinations of fetuses and neonates. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavia 97: 274–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haimov-Kochman, R., Sciaky-Tamir, Y. & Hurwitz, A.. 2005. Reproduction concepts and practices in ancient Egypt mirrored by modern medicine. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology 123: 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, K., James Sung, C., Huang, C., Pinar, H., Singer, D. B. & Oyer, C.E.. 2003. Reference values for second trimester fetal and neonetal organ weights and measurements. Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 6: 160–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. G., Connolly, R. C., Soheir, A. B. AHMED, Adalla, A. B. & Ghawaby, M. El. 1979. A mummified foetus from the tomb of Tutankhamun. Antiquity 53: 1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, J. B. 1957. Radiological estimation of fetal maturity. British Journal of Radiology 30: 561–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haumont, N., Catala, N. & Ducos, N.. 1953. Sur le diagnosic de l'age fetal. Annals Medicine Legals 33: 1621.Google Scholar
Hendricks, C. 1966. Twinning in relation to birth weight, mortality and congenital abnormalities. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 27(1): 4753.Google Scholar
Huxley, A. K. 1998. Analysis of shrinkage in human fetal diaphysial lengths from fresh to dry bone using Petersohn and Kohler's data. Journal of Forensic Science 43: 423–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeanty, P., Rodesch, F., Delbeke, D. & Dumont, J.. 1984. Estimation of gestational age from measurements of fetal long bones. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine 3: 75–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnsen, S. L., Rasmussen, S., Sollien, R. & Kiserud, T.. 2005. Fetal age assessment based on femur length at 10-25 weeks of gestation, and reference ranges for femur length to head circumference ratios. Acta Obstetrics and Gynecology Scandanavia 84: 725–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalifa, G., Barbet, T. P., Labbe, F., Houtte, A. & Sellier, N.. 1989. Value of systematic post mortem radiographic examinations of fetuses - 400 cases. Pediatric Radiology 19: 111–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kingdom, J.P.C., Nevo, O. & Murphy, K. E.. 2005. Discordant growth in twins. Prenatal Diagnosis 25: 759–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, B. 1996. Forensic pathology. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, J. & Koifman, A.. 1956. Etude de l'apparition des points osseux secondaires et determination de l'age osseux. Archives of French Pediatrics 13: 1101–5.Google Scholar
Manlan, G. & Scott, K. E.. 1978. Contribution of twin pregnancy to perinatal mortality and fetal growth retardation; reversal of growth retardation after birth. Canadian Medical Association Journal 118: 365–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsushita, K., Shinoda, K.-I., Akiyoshi, T. & Watanabe, H.. 1995. Multivariate analysis of limb bone growth during the human prenatal period. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 176: 109–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, L. & Singh, H. M.. 1972. Determination of crown-rump length from fetal long bones: humerus and femur. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 36: 165–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, G.D. & Queenan, T. J.. 1981. Growth of the ultrasound fetal femur length during normal pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 141:833–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, G. & Pineau, H.. 1958. Determination de l'age du fetus et de l'embryon. Archives Anatomy (Le Semaine Des Hopitaux) 6:21–8.Google Scholar
Olsen, O. E. 2006. Radiography following perinatal death: a review. Acta Radiologica 47(1):91–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onyskowova, A., Dolezal, A. & Jedlicka, V.. 1971. The frequency and character of malformations in multiple birth (a preliminary report). Teratology 4:496.Google Scholar
Owen, R. H. 1971. The estimation of fetal maturity. British Journal of Radiology 44:531–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios, J., Rodriguez, S. & Rodriguez, J. I.. 1992. Intra-uterine long bone growth in small-forgestational-age infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 151: 30–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersohn, F. & Kohler, J.. 1965. Die bedeutung der Veranderungen an fetalen Rohrenknochen nach Trocknung und Hitzeeinwirkung fur die forensische Begutachtung der Fruchtsgrosse. Archives Kriminology 135:143–62.Google Scholar
Piercecchi-Marti, M.-D., Bourliere-Najean, B. & Dutour, O.. 2001. Postmortem assessment of fetal diaphysial femoral length: validation of a radiographic methodology. Journal of Forensic Science 46:215–9.Google Scholar
Piercecchi-Marti, M.-D. 2002. Validation of a radiographic method to establish new fetal growth standards: radio-anatomical correlation. Journal of Forensic Science 47:328–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, E. L. & Graig, J. M.. 1976. Pathology of the fetus and infant. London: Year Book Medical Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Rausen, A. R., Seki, M. & Strauss, L.. 1965. Twin transfusion syndrome. A review of 19 cases at one institution. Journal of Paediatrics 66: 613–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, S., Kiserud, T. & Albrechtsen, S.. 2006. Fetal size and body proportion at 17-19 weeks of gestation and neonatal size, proportion and outcome. Early Human Development 82:683–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, J., Berry, R. & Berry, M.. 1972. Foetal weight estimation. Australasian Radiology 16(2):162–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheuer, L. & Black, S.. 2004. The juvenile skeleton. London: Elsevier Academic Press.Google Scholar
Senecal, J., Grosse, M.C., Vincent, A., Simon, J., Lefreche, J. N.. 1977. Maturation osseuse du fetus et du nouveau-ne. Archives of French Pediatrics 34: 424–38.Google Scholar
Seppanen, U. 1985. The value of perinatal postmortem radiography. Experience of 514 cases. Annals of Clinical Research 17(44):159.Google Scholar
Sherwood, R. J., Hmeidl, R. S., Robinson, H. B. & May, R. L.. 2000. Fetal age: methods of estimation and effects of pathology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113: 305–15.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R. J. 1996. Biology and body size in human evolution: statistical inference misapplied. Current Anthropology 37: 451–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonntag, J., Waltz, S., Schollmeyer, T., Schuppler, U., Schroder, H. & Weisner, D.. 1996. Morbidity and mortality of discordant twins up to 34 weeks of gestational age. European Journal of Paediatrics 155: 224–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Stempfle, N., Huten, Y., Fondacci, C., Lang, T., Hassan, M. & Nessmann, C.. 1995. Fetal bone age: proposal of new radiographic score. Pediatric Radiology 25: 551–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, J. M. 1975. Gynaecology from ancient Egypt: the papyrus Kahun. The Medical Journal of Australia 2: 949–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, R. 1997. Divine and rational: the reproductive health of women in ancient Egypt. Obstetrical and Gynaecological Survey 52: 635–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, T.T.Y.. & Yeo, G.S.H.. 2005. Intrauterine growth restriction. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 17: 135–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Der Harten, H.J., Brins, J.T.J., Schipper, N. W., Dijkstra, P. F., Meijer, C.J.L. & Geijn, H. P. Van. 1990. The prenatal development of the normal human skeleton: a combined ultrasonic and postmortem radiographic study. Pediatric Radiology 19: 111–13.Google Scholar
Warda, A. H., Deter, R. L., Rossavik, I. K., Carpenter, R. J. & Hadlock, F. P.. 1985. Femur length: a critical reevaluation of the relationship to menstral age. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 66: 6975.Google Scholar
Warren, M. W. 1999. Radiographic determination of developmental age in fetuses and stillborns. Journal of Forensic Science 44: 708–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, M. A. & German, R. Z.. 1992. Ontogenetic allometry of ossified fetal bones. Growth, Development and Aging 56: 259–67.Google Scholar
Williamson, M. R. & Edwards, D. K.. 1980. Prediction of gestational age of infants from abdominal radiograph. Pediatric Radiology 9(4): 229–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yinon, Y., Mazkereth, R., Rosentzweig, N., Jarus-Hakak, A., Schiff, E. & Simchen, M.J.. 2005. Growth restriction as a determinant of outcome in preterm discordant twins. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105: 80–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed