Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:00:58.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Post-mortem mutilations of human bodies in Early Iron Age Kazakhstan and their possible meaning for rites of burial

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

J. Bendezu-Sarmiento
Affiliation:
Laboratoire Archéorient, UMR 5133 CNRS/Université Lumière Lyon 2, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 7 Rue Raulin, F-69365 Lyon cedex 7, France ([email protected])
H.-P. Francfort
Affiliation:
Maison de l'Archéologie et de l'Ethnologie René Ginouvès, 21 Allée de l'Université;, F-92023 Nanterre cedex, France
A. Ismagulova
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Anthropology, National Central Museum, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Z. Samashev
Affiliation:
Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography A. Kh. Margulan, Shevchenko str. 28, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Translated by Madeleine Hummler, Antiquity, King's Manor, York YO1 7EP, UK

Extract

The authors find numerous cut-marks on human bones from an Early Iron Age cemetery in Kazakhstan and review a wide range of possible explanations. They discount cannibalism and find that the cuts and fractures fit best with a range of ritual mutilations known to ethno-archaeologists of the Altai region

Type
Research article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arslanova, F.KH. 1970. Otchet ob arkheologicheskoj praktike studentov I kursa Istoricheskii fakul'teta Ust’-Kamenogorskogo Pedinstituta v 1968–1969gg. Almaty: Archive of Archaeological Institute A. Margulan.Google Scholar
Arslanova, F.KH. 1971a. Otchet Vostochno-Kazakhstanskoj arkheologicheskoj ekspeditsii za 1970g. Almaty: Archive of Archaeological Institute A. Margulan.Google Scholar
Arslanova, F.KH. 1971b. Raboty v Vostochnom Kazakhstane. Arkheologicheskie Otkrytija 1970 goda: 540.Google Scholar
Arslanova, F.KH. 1972. Raboty v Vostochnom Kazakhstane. Arkheologicheskie Otkrytija 1971 goda: 501502.Google Scholar
Arslanova, F.KH. 1974a. Pogrebal'nyj kompleks VIII-VII v.v. do n.e. iz vostochnogo Kazakhstana, in V glub' vekov (arkheologicheskij sbornik): 4759. Alma-Ata: AN Kaz SSR.Google Scholar
Arslanova, F.KH. 1974b. Nekotory pamjatniki pozdnego Bronzogo veka verkhnego Priirtysh'ja. Sovekskaja Arkheologija 1: 220–6.Google Scholar
Avanesova, N.A. 1995. Bustan VI, une nécropole de l'âge du Bronze dans l'ancienne Bactriane (Ouzbékistan méridional): témoignages de cultes du feu. Arts Asiatiques 50: 3146.Google Scholar
Bendezu-Sarmiento, J. 2004. Archéologie de la mort, nécropoles, gestes funéraires et anthropologie des populations Andronovo et Saka de l'âge du Bronze à l'âge du Fer au Kazakhstan (IIe et Ier millénaire av. J.-C.). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris.Google Scholar
Bendezu-Sarmiento, J. with Ismagulova, A., Bajpakov, K. & Samashev, Z.. 2007. De l'âge du Bronze à l'âge du Fer au Kazakhstan, gestes funéraires et paramètres biologiques. Identités culturelles des populations Andronovo et Saka. (Mémoires de la Mission archéologique française en Asie centrale 12). Paris: de Boccard.Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N.A. 1995. The Tagar culture in the Minusinsk Bassin, in Davis-Kimball, J., Bashilov, V.A. & Yablonsky, L.T. (ed.) Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age: 299314. Berkeley (CA): Zinat Press.Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N.A. 2006. The emergence of the Tagar culture. Antiquity 80: 860879.Google Scholar
Borodovskij, A.P. 1997. Problema istoricheskikh kornej obychaja skal'pirovanija v zapadnoj Sibiri, in Derevjanko, A.P. & Molodin, V.I. (ed.) Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territory: 164–9. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo Instituta Arkheologii i Etnografii Sibirskoe Otdelenie Rossijskaja AN.Google Scholar
Boulestin, B. 1999. Approche taphonomique des restes humains. Le cas des Mésolithiques de la grotte des Perrats et le problème du cannibalisme en préhistoire récente européenne (BAR International Series 776). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Boulestin, B., Duday, H. & Semelier, P. 1996. Les modifications artificielles sur l'os humain: une approche fondamentale du traitement des cadavres. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 8 (3–4): 261–73.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. 1975 & 1982. A history of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 1, 1975 & Vol. 2, 1982 (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, Achter Band, Erster Abshnitt, Lieferung 2, Heft 2A). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Chikisheva, T.A. 2000. Anthropologicheskaja kharakteristika mumij, in Fenomen Altajskikh mumij: 188–99. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo Instituta Arkheologii i Etnografii Sibirskoe Otdelenie Rossijskaja AN.Google Scholar
Chlenova, N.L. 1972. Khronologija pamjatnikov Karasukskoj epokhi. Moskow: Izdatel'stvo Nauka.Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P. 2005. La civilisation de l'Oxus et les Indo-iraniens et les Indo-aryens en Asie centrale, in Fussman, G., Kellens, J., Francfort, H.-P. & Tremblay, X. (ed.) Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie centrale (Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne 72). Paris: Collège de France, Institut de Civilisation Indienne.Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P., Ligabue, G. & Samashev, Z.. 2000. La fouille d'un kourgane scythe gelé du IVè siècle av. notre ère à Berel' dans l'Altaï (Kazakhstan). Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 1998 (novembre-décembre), Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres: 775806.Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P., Idriss, A. & Yuzhong, Z.. 2001. Pratiques funéraires, in Debaine-Francfort, C. (ed.) Keriya, mémoires d'un fleuve. Archéologie et civilisation des oasis du Taklamakan: 137–43. Suilly-la-Tour: Findakly.Google Scholar
Gambier, D. & Le Mort, F.. 1996. Modifications artificielles et séries anciennes: possibilités et limites de l'interprétation paléthnologique. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 8 (3–4): 245–60.Google Scholar
Grach, A.D. 1980. Drevnie kochevniki v tsentre Azii. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Grjaznov, M.P. 1950. Pervii Pazyrykskii kurgan. Leningrad: Hermitage-Art.Google Scholar
Grjaznov, M.P. 1969. South Siberia. Geneva: Nagel.Google Scholar
Hamperl, H. 1967. The osteological consequences of scalping. in Brothwell, D. & Sandison, A.T. (ed.) Diseases in Antiquity. A survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations: 630–4. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Haverkort, C. & Lubell, D.. 1999. Cutmarks on Capsian Human Remains: Implications for Maghreb Holocene Social Organization and Palaeoeconomy. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9: 147–69.Google Scholar
Herodotus, . The Histories with an English translation by Godley, A.D.. 1920 (edition consulted: 1990). London & Cambridge (MA): Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jelinek, J. 1993a. Rites de l'âge du Bronze et sacrifices humains en Europe centrale. L'Anthropologie 97 (4): 643–62.Google Scholar
Jelinek, J. 1993b. Dismembering, filleting and evisceration of human bodies in Bronze Age sites in Moravia, Czech Rebublic. Anthropologie 31: 99114.Google Scholar
Kiselev, S.V. 1951. Drevnjaja istorija juzhnij Sibiri. Moscow: Izd. A. N. SSSR.Google Scholar
Knauer, E.R. 2001. Observations on the “barbarian” custom of suspending the heads of vanquished enemies from the neck of horses. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 33: 283332.Google Scholar
Kouzmine, N.I. 1994. Les steppes de Sibérie du sud. Coutumes funéraires à l'époque Scythe. Les Dossiers de l'Archéologie 194: 4451.Google Scholar
Kuz'mina, E.E. 1965. Khronologija nekotorikh kladdov Semirech'ja. Novoe v Sovetskoj arkheologii: 106110. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Legrand, S. 2006. The emergence of the Scythians: Bronze Age to Iron Age in South Siberia. Antiquity 80: 843–59.Google Scholar
Le Mort, F. 1981. Dégradations artificielles sur des os humains du Paléolithique. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.Google Scholar
Le Mort, F. 2003. Modifications artificielles et restes humains préhistoriques: signification et interprétations, in Sens dessus dessous- La recherche en Préhistoire: 117–23.Google Scholar
Le Mort, F. & Duday, H.. 1987. Traces de décharnement sur un humérus dysmorphique néolithique. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 14 (4–1): 1724.Google Scholar
Murail, P., Crubézy, E., Martin, H., Haye, L., Bruzek, J., Giscard, P.H., Turbat, T. & Erdenebaatar, D.. 2000. The man, the woman and the hyoid bone: from archaeology to the burial practices of the Xiongnu people (Egyin Gol valley, Mongolia). Antiquity 74: 531–6.Google Scholar
Murphy, E.M. 2000. Mummification and body processing: evidence from the Iron Age in southern Siberia, in Davis-Kimball, J., Murphy, E.M., Koryakova, L. & Yablonsky, L.T. (ed.) Kurgans, ritual sites, and settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age (BAR International Series 890): 279–92. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Murphy, E.M. 2001. Obzor rezul'tatov paleopatologicheskogo analiza pogrebenij skifskogo perioda na mogil'nike Ajmyrlyg (Tuva). Arkheologicheskie Vesti 8: 125–50.Google Scholar
Murphy, E.M. & Mallory, J.P.. 2000. Herodotus and the cannibals. Antiquity 74: 388–94.Google Scholar
Novgodorova, E.A. (ed.). 1982. Ulangom. Ein Skythenzeitliches Gräberfeld in der Mongolei (Asiatische Forschungen, vol. 76). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Roux, J.-P. 1963. La mort chez les peuples altaïques anciens et médiévaux (d'après les documents écrits). Paris: Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Rudenko, S.I. 1953. Kul'tura naselenija gornogo Altaja v Skifskoe vremja. Moscow & Leningrad. Izv. AN SSSR.Google Scholar
Rudenko, S.I. 1960. Kul'tura naselenija tsentral'nogo Altaja v Skifskoe vremja. Moscow & Leningrad. Izv. AN SSSR.Google Scholar
Rudenko, S.I. 1970. Frozen tombs of Siberia: the Pazyryk burials of Iron Age horsemen (translated by Thompson, M.W.). London: Dent & Sons.Google Scholar
Samashev, Z. 1992. Naskal'nye izobrazhenija verkhnego priitysh'ja. Alma-Ata: Gylyk.Google Scholar
Ullrich, H. 1982. Artificial injuries on fossil human bones and the problem of cannibalism, skull-cult, and burial rites. Anthropos (Brno) 21: 253–62.Google Scholar
Ullrich, H. 1991. Modifications of the fossil human bones: current status of fact and interpretations. Anthropologie 29/3: 149.Google Scholar
Villa, P., Courtin, J., Helmer, D., Shipman, P., Bouville, C. & Mahieu, E. with Belluomini, G. & Branca, M.. 1986. Un cas de cannibalisme au Néolithique. Boucherie et rejet de restes humains et animaux dans la grotte de Fontbrégoua à Salernes (Var). Gallia Préhistoire 29: 143–71.Google Scholar
White, T.D. 1992. Prehistoric cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zdanovich, G.B. & Zdanovich, D.G.. 2002. The “Country of Towns” of Southern Trans-Urals and some aspects of steppes assimilation in the Bronze Age, in Boyle, K., Renfrew, C. & Levine, M. (ed.) Ancient interactions: east and west in Eurasia: 249–63. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar