Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:28:52.407Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The origin and diffusion of the cross-bar wheel?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Mary Aiken Littauer  and
Joost Crouwel
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The cross-bar wheel has never been completely legitimized in the history of draught, being alternately declared in direct line of descent or merely collateral. This wheel (PL. IXa and FIG. 7) is characterized by a single diametric bar, thick enough to accommodate the nave, and by two slender ‘cross-bars’ on either side of the nave which traverse the central bar at right angles to it, and the ends of which are mortised into the felloe. There may alternatively be four (or more) shorter cross-bars in similar relation to the central bar, but with their inner ends mortised into it.

Type
Research Article
Information
Antiquity , Volume 51 , Issue 202 , July 1977 , pp. 95 - 105
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, R. C. 1932. The new conquest of Central Asia (New York).Google Scholar
Barfield, L. 1971. Northern Italy before Rome (London and New York).Google Scholar
Bittel, K. 1970. Fragment einer hethitischen Reliefvase von Bogazköy, in Archäologie und altes Testament. Festschrift für Galling, K., 19-25 (Tübingen).Google Scholar
Bulliet, R. W. 1975- The camel and the wheel (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Catling, H. W. 1971-2. Archaeological Reports 18, 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1951. The first waggons and carts, Proc. Prehist. Soc., XVII, 177-194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1954a. The diffusion of wheeled vehicles, Ethn. Arch. Forsch., 11, 1-17.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1954b. Rotary motion, in (eds.), Singer, C., Holmyard, E. J. and Hall, A. R. et al., Hist. Tech., 1, 187 215 (Oxford).Google Scholar
Chase, G. H. and Vermeule, C.. 1963. Greek, Etruscan and Roman art (Cat. M. F. A. Boston).Google Scholar
Déchelette, J. 1910. Man. d’arch., II, Part i (Paris).Google Scholar
Dyson, R. H. 1965. Problems in the relative chronology of Iran, 6000-2000 BC in (ed.), Ehrich, R. W., Chronologies in Old World archaeology, 215-226 (Chicago).Google Scholar
Dyson, R. H. 1973. CAH, II, Pt. I, 688.Google Scholar
Ducati, P. 1910. La pietre funeraire felsinee, Mon. Ant., XX, 360-727.Google Scholar
Eggenhofer, N. 1961. Wagons, mules and men (New York).Google Scholar
Fenton, A. 1973. Transport with pack horse and slide car in Scotland in (eds.), Fenton, A., Podolak, J. and Rasmussen, H., Land transport in Europe, 121-171 (Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Fox, C. 1931. Sleds, carts and wagons, Antiquity, V, 185-199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francke, P. R. and Hirmer, M., 1966. La monnaie grecque (Paris).Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1939a. Sculpture of the 3rd millennium from Tell Asmar and Khafajah, O.I.P., XLIV (Chicago).Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1939b. Cylinder seals (London).Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1943. More sculpture from the Diyala Region, O.I.P., LX (Chicago).Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1958. Art and architecture of the Ancient Orient (Harmonds worth).Google Scholar
Haddon, A. C. 1898. The study of man (London).Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. 1959. The scepter of Egypt, Pt. 11 (New York).Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1966. Â propos de quelques représentations de chars sur des vases chypriotes de l’age de fer, BCH, XC, 101-118.Google Scholar
Kosay, H. Z. 1951. Das Dorf Alaca-Hoyük (Ankara). Google Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H.. 1973- Early metal models of wagons from the Levant, Levant, V, 102—126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorimer, H. 1903. The country cart in Ancient Greece, JHS, XXIII, 132-151.Google Scholar
Lucas, A. T. 1952. A block-wheel car from Tipperary, Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ir., LXXXII, 135-144.Google Scholar
Mackay, E. 1929. Note on a bas-relief found at Ur, Antiq. J., IX, 26-29.Google Scholar
Marstrajmder, S. 1963. Ostfolds Jordbrukristninger Skejberg (Oslo).Google Scholar
Mecquenem, R. de. 1922. Fouilles de Suse, Rev. Assyriol. XIX, 109-140.Google Scholar
Mecquenem, R. 1924. Fouilles à Suse, Rev. Assyriol., XXI, 105-118.Google Scholar
Mecquenem, R. 1943. Mémoires de la mission archéologique en Iran, XXIX (Paris).Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. 1968. The earliest Near Eastern spoked wheels and their chronology, Proc. Prehist. Soc., XXXIV, 430-432.Google Scholar
Moretti, M. and Maetzke, G.. 1970. The art of the Etruscans (London).Google Scholar
Mötefindt, H. 1918. Die Entstehung des Wagens und des Wagenrades, Mannus, X, 1-63.Google Scholar
Needham, J. 1965. Science and civilization in China, Vol. 4 (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Noëttes, L. des. 1931. L’attelage, le cheval de selle à travers les âges (Paris).Google Scholar
Özgüc, N. 1965. The Anatolian group of cylinder seal impressions from Kültepe (Ankara).Google Scholar
Parrot, A. 1951. Cylindre hittite nouvellement acquis, Syria, XXVIU, 180-190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piggott, S. 1957. A tripartite disk wheel from Blair Drummond, Perthshire, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., XC, 238-241.Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1968. The earliest wheeled vehicles and the Caucasian evidence, Proc. Prehist. Soc., XXXIV, 268-318.Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1975. Bronze Age chariot burials in the Urals, Antiquity, XLIX, 289-290.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1948. Corpus of Near Eastern seals in North American collections (Washington).Google Scholar
Pyne, W. H. 1806. Microcosm (London).Google Scholar
Richardson, E. 1966. The Etruscans (Chicago).Google Scholar
Salonen, A. 1951. Die Landfahrzeuge des alten Mesopotamien (Helsinki).Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. 1937. Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Iran 1931-33 (Philadelphia).Google Scholar
Smith, S. 1928. Early history of Assyria (London).Google Scholar
Strommenger, E. and Hirmer, M.. 1964. 5,000 years of the art of Mesopotamia (New York).Google Scholar
Suffern, C. and Hemp, W. J.. 1929. Primitive carts, Antiquity, in, 340-341.Google Scholar
Waals, J. D. van der. 1964. Neolithic disk wheels in the Netherlands, Palaeohistoria, X, 103-146.Google Scholar
Watelin, L. ch. 1934. Excavations at Kishl IV (Paris).Google Scholar
Western, A. C. 1973. A wheel hub from the tomb of Amenophis III, JEA, LIX, 91-94.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L. 1934. Ur excavations II (London and Philadelphia).Google Scholar
Wreszinski, W. 1935. Atlas zur altagyptischen Kulturgeschichte II (Leipzig).Google Scholar