Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T23:05:40.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Of gods, glyphs and kings: divinity and rulership among the Classic Maya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Stephen Houston
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84602–5522, USA
David Stuart
Affiliation:
Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA

Abstract

The ANTIQUITY prize-winning article in the last volume addressed writing, its varying nature and role in early states. Now that the decipherment of Maya writing is well advanced, we can know more of the records of kingship. From them we may discern the concepts and beliefs that defined the authority of these holy lords, as we seek the source of the power of rulers like ‘Sun-faced Snake Jaguar’.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baines, J. 1995. Kingship, definition of culture, and legitimation, in O'Connor, & Silverman, (1995b): 347. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Barth, F. 1993. Balinese worlds. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Barthel, T. S. 1952. Die Morgensternkult in den Darstellungen der Dresdener Mayahandschrift, Ethnos 17: 73112.Google Scholar
Beals, R. L. 1945. Ethnology of the western Mixe. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 42(1).Google Scholar
Beard, M. 1990. Priesthood in the Roman republic, in Beard, & North, (ed.): 1948.Google Scholar
Beard, M. & North, J. (ed.). 1990. Pagan priests: religion and power in the ancient world. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Beetz, C. P. & Satterthwaite, L.. 1981. The monuments and inscriptions of Caracol, Belize. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. University Museum Monograph 45.Google Scholar
Bendix, R. 1978. Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Berjonneau, G., Deletaille, E. & Sonnery, J.-L.. 1985. Rediscovered masterpieces of Mesoamerica: Mexico-Guatemala-Honduras. Boulogne: Editions Arts.Google Scholar
Berlin, H. 1963. The Palenque triad, Journal de la Société des Américanistes 59: 107–35.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. 1987. The ritual of the royal bath in Madagascar: the dissolution of death, birth and fertility into authority, in Cannadine, & Price, (ed.): 271–97.Google Scholar
Boone, E. H. 1989. incarnations of the supernatural: the image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe. Philadelphia (PA): American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Bottéro, J. 1992. Mesopotamia: writing, reasoning, and the gods. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Burghart, R. 1987. Gifts to the gods: power, property, and ceremonial in Nepal, in Cannadine, & Price, (ed.): 237–70.Google Scholar
Burkhart, L. M. 1988. The slippery earth: Nahua-Christian moral dialogue in 16th-century Mexico. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Cannadine, D. 1987. Introduction: divine rites of kings, in Cannadine, & Price, (ed.): 119.Google Scholar
Cannadine, D. & Price, S. (ed.). 1987. Rituals of royalty: power and ceremonial in traditional societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carrasco, P. 1950. Los Otomies: cultura ehistoria prehispánicas de los pueblos mesoamericanos de habla otomiana. Mexico: Instituto de Historia, Universidad Nacional Autònoma de México.Google Scholar
Coe, M. D. 1973. The Maya scribe and his world. New York (NY): Grolier Club.Google Scholar
Coe, M. D. 1978. Lords of the underworld: masterpieces of Classic Maya ceramics. Princeton (NJ): Art Museum, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Coe, W. R. 1967. Tikal: a handbook of the ancient Maya ruins. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Coe, W. R. 1990. Excavations in the Great Plaza, North Terrace and North Acropolis of Tikal. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Tikal Report 14, Volume V. University Museum Monograph 61.Google Scholar
Farriss, N. M. 1984. Maya society under colonial rule: the collective enterprise of survival. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fash, W. L. 1991. Scribes, warriors and kings: the city of Copan and the ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Ferrie, H. 1995. A conversation with K. C. Chang, Current Anthropology 36: 307–25.Google Scholar
Fought, J. 1986. Choltí Maya: a sketch, in Edmonson, M. S. (ed.), Supplement to the handbook of Middle American Indians 2: Linguistics: 4355. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Freidel, D. A. 1992. The trees of life: ahau as idea and artifact in Classic Lowland Maya civilization, in Demarest, A. A. & Conrad, G. W. (ed.), Ideology and Pre-Columbian civilizations: 115–33. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Freidel, D. A. & Schele, L.. 1988. Kingship in the late Preclassic Maya Lowlands: the instruments and places of ritual power, American Anthropologist 90(3): 547–67.Google Scholar
Freidel, D., Schele, L. & Parker, J.. 1993. Maya cosmos: 3000 years on the shaman's path. New York (NY): William Morrow.Google Scholar
Garland, R. 1990. Priests and power in Classical Athens, in Beard, & North, (ed.): 7591.Google Scholar
Gaur, A. 1992. A history of writing. New York (NY): Cross River Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. 1977. Centers, kings, and charisma: reflections on the symbolics of power, in Ben-David, J. & Clark, T. N. (ed.), Culture and its creators: essays in honor of Edward Shils: 150–71. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. 1980. Negara: the theatre state in 19th-century Bali. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. 1984. The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gossen, G. H. 1972. Temporal and spatial equivalents in Chamula ritual symbolism, in Lessa, W. A. & Vogt, E. Z. (ed.), Reader in comparative religion: an anthropological approach: 135–49. New York (NY): Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gossen, G. H. 1986. Mesoamerican ideas as a foundation for regional synthesis, in Gossen, G. H. (ed.), Symbol and meaning beyond the closed community: essays in Mesoamerican ideas: 18. Albany (NY): Institute for Mesoamerican Studies.Google Scholar
Graham, I. 1967. Archaeological explorations in El Peten, Guatemala. New Orleans (LA): Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University. Publication 33. Google Scholar
Graham, I. 1978. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions 2(2): Naranjo, Chunhuitz, Xunantunich. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Graham, I. 1980. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions 2(3): Ixkun, Ucanal, Ixtutz, Naranjo. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Graham, I. 1982. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions 3(3): Yax-chilan. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Graham, I. & von Euw, E.. 1975. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions 2(1): Naranjo. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Graham, I. & von Euw, E.. 1992. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic hnscriptions 4(3): Uxmal, Xcalumkin. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Grove, D. C. 1987. Comments on the site and its organization, in Grove, D. C. (ed.), Ancient Chalcatzingo: 420–33. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Grube, N. & Nahm, W.. 1994. A census of Xibalba: a complete inventory of way characters on Maya ceramics, in Kerr, B. & Kerr, J. (ed.), The Maya vase book: a corpus of rollout photographs of Maya vases 4. New York (NY): Kerr Associates.Google Scholar
Gruzinski, S. 1989. Man-gods in the Mexican highlands: Indian power and colonial society, 1520–1800. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Guiteras-Holmes, C. 1961. Perils of the soul: the world view of a Tzotzil Indian. Glencoe (NY): The Free Press.Google Scholar
Hanks, W. F. 1990. Referential practice: language and lived space among the Maya. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hocart, A. M. 1970. Kings and councillors: an essay in the comparative anatomy of human society. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Houston, S. D. 1989. Reading the past: Maya glyphs. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Houston, S. D. 1993. Hieroglyphs and history at Dos Pilas: dynastic politics of the Classic Maya. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Houston, S. D. 1995. Killing death: mortuary beliefs of the Classic Maya. Paper presented at the symposium ‘Death, Burial, and the Afterlife’, San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego (CA).Google Scholar
Houston, S. D. In press. Symbolic sweatbaths of the Maya: architectural meaning in the Cross Group at Palenque, Mexico, Latin American Antiquity.Google Scholar
Houston, S. D. & Stuart, D. S.. 1989. The Way glyph: evidence for ‘co-essences’ among the Classic Maya. Washington (DC): Center for Maya Research. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 30.Google Scholar
Hvidtfeldt, A. 1958. Teotl and Ixiptlatli: some central conceptions in ancient Mexican religion. Copenhagen: Andreassen.Google Scholar
Jones, C. & Satterthwaite, L.. 1982. The monuments and inscriptions of Tikal: the carved monuments. Philadelphia (PA): University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. University Museum Monograph 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantorowicz, E. H. 1957. The king's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, T. S. & Norman, W. M.. 1984. An outline of proto-Cholan phonology, morphology, and vocabulary, in Justeson, J. S. & Campbell, L. (ed.), Phoneticism in Mayan hieroglyphic writing: 77–166. Albany (NY): Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany. Publication 9.Google Scholar
Keightley, D. N. 1978. The religious commitment: Shang theology and the genesis of Chinese political culture, History of Religions 17: 211–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, D. H. 1965. The birth of the gods at Palenque, Estudios de Cultura Maya 5: 93134.Google Scholar
Kemp, B. 1989. Ancient Egypt: anatomy of a civilization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kertzer, D. 1988. Ritual, politics, and power. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, C.F. 1986. Masking empire: the material effects of masks in Aztec Mexico, Art History 9(2): 135–67.Google Scholar
Kubler, G. 1969. Studies in Classic Maya iconography. New Haven (CT): Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs 18.Google Scholar
Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. 1979. Continuity and change in Roman religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Lincoln, B. 1994. Authority: construction and corrosion. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lockhart, J. 1992. The Nahuas after the conquest: a social and cultural history of the Indians of central Mexico, 16th through 18th centuries. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
López Austin, A. 1993. The myths of the Opossum: pathways of Mesoamerican mythology. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Lounsbury, F. G. 1980. Some problems in the interpretation of the mythological portion of the hieroglyphic text of the Temple of the Cross at Palenque, in Robertson, M. G. (ed.), Third Palenque Round Table, 1978, Part 2: 99115. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
McAnany, P. 1995. Ancestors and the Classic Maya built environment. Paper presented at the Dumbarton Oaks Fall Symposium, ‘Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture’.Google Scholar
McGee, R. J. 1990. Life, ritual, and religion among the Lacandon Maya. Belmont (CA): Wadsworth.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. 1981. Paganism in the Roman empire. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Macri, M. 1988. A descriptive grammar of Palenque Mayan. Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Berkeley (CA).Google Scholar
Madsen, W. 1960. The Virgin's children: life in an Aztec village today. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Madsen, W. 1967. Religious syncretism, in Nash, M. (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians 6: 369–91. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. 1978. Archaeology and religion: a comparison of the Zapotec and Maya, World Archaeology 10(2): 172–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, J. 1983. Topic 97: Zapotec religion, in Flannery, K. V. & Marcus, J. (ed.), The Cloud People: divergent evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations: 345–51. New York (NY): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. 1989. Zapotec chiefdoms and the nature of formative religions, in Sharer, R. J. & Grove, D. C. (ed.), Regional perspectives on the Olmec: 148–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. 1992. Mesoamerican writing systems: propaganda, myth, and history in four ancient civilizations. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. & Flannery, K.. 1994. Ancient Zapotec ritual and religion: an application of the direct historical approach, in Renfrew, C. & Zubrow, E. B. W. (ed.), The ancient mind: elements of cognitive archaeology: 5574. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markman, P. T. & Markman, R. H.. 1989. Masks of the spirit: image and metaphor in Mesoamerica. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Martin, S. N.d. Tikal's ‘star war’ against Naranjo. Unpublished paper, London.Google Scholar
Mathews, P. 1991. Classic Maya emblem glyphs, in Culbert, T. P. (ed.), Classic Maya political history: hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence: 1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. N.d. On the early toponymy of Sumer: a contribution to the study of early Mesopotamian writing. Unpublished paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MI).Google Scholar
Moertono, S. 1968. State and statecraft in old Java: a study of the later Mataram period, 16th to 19th century. Ithaca (NY): Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. B. 1971a. Pre-hispanic central Mexican historiography, in Investigaciones contemporáneas sobre la historia de México: memorias de la tercera reunion de historiadores Mexicanos y Norteamericanos (1969): 38—81. México (DF): Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. B. 1971b. Religion in pre-hispanic central Mexico, in Wauchope, R. (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians 10(1): 395446. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. & Silverman, D. P.. 1995a. Introduction, in O'Connor, & Silverman, (ed): xviixxvii.Google Scholar
O'Connor, D. & Silverman, D. P.. (Ed.). 1995b. Ancient Egyptian kingship. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Pemberton, J. 1994. On the subject of ‘Java’. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Price, S. 1987. From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman emperors, in Cannadine, & Price, (ed.): 56105.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, T. 1965. Sculpture and major arts of the Classic Lowlands, in Wauchope, R. (ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians 2: 469–97. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, T. 1978. Olmec gods and Maya god-glyphs, in Giardino, M., Edmonson, B. & Creamer, W. (ed.), Codex Wauchope: 113–17. New Orleans (LA): Tulane University.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, D. 1994. Painting the Maya universe: royal ceramics of the Classic period. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ringle, W. M. 1988. Of mice and monkeys: the value and meaning ofTl016, the God Chieroglyph. Washington (DC): Center for Maya Research. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 18.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. 1981. The stranger-king, or Dumézil among the Fijians, Journal of Pacific History 16: 107–32.Google Scholar
Schele, L. 1982. Maya glyphs: the verbs. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Schele, L. 1992. The founders of lineages at Copan and other Maya sites, Ancient Mesoamerica 3: 135–44.Google Scholar
Schele, L. & Freidel, D.. 1990. A forest of kings: the untold story of the ancient Maya. New York (NY): Morrow.Google Scholar
Schele, L. & Mathews, P.. 1979. The Bodega of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Schellhas, P. 1904. Representation of deities of the Maya manuscripts. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 4(1).Google Scholar
Schroeder, S. 1991. Chimalpahin and the kingdoms ofChalco. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Seler, E. 1898. Quetzalcouatl-Kukulcan in Yucatan. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 30: 377410.Google Scholar
Sjöberg, Å. 19571971. Götterreisen, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 3: 480–83. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Spores, R. 1967. The Mixtec kings and their people. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Spores, R. 1984. The Mixtecs in ancient and colonial times. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Stone, A. 1989. Disconnection, foreign insignia, and political expansion: Teotihuacan and the warrior stelae of Piedras Negras, in Diehl, R. A. & Berlo, J. C. (ed.), Mesoamerica after the decline of Teotihuacan, AD 700–900: 153–72. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Stuart, D. S. 1984. Royal auto-sacrifice among the Maya: a study in image and meaning, RES 7/8: 620.Google Scholar
Stuart, D. S. 1993. Historical inscriptions and the Maya collapse, in Sabloff, J. A. & Henderson, J. S. (ed.), Lowland Maya civilization in the 8th century AD: 321–54. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks.Google Scholar
Stuart, D. S. & Houston, S. D.. 1994. Classic Maya place names. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art & Archaeology 33.Google Scholar
Stuart, G. E. & Stuart, G. S.. 1977. The mysterious Maya. Washington (DC): National Geographic Society.Google Scholar
Taube, K. A. 1985. The Classic Maya maize god: a reappraisal, in Robertson, M. G. (ed.), Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983: 171–81. San Francisco (CA): Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.Google Scholar
Taube, K. A. 1992a. The major gods of ancient Yucatan. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art & Archaeology 32.Google Scholar
Taube, K. A. 1992b. The Temple of Quetzalcoatl and the cult of sacred war at Teotihuacan, RES 21: 5387.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. E. S. 1970. Maya history and religion. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Townsend, R. F. 1979. State and cosmos in the art of Tenochtitlan. Washington (DC): Dumbarton Oaks. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art & Archaeology 20. Google Scholar
Townsend, R. F. 1992. The Aztecs. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Tozzer, A. M. 1941. Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 18.Google Scholar
Vogt, E. Z. 1969. Zinacantan: a Maya community in the highlands of Chiapas. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vogt, E. Z. 1985. Cardinal directions and ceremonial circuits in Mayan and Southwestern cosmology, National Geographic Research Reports 21: 487–96.Google Scholar
Vogt, E. Z. 1993. Tortillas for the gods: a symbolic analysis of Zinacanteco rituals. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Watanabe, J. M. 1992. Maya saints and souls in a changing world. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1978. Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar