Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:44:05.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Experiment and innovation: early Islamic industry at al-Raqqa, Syria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2015

Julian Henderson
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (Email: [email protected])
Keith Challis
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B1S 2TT, UK
Sarah O’Hara
Affiliation:
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Sean McLoughlin
Affiliation:
Department of Materials, Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
Adam Gardner
Affiliation:
John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PP, UK
Gary Priestnall
Affiliation:
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Abstract

The city of al-Raqqa in north central Syria rivalled early Baghdad in scale, and was briefly during the ‘Abbasid caliphate the imperial capital of an empire stretching from North Africa to Central Asia. Now largely levelled the multifaceted Islamic cityscape is revealed by aerial and satellite imagery. It is at this site that the evidence of innovative Islamic industries has been revealed by excavations undertaken by the Raqqa Ancient Industry project since 1994. Here they discuss the production models for glass and ceramics in their socio-economic contexts.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, W.F. 1888. A personal narrative of the Euphrates expedition. London: Kegan Paul, Trench.Google Scholar
Al Khalaf, M. 1985. Die ‘abbasidische Stadtmaur von ar-Raqqa/ar-Rafiqa. Damaszener Mitteilungen 2: 123–31.Google Scholar
Al Khalaf, M. & Kohlmeyer, K. 1985. Untersuchungen zu al-Raqqa – Nikephorion/Callinicum. Damaszener Mitteilungen 2: 133–62.Google Scholar
Challis, K., Priestnall, G. Gardner, A. Henderson, J. & O’hara, S.. 2004. The use of Corona remotely-sensed imagery in Dryland archaeology. The Islamic city of al-Raqqa, Syria. Journal of Field Archaeology. 29: 139–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, K.A.C. 1989. A short account of early Muslim architecture. Revised and supplemented by James W Allen. Aldershot: Scolar Press.Google Scholar
Dussart, O. 1995. Les verres de Jordanie et de Syrie du Sud du IVe au VIIe siécle, nouvelles donneés chronologiques, in Foy, D. (ed.). Le Verre de l’Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Âge: 343–59. sAssociation Française pour l’Archéologie du Verre, huitiéme rencontre, Guiry-en-Vexin: Musée Archaeologique departemental du val d’Oise.Google Scholar
Fedden, R. 1946. Syria and Lebanon. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. & Mccray, P. 1999. A study of glassmaking activities as practised at Sepphoris, Israel (37 B.C.- A.C. 1500), in Henderson, J. Neff, H. & Rehren, T. (ed.). Proceedings of the international archaeometry conference held at Champagne, Illinois, Urbana 1996. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 26 (8): 893906.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C., Gorin-Rosen, Y. & Hughes, M.J.. 2000. Primary glass From Israel and the production of glass in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period, in Nenna, M.-D. (ed.). La Route du Verre: Ateliers primaries et secondaires du second millénaire av. J.-C. au Moyen Âge: 6585. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient Méditerraneén.Google Scholar
Gardner, A.R., Challis, K. O’hara, S.L. Henderson, J. & Priestnall, G. in prep. “The burning Raqqa”. Geoarchaeological investigations of Islamic industry in northern Syria.Google Scholar
Hallett, J.R. 1996. Trade and innovation: the rise of a pottery industry in Abbassid Basra, DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Heidemann, S. 2003. Die Geschichte von al-Raqqa/al-Rafiqa ein Uberblick, in Becker, A. & Heidemann, S. (ed.). Al-Raqqa II. Die islamische Stadt. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1995. An investigation of early Islamic glass production in al Raqqa, Syria, in Vandiver, P. et al. (ed.). Issues in Art and Archaeology III. Materials Research Society proceedings, Cancun, Mexico 1994, vol. 352: 433–44. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1996. New light on Early Islamic industry: excavations in Raqqa, Syria, in Wilson, R.J.A. (ed.). From River Trent to Raqqa. Nottingham Studies in Archaeology 1: 5971.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1999. Archaeological and scientific evidence for the production of early Islamic glass in al-Raqqa, Syria. Levant 31: 225–40.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 2000. Archaeological investigations of an Islamic industrial complex at Raqqa, Syria. Damaszener Mitteilingen 11: 243–65.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 2002. Tradition and experiment in 1st millennium AD glass production – the emergence of Early Islamic glass technology in late antiquity. Accounts of Chemical Research 35: 594602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J., Challis, K. Millwright, M. Larsson, S. Saunders, T. & Towle, A. in prep. An Abbasid ceramic workshop at Tell Aswad al-Raqqa, Syria. Excavations 1998–2001.Google Scholar
Henderson, J., Evans, J.A. Sloane, H.J. Leng, M.J. & Doherty, C. in press. The use of oxygen, strontium and lead isotopes to provenance ancient glasses in the Middle East. Journal of Archaeological Science.Google Scholar
Henderson, J., Mcloughlin, S. & Mcphail, D. 2004. Radical changes in Islamic glass technology: evidence for conservatism and experimentation with new glass recipes from early and middle Islamic Raqqa, Syria. Archaeometry 46 (3): 439–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heusch, J-C. & Meinecke, M. 1989. Dei Residenz des Harun al-Rashid in Raqqa. Damascus: Deutsches Archaologisches Institut.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. 1966. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (3rd impression). London: Frank Cass. First published 1905.Google Scholar
Mason, K. 1943. Syria. Naval Intelligence Division, Admiralty. Geographical Handbook BR513.Google Scholar
Mason, R.B. & Tite, M.S.. 1997. The beginnings of tin-opacification of pottery glazes. Archaeometry 39 (1): 4158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinecke, M. 1991. Raqqa on the Euphrates: recent excavations at the Residence of Harun er-Rashid, in Kerner, S. (ed.). The Near East in Antiquity Volume II: 1732. Amman: Goethe Institut.Google Scholar
Meinecke, M. 1996. Patterns of stylistic changes in Islamic architecture. Local traditions versus migrating artists. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Meinecke, M. & Heusch, J.-C.. 1985. Grabungen im ‘Abbasidischen Palastareal vom ar-Raqqa/ar-Rafiqa. Damaszener Mitteilungen 2: 85105.Google Scholar
Miglus, P.A. 1999. Ar-Raqqa I. Die Fruhislamische Keramik Von Tall Aswad. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Salibi, N. 1954. Rapport préliminaire sur la deuxiéme campagne de fouilles a Raqqa. Annales archéologiques de Syrie 4: 6976.Google Scholar
Salibi, N. 1955. Rapport préliminaire sur la deuxiéme campagne de fouilles á Raqqa. Annales Archeologiques de Syrie 5: 205–27.Google Scholar
Sarre, F. & Herzfeld, E. 1911. Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gibiet, vol. 1. Berlin.Google Scholar
Thiriot, J. in prep. Les Ateliers de potiers de Meskene. Prospection magnetique et fouille. Balis III.Google Scholar
Tonghini, C. & Henderson, J. 1998. An Eleventh-century pottery production workshop at al-Raqqa. Preliminary Report. Levant XXX: 113–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Liere, W.J. 1960. Observations on the Quaternary of Syria. Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig bodermonderzoek. 10/11: 769.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T.J. 1998. Water and human settlement in the Balikh Valley, Syria: investigation from 1992–1995. Journal of Field Archaeology 25: 6387.Google Scholar