Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T17:17:04.425Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Matthew Spriggs
Matthew Spriggs*
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Building 14, A.D. Hope Building, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

For many years the author has been tracking the spread of the Neolithic of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and its extension eastwards into the western Pacific, as a proxy for dating the spread of the Austronesian (AN) languages across that same vast area. Here he recalls the evidence, updates the hypothesis and poses some new questions.

Keywords

Island Southeast AsiaNeolithicAustronesian languagesLapita
Type
Debate
Information
Antiquity , Volume 85 , Issue 328 , June 2011 , pp. 510 - 528
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allaby, R. 2007. Origins of plant exploitation in Near Oceania: a review, in Friedlaender, J. S. (ed.) Genes, language and culture history in the south-west Pacific: 181–98. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ambrose, W. 1997. Contradictions in Lapita pottery: a composite clone. Antiquity 71:525–38.10.1017/S0003598X00085306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A. 2005. Crossing the Luzon Strait: archaeological chronology in the Batanes Islands, Philippines and the regional sequence of Neolithic dispersal. Journal of Austronesian Studies 1(2): 25–44.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. & O'Connor, S. 2008. Indo-Pacific colonization —introduction. Asian Perspectives 47:2–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A., Bedford, S., Clark, G., Lilley, I., Sand, C., Summerhayes, G. & Torrence, R. 2001. An inventory of Lapita sites containing dentate-stamped pottery, in Clark, G. R., Anderson, A.J. & Vunidilo, T. (ed.) The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania (Terra Australis 17): 1–13. Canberra: Pandanus Books.Google Scholar
Aoyagi, Y., Aguilera, M. L., Ogawa, H. & Tanaka, K. 1986. The shell midden in the lower reaches of the Cagayan River. Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 4:45–91.Google Scholar
Aoyagi, Y., Aguilera, M. L., Ogawa, H. & Tanaka, K. 1993. Excavation of Hill Top site, Magapit shell midden, in Lal-lo shell middens, northern Luzon, Philippines. Man and Culture in Oceania 9:127–55.Google Scholar
Arifin, K. 2006. The Austronesian in Borneo, in Simanjuntak, T., Pojoh, I.H.E. & Hisyam, M. (ed.) Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago: proceedings of the International symposium: 146–62. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Science.Google Scholar
Bay-Petersen, J. 1987. Excavations at Bagumbayan, Masbate, central Philippines: an economic analysis. Asian Perspectives 25:67–98.Google Scholar
Bedford, S. 2006. Pieces of the Vanuatu puzzle: archaeology of the north, south and centre (Terra Australis 23). Canberra: Pandanus Books.Google Scholar
Bedford, S. 2009. Les traditions potières Erueti et Mangaasi du Vanuatu central: réévaluation et comparaison quarante ans après leur identification initiale. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 128:25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, S. & Sand, C. 2007. Lapita and western Pacific settlement: progress, prospects and persistent problems, in Bedford, S., Sand, C. & Connaughton, S. P. (ed.) Oceanic explorations: Lapita and western Pacific settlement (Terra Australis 26): 1–15. Canberra: ANU E-Press.Google Scholar
Bedford, S. & Spriggs, M. 2007. Birds on the rim: a unique Lapita carinated vessel in its wider context. Archaeology in Oceania 42:12–21.10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00010.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, S., Spriggs, M. & Regenvanu, R. 2006. The Teouma Lapita site and the early human settlement of the Pacific Islands. Antiquity 80:812–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1978. Man's conquest of the Pacific. Auckland: Collins.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1985. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. Sydney: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1997. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 2004. The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia, in Glover, I. & Bellwood, P. (ed.) Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history: 21–40. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 2005. Coastal south China, Taiwan, and the prehistory of the Austronesians, in Chung-Yu, C. & Jian-Guo, P. (ed.) The archaeology of south-east coastal islands of China Conference: 1–22. Taipei: Executive Yuan, Council for Cultural Affairs.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 2006. The early movements of Austronesian-speaking peoples in the Indonesian region, in Simanjuntak, T., Pojoh, I.H.E. & Hisyam, M. (ed.) Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian archipelago: 61–82. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Science.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. & Dizon, E. 2005. The Batanes Archaeological Project and the out of Taiwan hypothesis for Austronesian dispersal. Journal of Austronesian Studies 1(1): 1–33.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. & Koon, P. 1989. ‘Lapita colonists leave boats unburned!’ The question of Lapita links with Island Southeast Asia. Antiquity 63:613–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, S. 2002. Lapita: a view from the East (New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 24). Auckland: New Zealand Archaeological Association.Google Scholar
Blust, R. 1976. Austronesian culture history: some linguistic inferences and their relations to the archaeological record. World Archaeology 8:19–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blust, R. 1978. Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: a subgrouping argument, in Wurm, S. A. & Carrington, L. (ed.) Second international conference on Austronesian linguistics: proceedings (Pacific Linguistics C61 [fascicle 1]): 181–234. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Blust, R. 1982. The linguistic value of the Wallace Line. Bijdragen tot den Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde 138:231–50.Google Scholar
Blust, R. 1988. The Austronesian homeland: a linguistic perspective. Asian Perspectives 26:45–67.Google Scholar
Bulbeck, F. D. 2008. An integrated perspective on the Austronesian diaspora: the switch from cereal agriculture to maritime foraging in the colonisation of Island Southeast Asia. Australian Archaeology 67:31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulbeck, F. D. & Nasruddin, . 2002. Recent insights on the chronology and ceramics of the Kalumpang site complex, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 22:83–99.Google Scholar
Bulbeck, F. D., Pasqua, M. & Di Lello, A. 2000. Culture history of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Perspectives 39:71–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, B. M. 1994. Early prehistoric settlement in the Marianas Islands: new evidence from Saipan. Man and Culture in Oceania 10:15–38.Google Scholar
Cameron, J. 2002. Textile technology and Austronesian dispersals, in Clark, G. R., Anderson, A. J. & Vunidilo, T. (ed.) The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania (Terra Australis 17): 177–81. Canberra: Pandanus Books.Google Scholar
Chia, S. 2003. The prehistory of Bukit Tengkorak as a major pottery making site in Island Southeast Asia (Sabah Museum Monograph 8). Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1968. Analytical archaeology. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Daniels, J. & Daniels, C. 1993. Sugarcane in prehistory. Archaeology in Oceania 28:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denham, T. 2004. The roots of agriculture and arboriculture in New Guinea: looking beyond Austronesian expansion, Neolithic packages and indigenous origins. World Archaeology 36:610–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denham, T. & Donohue, M. 2009. Pre-Austronesian dispersal of banana cultivars west from New Guinea: linguistic relics from eastern Indonesia. Archaeology in Oceania 44:18–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denham, T., Haberle, S.G., Lentfer, C., Fullagar, R., Field, J., Therin, M., Porch, N. & Winsborough, B. 2003. Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of New Guinea. Science 301:189–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denham, T., Haberle, S. & Lentfer, C. 2004. New evidence and revised interpretations of early agriculture in Highland New Guinea. Antiquity 78:839–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewar, R. 2003. Rainfall variability and subsistence systems in Southeast Asia and the western Pacific. Current Anthropology 44:369–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobney, K., Cucchi, T. & Larson, G. 2008. The pigs of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: new evidence for taxonomic status and human-mediated dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47:59–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, C., Beavitt, P. & Kurui, E. 2000. Recent observations of rice temper in pottery from Niah and other sites in Sarawak. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 20:147–52.Google Scholar
Donohue, M. & Denham, T. 2010. Farming and language in Island Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology 51:223–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donohue, M. & Grimes, C. E. 2008. Yet more on the position of the languages of eastern Indonesia and East Timor. Oceanic Linguistics 47:115–58.Google Scholar
Ellen, R. F. & Glover, I.C. 1974. Pottery manufacture and trade in the central Moluccas, Indonesia. Man (N. S.) 9:353–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, A. & Swadling, P. 2005. Re-dating Mid-Holocene betel nut (Areca catechu L.) and other plant use at Dongan, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 47:377–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garanger, J. 1972. Archéologie des Nouvelles-Hébrides: contribution à la connaissance des iles du Centre (Publications de la Société desocéanistes 30). Paris: Musée de l’Homme.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glover, I. C. 1986. Archaeology in Eastern Timor (Terra Australis 11). Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Green, R. C. 1991. The Lapita Cultural Complex: current evidence and proposed models. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 11:295–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, R. C. 2000. Lapita and the cultural model for intrusion, integration and innovation, in Anderson, A. & Murray, T. (ed.) Australian archaeologist: collected papers in honour of Jim Allen: 372–92. Canberra: Coombs Academic Publishing & The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Guillaud, D. (ed.) 2006. Menyelusuri sungai, merunut waktu: penelitian arkeologi di Sumatera Selatan. Jakarta: Puslitbang Arkeologi Nasional, IRD, EFEO.Google Scholar
Hakim, B., Nurrustam, M. 2009. The sites of Gua Pasaung (Rammang-Rammang) and Mallawa: indicators of cultural contact between the Toalian and Neolithic complexes in South Sulawesi. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 29:45–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Heekeren, H. R. 1972. The Stone Age of Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Higham, C.F.W. 1983. The Ban Chiang culture in wider perspective. Proceedings of the British Academy 69:229–61.Google Scholar
Higham, C.F.W. 1996/1997. The social and chronological contexts of early bronze working in Southeast Asia, in Bulbeck, F. D. & Barnard, N. (ed.) Ancient Chinese bronzes and Southeast Asian Bronze Age cultures, Volume 2: 821–88. Taipei: SMC.Google Scholar
Hung, H.-C. 2005. Neolithic interaction between Taiwan and northern Luzon. Journal of Austronesian Studies 1(1): 109–133.Google Scholar
Hung, H.-C. 2008. Migration and cultural interaction in southern coastal China, Taiwan and the northern Philippines 3000 BC to AD 100: the early history of the Austronesian-speaking populations. Unpublished PhD dissertation, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Hutterer, K. L. & Macdonald, W.K. (ed.). 1982. Houses built on scattered poles. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.Google Scholar
Kayser, M., Choi, Y., Van Oven, M., Mona, S., Brauer, S., Trent, R. J., Suarkia, D., Schiefenhövel, W. & Stoneking, M. 2008. The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25:1362–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, J. 2008. Pacific bananas: complex origins, multiple dispersals? Asian Perspectives 47:75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirch, P. V. 1988. Long-distance exchange and island colonization: the Lapita case. Norwegian Archaeological Review 21:103–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klamer, M, Reesink, G. & Van Staden, M. 2008. East Nusantara as a linguistic area, in Muysken, P. (ed.) From linguistic areas to areal linguistics: 95–149. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, K. & Larsson, T. B. 2005. The rise of Bronze Age society: travels, transmission and transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lape, P. V. 2000a. Contact and conflict in the Banda Islands, Eastern Indonesia, eleventh to seventeenth centuries. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Brown University.Google Scholar
Lape, P. V. 2000b. Political dynamics and religious change in the late pre-colonial Banda Islands, Eastern Indonesia. World Archaeology 32(1): 138–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, G., Cucchi, T., Fujita, M., Matisoo-Smith, E., Robins, J., Anderson, A., Rolett, B., Spriggs, M., Dolman, G., Kim, T.-H., Thuy, N.T.D., Randi, E., Doherty, M., Due, R. A., Bolt, R., Djubiantono, T., Griffin, B., Intoh, M., Keane, E., Kirch, P., Li, K.-T., Morwood, M., Pedrina, L. M., Piper, P. J., Rabett, R. J., Shooter, P., Van Den Bergh, G., West, E., Wickler, S., Yuan, J., Cooper, A. & Dobney, K. 2007. Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides new insights into Neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:4834–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebot, V. 1999. Biomolecular evidence for plant domestication in Sahul. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 46:619–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y.-P., Wu, G.-S, Yao, Y. G., Miao, Y.-W., Luikart, G., Baig, M., Beja-Pereira, A., Ding, Z.-L., Palanichamy, M. G. & Zhang, Y.-P. 2006. Multiple maternal origins of chickens: out of the Asian jungles. Molecular and Phylogenetic Evolution 38:12–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahmud, I. 2008. The Neolithic site of Mallawa, in Simanjuntak, T. (ed.) Austronesian in Sulawesi: 119–27. Depok: Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies.Google Scholar
O'Connor, S. 2006. Unpacking the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic cultural package, and finding local complexity, in Bacus, E. A., Glover, I. C. & Pigott, V. C. (ed.) Uncovering Southeast Asia’s past: selected papers from the tenth international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, The British Museum, London, 14-17 September 2004: 74–87. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
O'Connor, S. & Veth, P. 2005. Early Holocene shell fish hooks from Lene Hara Cave, East Timor, establish complex fishing technology was in use in Island Southeast Asia five thousand years before Austronesian settlement. Antiquity 79:249–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, S., Barham, A., Aplin, K., Dobney, K., Fairbairn, A. & Richards, M. In press. Revisiting the early Melanesian pigs and pottery debate: results of recent work at Lachitu, Taora and Watinglo rockshelters, north coast, Papua New Guinea.Google Scholar
Pawley, A. 2004. The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people, in Bellwood, P. & Renfrew, C. (ed.) Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis: 251–73. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Pawley, A. & Green, R. C. 1973. Dating the dispersal of the Oceanic languages. Oceanic Linguistics 12:1–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, W. 1974. Summary report of two archaeological sites from north-eastern Luzon. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 9:26–35.Google Scholar
Petrequin, P. & Petrequin, A.-M. 1999. La poterie en Nouvelle-Guinée: savoir-faire et transmission des techniques. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 108:71–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piper, P. J., Hung, H.-C., Campos, F. Z., Bellwood, P. & Santiago, R. 2009. A 4000 year-old introduction of domestic pigs into the Philippine Archipelago: implications for understanding routes of human migration through Island Southeast Asia and Wallacea. Antiquity 83:687–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1989. Models of change in language and archaeology. Transactions of the Philological Society 87:103–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1992. Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity. Man (N. S.) 27:445–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, R. 1992. Globalisation, social theory and global culture. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Ross, M. 2008. The integrity of the Austronesian language family: from Taiwan to Oceania, in Sanchez-Mazas, A., Blench, R., Ross, M. D., Peiros, I. & Lin, M. (ed.) Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics: 161–81. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Simanjuntak, T. & Forestier, H. 2004. Research progress on the Neolithic in Indonesia: special reference to the Pondok Silabe Cave, south Sumatra, in Paz, V. (ed.) Southeast Asian Archaeology: Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift: 104–118. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.Google Scholar
Simanjuntak, T., Morwood, M.J., Intan, F. S., Mahmud, I., Grant, K., Somba, N., Akw, B. & Utomo, D.W. 2008. Minanga Sipakko and the Neolithic of the Karama River, in Simanjuntak, T. (ed.) Austronesian in Sulawesi: 57–75. Depok: Center for Prehistoric and Austronesian Studies.Google Scholar
Snow, B. E., Shutler, R. Jr, Nelson, D. E., Vogel, J. S. & Southon, J. R. 1986. Evidence of early rice in the Philippines. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 14:3–11.Google Scholar
Soares, P., Rito, T., Trejaut, J., Mormina, M., Hill, C., Tinkler-Hundal, E., Braid, M., Clarke, D. J., Loo, J.-H., Thomson, N., Denham, T., Donohue, M., Macaulay, V., Lin, M., Oppenheimer, S. & Richards, M. B. 2011. Ancient voyaging and Polynesian origins. American Journal of Human Genetics 88:1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solheim, W. G. II. 1968. The Batungan cave sites, Masbate, Philippines. Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series 2:21–62.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1989. The dating of the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic: an attempt at chronometric hygiene and linguistic correlation. Antiquity 63:587–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1996a. Chronology and colonisation in Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: new data and an evaluation, in Davidson, J., Irwin, G., Leach, F., Pawley, A. & Brown, D. (ed.) Oceanic culture history: essays in honour of Roger Green: 33–50. Dunedin: New Zealand Journal of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1996b. What is Southeast Asian about Lapita?, in Akazawa, T. & Szathmary, E. (ed.) Prehistoric Mongoloid dispersals: 324–48. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1998. From Taiwan to the Tuamotus: absolute dating of Austronesian language spread and major sub-groups, in Blench, R. & Spriggs, M. (ed.) Archaeology and language II: correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses: 115–27. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spriggs, M. 1999. Archaeological dates and linguistic sub-groups in the settlement of the Island Southeast Asian-Pacific region, in Bellwood, P. S. (ed.) Indo-Pacific prehistory: the Melaka papers, Volume 2 (Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 18): 17–24. Canberra: Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association & The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2000. Out of Asia: the spread of Southeast Asian Pleistocene and Neolithic maritime cultures in Island Southeast Asia and the western Pacific, in O'Connor, S. & Veth, P. (ed.) East of Wallace's Line: studies of past and present maritime cultures of the Indo-Pacific Region (Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 16): 51–75. Rotterdam: Balkema.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2001. Who cares what time it is? The importance of chronology in Pacific archaeology, in Anderson, A., Lilley, I. & O'Connor, S. (ed.) Histories of old ages: essays in honour of Rhys Jones: 237–49. Canberra: Pandanus Books & The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2003. Chronology of the Neolithic transition in Island Southeast Asia and the western Pacific: a view from 2003. The Review of Archaeology 24(2): 57–80.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2007a. The Neolithic and Austronesian expansion within Island Southeast Asia and into the Pacific, in Chiu, S. & Sand, C. (ed.) From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: archaeological perspectives on the Austronesian expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex: 104–25. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2007b. Lapita mobility: what archaeology tells us about Oceanic language subgrouping. Paper presented at the Seventh International Lapita Conference: ‘Lapita Antecedents and Successors’, Honiara, Solomon Islands, 4-7 July 2007.Google Scholar
Spriggs, M. 2010. ‘I was so much older then, I'm younger than that now’: why the dates keep changing for the spread of Austronesian languages, in Bowden, J., Himmelmann, N. & Ross, M. (ed.) A Journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: papers in honour of Andrew Pawley (Pacific Linguistics 615). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Storey, A. A., Spriggs, M., Bedford, S., Hawkins, S. C., Robins, J. H., Huynen, L. & Matisoo-Smith, E. 2010. Mitochondrial DNA from 3000 year old chickens at the Teouma site, Vanuatu. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2459–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summerhayes, G. 2007. The rise and transformations of Lapita in the Bismarck Archipelago, in Chiu, S. & Sand, C. (ed.) From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: archaeological perspectives on the Austronesian expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex: 141–69. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Szabo, K. & O'Connor, S. 2004. Migration and complexity in Holocene Island Southeast Asia. World Archaeology 36:621–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabo, K. & Ramirez, H. 2009. Worked shell from Leta Leta Cave, Palawan, Philippines. Archaeology in Oceania 44:150–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, K. & Orogo, A. B. 2000. The archaeological excavation at the Pamittan site, Barangay Lanna, Solana, Cagayan Province, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Studies 8:113–41.Google Scholar
Tanudirjo, D. 2006. The dispersal of Austronesian-speaking people and the ethnogenesis of Indonesian People, in Simanjuntak, T., Pojoh, I. H. E. & Hisyam, M. (ed.) Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago: 83–98. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Science.Google Scholar
Terrell, J. & Welsch, R. 1997. Lapita and the temporal geography of prehistory. Antiquity 71:548–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiel, B. 1989. Excavations at the Lal-lo shell middens, northern Luzon. Asian Perspectives 27:71–94.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. 1997. The materiality of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 29:57–64.Google Scholar
Torrence, R. & Swadling, P. 2008. Social networks and the spread of Lapita. Antiquity 82:600–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsang, C.-H. 2007. Recent archaeological discoveries in Taiwan and northern Luzon, in Chiu, S. & Sand, C. (ed.) From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: archaeological perspectives on the Austronesian expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex: 75–94. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. 2007. Archaeology, anthropology and globalization, in Vandkilde, H. (ed.) Globalisation, batttlefields and economics: three inaugural lectures in archaeology: 7–27. Moesgard: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Wibisono, S. C. 2006. Stylochronology of early pottery in islands of Southeast Asia: a reassessment of archaeological evidence of Austronesian, in Simanjuntak, T., Pojoh, I.H.E. & Hisyam, M. (ed.) Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago: 107–118. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Science.Google Scholar