Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T23:15:17.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A method for space archaeology research: the International Space Station Archaeological Project

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2021

Justin St P. Walsh
Affiliation:
Chapman University, Orange, USA
Alice C. Gorman*
Affiliation:
Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
*
*Author for correspondence ✉ [email protected]

Abstract

How does a ‘space culture’ emerge and evolve, and how can archaeologists study such a phenomenon? The International Space Station Archaeological Project seeks to analyse the social and cultural context of an assemblage relating to the human presence in space. Drawing on concepts from contemporary archaeology, the project pursues a unique perspective beyond sociological or ethnographical approaches. Semiotic analysis of material culture and proxemic analysis of embodied space can be achieved using NASA's archives of documentation, images, video and audio media. Here, the authors set out a method for the study of this evidence. Understanding how individuals and groups use material culture in space stations, from discrete objects to contextual relationships, promises to reveal intersections of identity, nationality and community.

Type
Method
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aiken, J. 2014. Space in space: privacy needs for long-duration spaceflight. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of North Texas.Google Scholar
Ascher, R. 1961. Analogy in archaeological interpretation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 17: 317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G., Newland, C., Nilsson, A., Schofield, J., Davis, S. & Myers, A.. 2009. Transit, transition: excavating J641 VUJ. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19: 128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774309000018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, R.L. & Brooks, R.. 2002. In situ preservation of historic spacecraft. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 55: 171–81.Google Scholar
Battaglia, D. 2012. Coming in at an unusual angle: exo-surprise and the fieldworking cosmonaut. Anthropological Quarterly 85: 1089–106. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2012.0058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchli, V. & Lucas, G.. 2001. Archaeologies of the contemporary past. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203185100Google Scholar
Butowsky, H.A. 1984. Man in space: a national historic landmark theme study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.Google Scholar
Capelotti, P.J. 2010. The human archaeology of space: lunar, planetary and interstellar relics of exploration. Jefferson (NC): McFarland & Company.Google Scholar
Capelotti, P.J. 2009. The culture of Apollo: a catalogue of manned exploration of the moon, in Darrin, A. & O'Leary, B.L. (ed.) The handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage: 421–41. Boca Raton (FL): CRC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connors, M.M., Harrison, A.A. & Akins, F.R.. 1985. Living aloft: human requirements for extended spaceflight. Washington, D.C.: NASA—Scientific and Technical Information Branch.Google Scholar
CSA. 2017. At home in space: how astronauts adapt to life on the ISS. Available at: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/sciences/at-home-in-space.asp (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Darrin, A. & O'Leary, B.L.. 2009. The handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage. Boca Raton (FL): CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420084320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. 2018. Goodbye, ISS. Hello, private space stations? The Planetary Society, 20 February. Available at http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2018/20180220-bye-iss-hello-private-stations.html (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Deetz, J. 1996. In small things forgotten: an archaeology of early American life. New York: Anchor, Doubleday.Google Scholar
De León, J. 2015. The land of open graves: living and dying on the migrant trail. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Donaldson, M.W. 2015. The preservation of California's military Cold War and space exploration era resources, in O'Leary, B.L. & Capelotti, P.J. (ed.) Archaeology and heritage of the human movement into space: 91110. Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07866-3_7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleth, R. 2019. It's time to rethink who's best suited to space travel. Wired, 27 January. Available at https://www.wired.com/story/its-time-to-rethink-whos-best-suited-for-space-travel/ (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Fewer, G. 2002. Towards an LSMR and MSMR (Lunar and Martian Sites and Monuments Records): recording the planetary spacecraft landing sites as archaeological monuments of the future, in Russell, M. (ed.) Digging holes in popular culture: archaeology and science fiction: 112–72. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Fewer, G. 2009. 11 2228:34 hrs (Moscow Time), 4 October 1957. The Space Age begins: the launch of Sputnik I, Earth's first artificial satellite, in Schofield, J. (ed.) Defining moments: dramatic archaeologies of the twentieth century (British Archaeological Reports International Series S2005): 105–13. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Goodman, J.R. & Grosveld, F.W.. 2015. Acoustics and noise control in space crew compartments (NASA/SP–2015–624). Hanover (MD): NASA Center for AeroSpace Information.Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2005a. The cultural landscape of interplanetary space. Journal of Social Archaeology 5: 85107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605305050148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2005b. The archaeology of orbital space, in Joseph, A. (ed.) Australian Space Science conference 2005: 338–57. Melbourne: RMIT University.Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2009. The gravity of archaeology. Archaeologies 5: 344–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-009-9104-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2013. Space archaeology, in Smith, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of global archaeology : 6943–48. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2015. Robot avatars: the material culture of human activity in Earth orbit, in O'Leary, B.L. & Capelotti, P.J. (ed.) Archaeology and heritage of the human movement into space: 2947. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2016. Tracking cable ties: contemporary archaeology at a NASA satellite tracking station, in Frederick, U.K. & Clarke, A. (ed.) That was then, this is now: contemporary archaeology and material cultures in Australia : 101107. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2017. Pale blue dot: everyday material culture on the International Space Station. Day of archaeology, July 28. Available at: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dayofarch_nearch_2018/fullrecord.cfm?dofarch_post_id=26286 (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. 2019. Dr Space Junk vs the universe: archaeology and the future. Sydney: New South Books.Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. & O'Leary, B.L.. 2013. The archaeology of space exploration, in Graves-Brown, P., Harrison, R. & Piccini, A. (ed.) The Oxford handbook of the archaeology of the contemporary world: 409–24. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602001.013.040Google Scholar
Gorman, A.C. & Walsh, J.. 2017. ‘A microsociety in a miniworld’: an archaeological investigation into culture on the International Space Station. Poster presented at the 68th International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide, 2529 September 2017. https://doi.org/10.26226/morressier.59c106e7d462b80292389b01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. & Breithoff, E.. 2017. Archaeologies of the contemporary world. Annual Review of Anthropology 46: 201–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idziak, L. 2013. Cultural resources management in outer space: historic preservation in the graveyard orbits. Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2013: G61–75.Google Scholar
Kitmacher, G. 2015. Reference guide to the International Space Station: utilization edition (NP-2015-05-022-JSC). Houston (TX): NASA Johnson Space Center.Google Scholar
Landfester, U., Remuss, N.-L., Schrogl, K.-U. & Worms, J.-C. (ed.). 2011. Humans in outer space: interdisciplinary perspectives. Vienna: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0280-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeCunn, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y. & Haffner, P.. 1998. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE 86: 2278–324. https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messeri, L. 2016. Placing outer space: an earthly ethnography of other worlds. Durham (NC): Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw9f7Google Scholar
NASA. 1996. Final tier 2 environmental impact statement for International Space Station (NASA–TM–111720). Washington, D.C.: NASA Headquarters.Google Scholar
NASA. 2011. NASA's recommendations to space-faring entities: how to protect and preserve the historic and scientific value of U.S. Government artifacts. Washington, D.C.: Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA.Google Scholar
Nativ, A. & Lucas, G.. 2020. Archaeology without antiquity. Antiquity 94: 852–63. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, B.L. 2009. One giant leap: preserving cultural resources on the Moon, in Darrin, A. & O'Leary, B.L. (ed.) The handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage : 757–80. Boca Raton (FL): CRC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, B.L. 2015. “To boldly go where no man [sic] has gone before”: approaches in space archaeology and heritage, in O'Leary, B.L. & Capelotti, P.J. (ed.) Archaeology and heritage of the human movement into space: 112. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, B. & Witmore, C.. 2014. Sværholt: recovered memories from a POW camp in the far north, in Olsen, B. & Péturdóttir, Þ. (ed.) Ruin memories: materialities, aesthetics and the archaeology of the recent past: 162–90. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, V. 2018. Into the extreme: US environmental systems and politics beyond Earth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctvgd2z0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ralph, J. & Smith, C.E.. 2014. “We've got better things to do than worry about whitefella politics”: contemporary Indigenous graffiti and recent government interventions in Jawoyn Country. Australian Archaeology 78: 7583. https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathje, W. 1999. An archaeology of space garbage. Discovering Archaeology (October): 108–22.Google Scholar
Rathje, W. & Murphy, C.. 1992. Rubbish! The archaeology of garbage. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Rathje, W., Hughes, W., Wilson, D., Tani, M., Archer, G., Hunt, R. & Jones, T.. 1992. The archaeology of contemporary landfills. American Antiquity 57: 437–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0002731600054330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resig, J. 2014. Using computer vision to increase the research potential of photo archives. Available at: https://johnresig.com/research/computer-vision-photo-archives/ (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Schiffer, M.B. 2013. The archaeology of science: studying the creation of useful knowledge. Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonyan, K. & Zisserman, A.. 2014. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1409–556.Google Scholar
Spennemann, D. 2004. The ethics of treading on Neil Armstrong's footsteps. Space Policy 20: 279–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2004.08.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spennemann, D. & Murphy, G.. 2009. Failed Mars mission landing sites: heritage places or forensic investigation scenes? in Darrin, A. & O'Leary, B.L. (ed.) The handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage: 457–80. Boca Raton (FL): CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420084320-c23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. & Walsh, J.. 2009. Don't boldly go there. Los Angeles Times, 1 June. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-01-oe-walsh1-story.html (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Tsiolkovsky, K. n.d. [1960]. Outside the Earth, in Dutt, V. (ed.) The call of the cosmos: 161332. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.Google Scholar
Valentine, D. 2017. Gravity fixes: habituating to the human on Mars and Island Three. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 7: 185209. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.3.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertesi, J. 2014. Seeing like a rover: images in interaction on the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226156019.001.0001Google Scholar
Walsh, J. 2012. Protection of humanity's cultural and historic heritage in space. Space Policy 28: 234–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2012.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. 2015. Purposeful ephemera: the implications of self-destructing space technology for the future practice of archaeology, in O'Leary, B.L. & Capelotti, P.J. (ed.) Archaeology and heritage of the human movement into space: 7591. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J. 2017. A bell in space. Day of archaeology, July 28. Available at: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/dayofarch_nearch_2018/fullrecord.cfm?dofarch_post_id=26494 (accessed 28 October 2020).Google Scholar
Westwood, L., O'Leary, B.L. & Donaldson, M.W.. 2017. The final mission: preserving NASA's Apollo sites. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, L.J. & Welch, J.. 2011. Displaced and barely visible: archaeology and the material culture of homelessness. Historical Archaeology 45: 6785. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03376821CrossRefGoogle Scholar