Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:58:59.909Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Xueqin Li
Affiliation:
Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China 230026
Garman Harbottle
Affiliation:
Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY, 11790 and Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973. [email protected]
Juzhong Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China 230026
Changsui Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Scientific History and Archaeometry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China 230026

Abstract

Early Neolithic graves at Jiahu, Henan Province, China, include tortoise shells which are incised with signs – some of which anticipate later Chinese characters and may be intended as words. Is this the earliest writing? The authors decide rather that the signs in this very early period performed as symbols connected with ritual practice, but they presage a long period of sign use which led eventually to a writing system.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amiet, P. 1966. Il y a 5000 ans les Elamites inventaient l’Ecriture. Archeologia 12, 16—23.Google Scholar
Barnard, N. 1983. Further evidence to support the hypothesis of indigenous origins of metallurgy in ancient China, in Keightley, D. N. (ed.), The Origins of Chinese Civilization 9: 23775. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Boltz, W. G. 1996. Early Chinese Writing, in Daniels, P. T. & Bright, W., (eds.) The World’s Writing Systems: 1919, New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Boltz, W. G. 1999. Language and Writing, in Loewe, M. & Shaughnessy, E. L., (eds.) The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. New York: Harper & Row Google Scholar
Carmichael, E. 1970., Turquoise Mosaics from Mexico. London: Trustees of the British Museum.Google Scholar
Chang, K-C. 1980. Shang Civilisation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, K-C. 1983. Art, Myth and Ritual. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, K-C. 1987. The Archaeology of Ancient China. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Cheung, K-Y. 1983. Recent archaeological evidence relating to the origin of Chinese characters, in Keightley, D. N. (ed.), The Origins of Chinese Civilisation 12: 32391. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
China. 1987. “China” in Sadie, S., (ed.) The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar
Daniels, P. T. 1996. Grammatology, in Daniels, P. T. & Bright, W., (eds.), The World’s Writing Systems: ’1 New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diringer, D.1962. Writing London: Thames & Hudson Google Scholar
Engels, F. 1972. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan: 92. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. J. 1963. A Study ofWriting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hill, A. A. 1967. The Typology of Writing Systems, in Austin, W. M., (ed.) Papers in Linguistics in Honor of Leon Dostert: 25 (Janua Linguarum Series) The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Henan, 1989 Henan Province, Institute of Cultural Relics 1989. Preliminary report for the second through the sixth excavation at the Neolithic site of Jiahu in Wuyang, Henan. Wenwu 1, 117.Google Scholar
Henan, 1999 Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 1999. Wuyang Jiahu (2 volumes). Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Huber, L. G. F. 1983. The Relationship of the Painted Pottery and Lung-shan Cultures in, Keightley, D. N. (ed.), The Origins of Chinese Civilisation 7: 177216. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Keightley, D. N. 1978. Sources of Shang history: the oracle-bone inscriptions of Bronze age China. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Keightley, D.N. 1989. The Origins of Writing in China: Scripts and Cultural Contexts, in Senner, W. M., (ed.) The Origins ofWriting 171202. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Keightley, D.N. 1994. Sacred Characters, in Murowchick, R. E. (ed.) Cradles of Civilisation, China: 709. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Keightley, L. G. F. 1998Shamanism, Death and Ancestors: Religious Mediation in Neolithic and Shang China (c 5000—1000 BC)Asiatische Studien LII.3:763831.Google Scholar
Laufer, B. 1913. Notes on turquoise in the East. Anthropological Series of the Field Museum of Naturai History 13:1 171.Google Scholar
Li Jianmin, 2000. Bulletin of the Study Center of Chinese Ancient Civilisation (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) ZhongGuo Shehui Kexueyuan gudai wenming yanjiu zhongxin tongxun (Chinese) 1 27–29.Google Scholar
Morgan, L. H. 1974. Ancient Society: 31 Gloucester, Mass. Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Normile, D. 1997. Archaeology: Yangtze seen as earliest rice site Science 275, 30910.Google Scholar
Pearson, R & Lo, S-C. 1983. The Ch’ing-lien-kang culture and the Chinese Neolithic, in Keightley, D. N. (ed.), The Origins of Chinese Civilisation 5: 11945. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. & A.Underhill. 1987. The Chinese Neolithic: Recent Trends in Research. Amer. Anthropologist 89, 80721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogue, J. E. 1915. The Turquois. Washington: Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 12:2.Google Scholar
Sampson, G. 1985. Writing Systems. A linguistic introduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Schmandt-Besserat, D. 1978. The earliest precursor of writing. Scientific American 238 (6), 509.Google Scholar
Schmandt-Besserat, D. 1992. Before Writing (Vol. 1): From Counting to Cuneiform. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Shih, X-B. 1992. The Discovery of the Pre-Yangshao Culture and Its Significance, in Aikens, C. M. & Rhee, Song Nai (eds.), in Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: 125132. Pullman: Washington State Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Smith, B. D. 1995. The Emergence of Agriculture: 11640. New York: Scientific American Library, W. H. Freeman & Co.Google Scholar
Tu, Baikui. 2001. Consideration of the word “zhen” as having the shape of a tortoise plastron at Buci, Yinxu. Kaogu Yu Wenwu (Chinese) 278—81.Google Scholar
Underhill, A. 1997. Current issues in Chinese Neolithic Archaeology. J. World Prehistory 11:2, 10360.Google Scholar
Weigand, P. C. & Harbottle, G.. 1992. The role of turquoises in the ancient Mesoamerican trade structure, in Ericson, J. E. & Baugh, T. G., (eds.), The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Winkelman, M. 1990Shamans and Other Magico-Religious Healers: A Cross-Cultural Study of Their Origins, Nature, and Social TransformationsEthos 18: 308352.Google Scholar
Winkelman, M. 2002 “Shamanism as Neurotheology and Evolutionary Psychology” American Behavioral Scientist 45: 1879–1881.Google Scholar
Winkler, M. G. & Wang, P. K.. 1993. The Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of China, in H. E. Wright Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Google Scholar
Perrot, & Bartlein, P. J. (eds.), Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum: 22164. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Xia, N. 1986. (Chief ed.) Chinese Encyclopedia, Volume: Archaeology: 230. Beijing and Shanghai: Chinese Encyclopedia Press.Google Scholar
Banpo, Xi’an. 1963. Beijing: Wenwu Press.Google Scholar
Yan, W-M. 1992. Origins of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in China, in Aikens, C. M. & Rhee, Song Nai (eds.) Pacific Northeast Asia in Prehistory: 113123. Pullman: Washington State Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Yan, W-M. 1993. Engraved signs on pottery of the Banpo type and their explanation. Wenwu TianDi (Chinese) 6, 40–2.Google Scholar
Zhang, J & Wang, X.. 1998. Notes on the recent discovery of ancient cultivated rice at Jiahu, Henan Province: a new theory concerning the origin of Oryza japonica in China. Antiquity 72, 897901.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Harbottle, G., Wang, C., & Kong, Z.. 1999. Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu, early Neolithic site in China. Nature 401, 366—8.Google Scholar