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A note on the use of coal in Roman Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2011

Graham Webster
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Extract

The widespread use of coal in Roman Britain has long been recognized. It has been found on many sites in burnt and unburnt state, occasionally in direct association with industrial and domestic use. The fullest account of the subject has been given by the late R. G. Collingwood, and it is the purpose of this note to supplement this with additional information and comment.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 35 , Issue 3-4 , October 1955 , pp. 199 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1955

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References

page 199 note 1 An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, iii (1937), 35, and a summary hy the same author appears in Roman Britain and the English Settlements, 2nd ed., p. 231.

page 199 note 2 Antiquity, vii, 89; L. West, Objects of Trade, 45–46.

page 199 note 3 Collectanea rerum memorabilium, as quoted in V.C.H. Somerset, i, 220.

page 199 note 4 Nat. Hist., Bk. XXXIV, xx, Loeb translation.

page 199 note 5 Ibid., Bk. II, cxi.

page 200 note 1 Archeologické Rozhledy, v (1953), quoted in a review in Antiquity, xxviii (1954), 106.Google Scholar

page 200 note 2 Arch, lxxxvii, 137.

page 200 note 3 Flintshire Hist. Soc. xiii (1952–1953), 14.Google Scholar

page 200 note 4 The earlier view is also questioned by Richmond, Handbook to the Wall, 10th ed., 53.

page 200 note 5 Roman Era in Britain, 2nd ed., 10.

page 202 note 1 It is possible that other areas such as Cranborne Chase may have received special attention of a similar character (Hawkes, Arch. J. civ, 79); more recently Prof. Richmond has suggested that the native population, originally hostile to the Romans, may have been reduced to serfdom (Roman Britain (1955) 128). An analogy might be made between the Wiltshire tribes and the recalcitrant Iceni.

page 202 note 2 Richmond, , Roman Britain (1947), 38.Google Scholar

page 202 note 3 Ant. J. xxix (1949), 150.

page 203 note 1 Arch. N.-L., vol. 5, p. no. 110.

page 203 note 2 Collingwood, Roman Britain and the English Settlements, referring to Zosimus iii, 5, Ammianus Marcellinus xviii, 2, and Eunapius, 15.

page 203 note 3 J.R.S. xliii, 121.

page 203 note 4 A.A. 4, xi (1934), 92 ff.

page 203 note 5 Information kindly supplied by Mr. B. R. Hartley.

page 204 note 1 A.A. 4, xix (1941), 22.

page 213 note 1 Since this note was written fragments of coal have been found in a second-century context in a Roman building on the Severn estuary at Lydney, Glos. Information kindly supplied by the excavator, Dr. Scott Garrett.

page 216 note 1 Since this note was written fragments of coal have been found inside the Romano-British town at Ancaster, Lines, by Mrs. H. E. O'Neil, others, in Somerset, have been reported to the writer as follows:— Camerton, by Mr. W. Wedlake, Low Hamwell, by Mr. H. S. L. Dewar, and Chew Stoke, by Mr. E. Greenfield.

page 217 note 1 ‘The microspores of some Northumberland and Durham Coals and their use in the correlation of coal-seams', Raistrick, and Simpson, , Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., 1932, lxxxv, 225.Google Scholar