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Cornford Mythistoricus*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2015

G.H.R. Horsley
G.H.R. Horsley*
Affiliation:
The University of New England
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Extract

For D.H. Kelly

Un homme d'esprit sent ce que les autres ne font que savoir

(Montesquieu, Oeuvres complètes [Paris 1951] 1.57)

Although F.M. Cornford’s name was already known to me from his commentary on Plato’s Theaitetos, my first acquaintance with his Thucydides Mythistoricus came in my earliest years of teaching Ancient History in the mid-1970s under the tutelage of the one to whom this essay is dedicated. I have drawn on Cornford’s book regularly when teaching Greek History, and found it useful as a provocation to students reading Thucydides. With the centenary since its publication looming, two years ago I felt it was high time to learn more about the context in which the book arose. Already a generation ago, W.M. Calder III identified Cornford as ‘an outstanding scholar, a personality, and a man involved in the issues of his time’ who merits a biography.

Type
Research Article
Information
Antichthon , Volume 42 , 2008 , pp. 121 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © Australasian Society for Classical Studies 2008

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Footnotes

*

A preliminary version of this essay was given as a paper at the 7th Armidale Seminar in Mediterranean Antiquity (ASMA): ‘Ancient History and Nineteenth-Century Historiography’, which formed a strand within the Australian Historical Association conference held at the University of New England in September 2007. Other versions have been given as papers at the ASCS annual conference held in Christchurch, New Zealand, in January 2008, and in the UNE School of Humanities Research Seminar series in February the same year. The essay has been improved by the suggestions of colleagues from various disciplines on those occasions, as well as by advice given by others in response to specific queries: F. Bpngiorno (London), R.L. Hunter (Cambridge), A.W. James (Sydney), D. Kent, A. Lynch and I.G. Spence (all UNE). The two once-anonymous referees, W.M. Calder HI (Urbana) and C.A. Stray (Swansea), have provided advice of quite specific benefit on a number of points. The latter's swift, perceptive and improving observations on this essay have been particularly useful.

References

The following short titles are used for works referred to frequently in the notes:

Murray Reassessed = C. Stray (ed.), Gilbert Murray Reassessed. Hellenism, Theatre and International Politics (Oxford 2007).

Owl of Minerva = C. Stray (ed.), The Owl of Minerva: the Cambridge Praelections of 1906 (CPS Suppl. 28) (Cambridge 2005).

Ritualists Reconsidered = W.M. Calder III (ed.), The Cambridge Ritualists Reconsidered (ICS Suppl. 2) (Atlanta 1991).

Beard, Invention = M. Beard, The Invention of Jane Harrison (Cambridge MA 2000).

1 ‘Research Opportunities in the Modern History of Classical Scholarship’, CW 74 (1980/1) 241-51Google Scholar, repr. in his Studies in the Modem History of Classical Scholarship, Antiqua 27 (Naples 1984)3–13Google Scholar (quotation from 7; cf. 10).

2 Calder, Ritualists Reconsidered, v. The projected biography appears to have lapsed following the death of D.K. Wood some years ago.

3 This medal – in fact, there were two: the First and the Second Chancellor’s medals – was first awarded in 1752, but for over a century was available only to those who achieved honours in Mathematics. From 1881 those taking the Classical Tripos were also eligible. At least until the early 1960s it was assessed on the basis of ten special, largely linguistic examinations (including one each for Latin prose and verse composition). Candidates also had to gain a starred First in Part II of the Tripos, though it was possible to take these exams at any point during the three-year degree. FMC apparently considered composing a poem on evolution for his verse composition examination, but it is not certain that he went ahead with this.

4 In the 1906 Preelections for the Regius Chair of Greek following Jebb’s death, Jackson (the successful candidate, aged 66) spoke on this dialogue. See Owl of Minerva, ii; and on Jackson, himself, Todd, R.B., ‘“One of the great English worthies”: Jackson, Henry reassessed’, in ibid. 87–110Google Scholar. Jackson’s influence on most of those later identified - however loosely - with the Cambridge Ritualists (see below) is notable. In 1878, three years after he (Jackson) was made Praelector in Ancient Philosophy at Trinity, J.G. Frazer wrote his dissertation for a Trinity Fellowship on Plato; and A.B. Cook was a one-time student of Jackson (Todd, 90 n. 15 and 95, respectively).

5 The successful applicants in those two years were A.C. Pearson (1861-1935) - replacing Jackson who died aged 81 while still the incumbent - and D.S. Robertson (1885-1961). The Chair of Greek at University College, Cardiff, was taken up in 1898 by Ronald Burrows (1867-1920), who had the backing of Gilbert Murray and A.W. Venali. In 1908 Burrows succeeded to the Chair of Greek at Manchester, from which he moved on in 1913 to be Principal of King’s College, London, until his death.

6 The Brereton Readership was a post in Classics, but when Cornford held it its title was the Brereton-Laurence Readership and its focus was Ancient Philosophy. When he became the first Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy, the Readership reverted to the name Brereton, and was made available for Classics generally. Like the simultaneously-established Chair of Classical Archaeology (whose first holder was A.B. Cook), the Chair of Ancient Philosophy bears the name of Sir Percival Maitland Laurence, a major benefactor of Cambridge and of the Classics Faculty.

7 When FMC retired, Cambridge offered the Laurence Chair to W. Jaeger; but he had already accepted an offer from Harvard, and the post went to FMC s former student, R. Hackforth.

8 Perhaps set in train by E.R. Dodds before his translation in 1936 to the Oxford Regius Chair of Greek.

9 “The Cambridge Classical Course: An Essay in Anticipation of Further Reform’. See Stray, , Classics Transformed. Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830-1960 (Oxford 1998)145-6Google Scholar; id., ‘The First Century of the Classical Tripos (1822-1922): High Culture and the Politics of the Curriculum’, in id. (ed.), Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge. Curriculum, Culture and Community (CPS Suppl. 24) (Cambridge 1999) 9, 13.Google Scholar

10 Beard, M., ‘The Invention (and Reinvention) of “Group D”: An Archaeology of the Classical Tripos, 1879-1984’, in Classics in 19th and20th Century Cambridge(n. 9) 95–134Google Scholar, at 111 (and cf. caption to fig. 17 on p. 100). Jane Harrison taught this option from 1898 when she returned to Cambridge: Beard, Invention, 128.Google Scholar

11 Cornford’s active role in trying to get Russell reinstated to his College lectureship (1916-19) is recorded in a number of letters and other documents preserved in the Trinity College Library, Cambridge: CORNFORD (Gl-27). I have not seen this material personally and am reliant on the information provided by the Trinity College website. Gilbert Murray, related by marriage to Russell and a fellow Liberal, also sought his reinstatement by less public means: see See Bruneau, W., ‘Gilbert Murray, Bertrand Russell, and the Theory and Practice of Polities’, in Murray Reassessed, 201-16, at 201, 210Google Scholar. In contrast, Jackson, was against his reinstatement: Todd, , Owl of Minerva, 96Google Scholar. On Russell’s Trinity Fellowships (sic) and Lectureship see Ayer, A.J., BertrandRussell‘(Chicago 1972, repr. 1988) 9, 14, 23.Google Scholar

12 The surgeon G.L. Keynes (brother of the economist) married another granddaughter. Another very different grandchild was Vaughan Williams.

13 Buried on Skyros, piquantly on the day of the Gallipoli landing, 25 April: Naval Historical Review 25.1 (2004)15-6.Google Scholar

14 Obituaries included Murray, G., ‘Francis MacDonald Cornford 1874-1943’, PBA 29 (1943) 421-32Google Scholar; Robertson, D.S., Cambridge Review 30 January 1943Google Scholar. Note also the comments by probably his most famous student, Guthrie, W.K.C.: ‘Memoir’ and ‘Appendix’, in Cornford, The Unwritten Philosophy and Other Essays (Cambridge 1950, repr. 1967) vii-xix, 138-39.Google ScholarOxford DNB (2004) entries for family members: FMC (13.449-53, by R. Hackforth, rev. D. Gill), Frances (13.448-9, by G. Keynes, rev. S. Basu), John (13.453-4), Christopher (13.447-8).

15 Ullman, B.L., ‘History and Tragedy’, TAPA 73 (1942) 25–53Google Scholar; Walbank, F.W., ‘Tragic History: A Reconsideration’, BICS 2 (1955) 4–14Google Scholar; id., ‘History and tragedy’, Historia 9 (1960) 216-34.Google Scholar

16 ‘Euripides and Thucydides’, in Three Essays on Thucydides (Cambridge MA 1967)1–54.Google Scholar Not that this essay is beyond criticism, however: Hornblower, S., Thucydides (London 1987)153Google Scholar and n. 38. Note also the thoughtful essay by Macleod, C., ‘Thucydides and Tragedy’, in his Collected Essays (Oxford 1983)140-58.Google Scholar

17 Thucydides and the History of his Age (London 1911)315-32Google Scholar; rejected by, e.g., Finley Thucydides (Cambridge MA 1942, repr. Ann Arbor 1967) 117, 315-7.Google Scholar

18 Title of chap. 2, and passim in that chapter; the oligarchs were a party (12); ‘the peace party … the party of war’ (18), etc. He draws approvingly on Croiset, M., Aristophane et les partis à Athènes (Paris 1906).Google Scholar

19 See Morris, A.J.A., ‘Bannerraan, Sir Henry Campbell- (1836-1908)’, Oxford DNB 2 3.710-8.Google Scholar

20 Quoted in Gerson, G., Margins of Disorder. New Liberalism and the Crisis of European Consciousness (Albany 2004)175.Google Scholar

21 W.K.C. Guthrie’s view (n. 14) xviii, of Cornford as a Fabian Socialist has been challenged by Gerson (n. 20) 173, who regards him as a Liberal. His chapter in that book is largely derived from his article on Murray and Cornford and Ritual, in History of European Ideas 24 (1998) 331-54, at 345-9.Google Scholar

22 McBriar, A.M., Fabian Socialism and Enghsh Politics 1884-1918 (Cambridge 1962) chap. 9, 234-79; 254-5Google Scholar (on the Webbs and Haldane). Clarke, Pace P., Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge 1978)261CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Cornford and his wife were not ‘impeccably liberal’. Clarke may be blurring Cornford’s politics here with Murray’s due to the close link between the two.

23 Morris (n. 19)716.

24 Stapleton, J., “The Classicist as Liberal Intellectual: Gilbert Murray and Alfred Eckhard Zimmern’, in Murray Reassessed, 261-91Google Scholar; Millett, P., ‘Alfred Zimmern’s The Greek Commonwealth Revisited’, in Stray (ed.), Oxford Classics: Teaching and Learning 1800-2000 (London 2007), 168–202Google Scholar. Although a Liberal, Zimmern stood as a Labour candidate against Lloyd George in the 1924 election: ibid. 193.

25 Todd, , in Owl of Minerva, 95.Google Scholar

26 Gerson (n. 20) 173-4; Stapleton (n. 24) 270.

27 ‘Generalizations in Ancient History’, in The Use and Abuse of History (London 1975) 60–74Google Scholar, at 67-8; Momigliano, A.D., ’Some Observations on Causes of War in Ancient Historiography’, repr. in Studies in Historiography (London 1966) 112-26Google Scholar, at 118.

28 Thukydides und die Hippokratischen Schriften (Heidelberger Forschungen; Heidelberg, 1954)Google Scholar. The first part (8-20) of his short monograph focuses on prophasis and aitia.

29 A Semantic Study of Prophasis to 400 BC, Hermes Einzelschriften 33 (Wiesbaden 1975).Google Scholar

30 See e.g. Trompf, G.W., The Idea of Historical Recurrence in Western Thought from Antiquity to the Reformation (Berkeley 1979) esp. 83-4, 96-8, 107; and index, s.v. ‘causation, historical’.Google Scholar

31 See Johnston, I., Galen on Diseases and Symptoms (Cambridge 2006) esp. 102-20.Google Scholar

32 Cf. Marinatos, O., Thucydides and Religion, Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 129 (Königstein 1981)9.Google Scholar

33 J.H. Finley (n. 17) 313; Schneider, C., Information und Absicht bei Thukydides, Hypomnemata 41 (Göttingen 1974)97CrossRefGoogle Scholar n. 189; Stahl, H.-P., Thukydides. Die Stellung des Menschen im Geschichtlichen Prozess, Zetemata 40 (Munich 1966)140Google Scholar (Stahl’s book has now appeared in English with an additional chapter: “Thucydides: Man’s Place in History’ [Swansea 2003])Google Scholar; Edmunds, L., Chance and Intelligence in Thucydides (Cambridge MA 1975) 3, cf. 174CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rood, T., Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation (Oxford 1998) 27, 28Google Scholar; implicit disagreement with FMC on this by Debnar, P., Speaking the Same Language. Speech and Audience in Thucydides ‘ Spartan Debates (Ann Arbor 2001) 147 n. 1.Google Scholar

34 Such a view is championed afresh by Hunter, V.J., Thucydides, the Artful Reporter (Toronto 1973)179-80.Google Scholar

35 Cf. J.H. Finley (n. 17) 324.

36 For Ludwig, P.W., Eros and Polis. Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory (Cambridge 2002)154-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Cornford holds that the Sicily debacle ‘practically forced the historian qua literary artist’ to embrace the worldview of the tragedians. This seems to me to be a distortion of Cornford’s actual claim, which is that Thucydides could not help but reflect this mentalité.

37 E.g. 160-1 and n. 5 on Klytaimestra in Aesch. Agam.

38 Microcosmographia Académica: Being a Guide for the Young Politician, first published anonymously in 1908, then repr. under his name in 1922. The book was reprinted with additional material by H. Chadwick in 1993; and an expanded reprint appeared the next year, in which Johnson, G.places it in its late nineteenth-century context: University Politics: F.M. Cornford’s Cambridge and his Advice to the Young Academic Politician (Cambridge 1994, repr. 1995, 1998).Google Scholar

39 Flory, Cf. S., “The Meaning of το μή μϋθωδεί (1.22.4) and the Usefulness of Thucydides’ History’, CJ 85 (1990) 193–208Google Scholar, at 201; Nicolai, R., ‘Thucydides’ Archaeology: between epic and oral traditions’, in Luraghi, N. (ed.), The Historian‘s Craft in the Age of Herodotus (Oxford 2001)263-86, at 275-7.Google Scholar

40 The reference at p. 40 n. 3 to 1.22-44 appears to be a misprint for 1.24-44. At p. 53 Cornford discusses 1.20-24 but gives no attention to the specific point at issue here. On pp. 99-100 he quotes 1.22.4 and translates it; his focus here is not on the phrase το μή μϋθώδες, but on the notion that an accurate description of the present will allow future events to be understood better by a later generation.

41 Isager, S., “The Pride of Halikarnassos’, ZPE 123 (1998) 1–23Google Scholar; cf. Lloyd-Jones, H., “The Pride of Halicarnassus’, ZPE 124 (1999) 1–14Google Scholar. Note also SEG 48.1330 (printing the latter’s text), 50.1104 bis, 52.1041, 53.1197 (reporting various views about the date); Merkelbach, R. and Stauber, J., Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten, Vol. 1 (Leipzig 1998)38–45Google Scholar (no. 01/12/02).

42 ‘Memoir’ (n. 14) xvi.

43 CA. Stray unearthed this information for me during a visit to Cambridge in March 2008.

44 (Cambridge 1906, repr. Chicago 1976). In the preface she mentions that Cornford ‘has helped me throughout, and has revised the whole of my proofs’ (ix). One specific suggestion by him is acknowledged at 129 n. 1.

45 The Greek epigraph, δναρ άντ’ όνειράτων πολλών те καί καλών, appears to be an allusion to PI. Theat. 201d: see Chambers, M., ‘Cornford’s Thucydides Mythistoricus’, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 61–77Google Scholar, at 61-2, though caution is needed whether so much weight can be extrapolated from its meaning as Chambers suggests.

46 “The unconscious element in literature and philosophy’, repr. in The Unwritten Philosophy (n. 14) 3.

47 See Lowe, N., ‘Problematic Verrall: The Sceptic at Law’, in Owl of Minerva, 142-60.Google Scholar Cornford was not the only person who came under the spell of the erratically-brilliant Verrall: Gilbert Murray (who shared a personal friendship with him) was another: see Collard, C., ‘Gilbert Murray’s Greek Editions’, in Murray Reassessed, 103-32Google Scholar, at 110 n. 20, 121 (quoting H. Lloyd-Jones); also M. Griffith, ‘Gilbert Murray on Greek Literature: The Great/Greek Man’s Burden’, in ibid. 51-80, at 68.

48 Todd, R.B., ‘Henry Sidgwick, Cambridge Classics, and the Study of Ancient Philosophy: The Decisive Years, 1866-9’, in Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge (n. 9) 15–26Google Scholar, at 26. Cornford’s mature work on late dialogues of Plato parallels a notable focus of Jackson’s interests: see Todd, in Owl of Minerva, 90-1Google Scholar. The younger man’s method of teaching in his lectures may have taken its inspiration from Jackson as well: ibid., 90 n. 17 (ad fin.).

49 Finley, M.I., ‘Anthropology and the Classics’, in his The Use and Abuse of History (n. 27) 102–119Google Scholar, at 103 with 105; Stray (n. 9) 161 n. 57. Beard, Invention, esp. 109-28, is sceptical whether words like ‘group’ concretise too much the fluidity of the interactions. Some qualification of this may be in order: see n. 56 below.

50 The basic contributions on this topic are Arlen, S., The Cambridge Ritualists. An Annotated Bibliography of the Works by and about Jane Ellen Harrison, Gilbert Murray, Francis M. Cornford, and Arthur Bernard Cook (Metuchen 1990);Google ScholarRitualists Reconsidered, and Ackerman, R., The Myth and Ritual School: J.G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists, Theorists of Myth 2 (London 2002).Google Scholar In Ritualists Reconsidered Ackerman reckons Frazer and Cook as not being members: “The Cambridge Group: Origins and Composition’, 1-19, at 2 and 14-6, respectively. This was not Cornford’s perception. In his 1921 essay, “The Unconscious Element in Literature and Philosophy’, repr. in The Unwritten Philosophy, 1-13, he explicitly embraces the association: ‘… Professor Murray and we [viz. Frazer, Harrison and Cook, plus FMC] who in the main think with him …’ (6).

51 On Cook’s monumental research on Zeus see Schwabl, H., ‘A.B. Cook, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion (1914/1925/1940): Nachdenkliches über Plan und Aussage des Werkes’, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 227-49.Google Scholar

52 George Eliot had translated this work into English in 1846. On Harrison’s admiration for Eliot see Africa, T.W., ‘Aunt Glegg among the Dons, or Taking Jane Harrison at her Word,’ in Ritualists Reconsidered, 21–35Google Scholar, esp. 25-7. Beard, Invention, 9, summarises the anecdote about their meeting at Newnham.

53 After Harrison’s death Cornford was approached in 1933 and agreed to write the article about her for the DNB Supplement 1922-1930 (Oxford 1937) 408-9.Google Scholar This entry was replaced by Lloyd-Jones, H.’ entry in Oxford DNB 25.504-7Google Scholar. For another recent appraisal of Harrison, see the internet-available entry by Wesseling, K.-G., ‘Jane Ellen Harrison’, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon 18 (2001) cols. 576–601Google Scholar. Beard’s deeply-nuanced and witty Invention may be felt by some to be a sign that ‘Harrisoniana’ have reached saturation point.

54 Ackerman (n. 50) 43; Smith, M., ‘William Robertson Smith’, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 251-61Google Scholar (interesting but idiosyncratic).

55 See Morwood, J., ‘Gilbert Murray’s Translations of Greek Tragedy’, in Murray Reassessed, 133-44Google Scholar; and Macintosh, F., ‘From the Court to the National: The Theatrical Legacy of Gilbert Murray’sBacchaé, in ibid., 145-65.Google Scholar

56 Letter to J.A.K. Thomson in 1950, quoted in McManus, B.F., ‘“Macte nova virtute, puer!”. Gilbert Murray as Mentor and Friend to Thomson, J.A.K.’, in Murray Reassessed, 181-99, at 195Google Scholar. An ‘imperfect recollection’ of old age (G.W. Bowersock, ‘Foreword’ to Beard, Invention, ix; cf. Beard herself at 116-7)? Perhaps, but it can be rather subjective to set aside an awkward piece of information on such a ground. Cornford’s view about the coherence of the members, made in print before the age of fifty, has been alluded to above at n. 50.

57 Deeply emotional but not sexual, according to Lloyd-Jones (n. 53) 506. See also Ackerman, , Myth and Ritual School (n. 50) 67-9Google Scholar, who asserts she was in love with him, as also with several other men. More fully: Peacock, S.J., ‘An Awful Warmth about her Heart: The Personal in Jane Harrison’s Ideas about Religion’, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 167-84, at 82¬3.Google Scholar

58 Beard, , Invention, 156-7.Google Scholar

59 See Collard, in Murray Reassessed, 104-5Google Scholar; also Griffith in ibid., 56.

60 Stray, , Classics Transformed(n. 9) chap. 6, esp. 144-54.Google Scholar

61 Beard, , ‘Invention (and Reinvention) of “Group D’” (n. 10) 123, 133; Invention, 125-6.Google Scholar

62 See Fowler, R.L., ‘Gilbert Murray: Four (Five) Stages of Greek Religion’, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 79–95.Google Scholar

63 Cf. Ackerman, , Myth and Ritual School (n. 50) 163.Google Scholar

64 London 1914, new edn. Cambridge 1934, subsequently reprinted several times, including Ann Arbor 1993.

65 2 vols, London 1929, 1934; on how he came to undertake this task with Wicksteed, see Murray, , PBA 29 (1943) 426-7;Google ScholarPlato’s Theory of Knowledge: The Theaetetus and Sophist of Plato (London 1935, repr. 1957)Google Scholar; Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato (London 1937, repr. 1959, repr. Amsterdam 1997, 2000)Google Scholar; Plato and Parmenides: Parmenides’ Way of Truth and Plato’s Parmenides (London 1939, repr. Amsterdam 2000)Google Scholar; Republic of Plato(Oxford 1941, 1945, repr. 1949, 1951, 1976).Google Scholar

66 For the first see n. 50 above. The second was published under a different title in 1922, and subsequently in 1927 with the tide given above: Arien (n. 50) 321, #1793.

67 Bierl, A., Calder, W.M. III and Fowler, R.L., The Prussian and the Poet: The Letters of Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff to Gilbert Murray (1894-1930) (Hildesheim 1991) 110-2, no. 55 with n. 499Google Scholar; cf. also the ‘Introduction’ to that book, 4-5.

68 Postgate, J.P., “Thucydides the Mythistorian’, CQ 1, no. 4 (Oct. 1907) 308-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Note also e.g. Murray, G., Albany Review 1 (1907) 470Google Scholar; JHS 27 (1907) 307Google Scholar (penetratingly acerbic in an unsigned half-page); in America Gildersleeve, B., AJP 28 (1907) 355-7Google Scholar; Petrin, B., AHR 13, no. 2 (Jan. 1908) 314-6Google Scholar. Others are usefully listed and summarised by Chambers in Ritualists Reconsidered, 70-1. See also the list in Arien (n. 50) 308-9 #1745.

69 The Ancient Greek Historians (London 1909, repr.) 123-31Google Scholar (quotation from 130, 131 ).

70 Lamb, W.R.M., Clio Enthroned. A Study of Prose-Form in Thucydides (Cambridge 1914)Google Scholar. His preface (dated April 1914) draws attention to his deep disagreement with Cornford. Chap. 2, ‘Allurements of Drama’ (34-67), constitutes the extended critique, but numerous other allusions are made to the book at other places. Like Cornford, Lamb had held a Trinity Fellowship.

71 Pace Pouncey, P.R., The Necessities of War. A Study of Thucydides‘ Pessimism (New York 1980) 169 n. 22.Google Scholar

72 Sanctis, G. de, Atthis. Storia della repubblica ateniese dalle origini alla età di Pericle (Turin 1912)Google Scholar; Grote is referred to at e.g. 558 n. 65, 603 n. 143.

73 Beloch, K.J., Griechische Geschichte, Il.i, ii (Strassburg 1914-16)Google Scholar; Busolt, G., Griechische Staatskunde, I.i, ii (Munich 1920, 1926)Google Scholar, the second, posthumous volume completed and edited by H. Swoboda. (For clarification of the various editions and renaming of Busolt’s two major works see Chambers, M., Georg Busolt, his Career in his Letters, [Mnemosyne Suppl. 113] [Leiden 1990] 221-4Google Scholar, and index 238).

74 Cochrane, C.N., Thucydides and the Science of History (Oxford 1929) 1, 18Google Scholar; Schwartz, E., Das Geschichtswerk des Thukydides (1929, repr. Hildesheim 1960).Google Scholar

75 Romilly, J. de, Histoire et raison chez Thucydide (Paris 1956) 84Google Scholar n. 2; Huart, P., Le vocabulaire de l’analyse psychologique dans l’oeuvre de Thucydide, Etudes et Commentaires 69 (Paris 1968)148Google Scholar n. 3; Fritz, K. von, Die griechische Geschichtsschreibung (Berlin 1967) Bd 1 Text 793, 822Google Scholar, both alluding to a quotation from FMC given at Bd 1 Anmerkungen 247 n. 4; Bengtson, , Griechische Geschichte (Munich 1969)Google Scholar chap. 8 (text, notes and bibliography). The same is true of the English translation (which includes some updating) by Bloedow, E.F. (Ottawa 1988)Google Scholar. Drexler, H., Thukydides-Studien, Altertumswissenschaftliche Texte und Studien 5 (Hildesheim 1976) 191, includes a lone reference to Cornford, mediated via von Fritz.Google Scholar

76 Hunter (n. 34), 3-9, esp. 5-6. The quotation in my next sentence comes from Stahl (n. 33) 13.

77 Connor, W.R., ‘A post-modernist Thucydides?’, CJ 2 (1976) 289-98, esp. 290-4.Google Scholar

78 Whitehead, D., The Ideology of the Athenian Metic (CPS Suppl. 4) (Cambridge 1977).Google Scholar

79 Parry, A.M., Logos and Ergon in Thucydides (New York 1981) 218Google Scholar n. 54. Note also Kagan’s, D. introduction to Parry’s book, esp. 3. Connor’s, W.R. deeply reflective Thucydides (Princeton 1984)Google Scholar also gently edges Cornford aside (109, and esp. 110; similarly on another matter in Cornford: 210 n. 2).

80 ‘The Unconscious Element in Literature and Philosophy’ (n. 50), repr. in The Unwritten Philosophy, 1, 3. The allusion to the financial aspect of the Boer War may hint at the British concern to gain control of diamond mining in South Africa. Hobson’s, J.A.influential Imperialism. A Study (London 1902Google Scholar, 2nd edn 1905) may have helped Cornford crystallise his views. They shared a political outlook, and Hobson names Gilbert Murray as a friend who read the proofs of his first edition.

81 See Bruneau (n. 11) 204. On the War as a divisive issue among Fabians see Cole, M., The Story of Fabian Socialism (Stanford 1961) 95–102Google Scholar; Britain, I., Fabianism and Culture (Cambridge 1982) 15, 166, 200, 272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

82 Guthrie, ‘Memoir’ (n. 14) viii, xx.

83 Chambers, in Ritualists Reconsidered, 63.

84 In public and in private Murray expressed his admiration for Cornford (among others) for the balance he struck between scholarship and attractive writing – a peculiarly English balance, now out of vogue. See Parker, R., ‘Gilbert Murray and Greek Religion’, in Murray Reassessed, 81-102, at 101-2.Google Scholar

85 Cf. Williams, B., Truth and Truthfulness (Princeton 2002) 151-5, esp. 153.Google Scholar

86 Beard, , Invention, 111.Google Scholar

87 Apart from the original publication in 1907, and the reprint by the same publisher (Arnold London) in 1965, to my knowledge the book has been reprinted in the following years by a variety of publishers: 1969 (Greenwood Press), 1971 (University of Pennsylvania Press), 2001 (Elibron Classics and Adamant Media, apparently in the same year), 2004 (Kessinger Classics). Online: via Perseus. Bristol Classical Press advertised their reprint of the book with an introduction by S. Hornblower in 2003, but this did not appear.