Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:51:05.038Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Language Policy, Planning, and Politics in the United States Concerned with Language Minority Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2008

Extract

The development of a literature on language policy, plannaing, and politics in the U.S. is taking place quickly. Possibly the most difficult job for a researcher is placing the legal and official statements about language within a social, bureaucratic, and jurisdictional context that allows reasonable interpretation. There is as yet no comprehensive framework, compendium of law and other policies, or general research work on the topic. There is much more available and accessible data and research today, however, that could provide the basis for such work in the near future In the next three years, the federal government will consider reauthorizing the Bilingual Education Act, the Language Minority Provision of the Voting Rights Act, and the Court Interpreters Act. These legislative debates, and others, will surely fan the fires of language policy considerations, continue the polemics over the cultural bases of the country, including the role of language minorities, and stimulate greater language policy and planning research and interest in the U.S.

Type
Language Policy and the Linguistic Situation
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

UNANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bilingual Education Act, Pub. L. No. 90–247, 81 Stat. 783, 816 (01 2, 1968), as amended by pub. L. No. 93–380, 88 Stat. 484, 503 (08 21, 1974), and pub. L. No. 95–561, 92 Stat. 2268 (11 1, 1978).Google Scholar
Court Interpreters Act, Pub. L. No. 95–539, 92 Stat. 2040 (10 28, 1978). Codified at 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1827, 1828, and Sec. 602.Google Scholar
Voting Rights Act, of 1965– –Extension, Pub. L. No. 94–73, 89 Stat. 400 (08 6, 1975). Codified at 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1973 b, 1973aa–la to 1973aa–4.Google Scholar
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Guidelines on discrimination because of national origin. Federal register. 45:250 (12 29, 1980), pp. 8563185637.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Education. Nodiscrimination under programs receiving federal financial assistance through the educaation department. Federal register. 45:152 (08 5, 1980), pp. 5205152076Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health, Education and welfare. Federal register. 35:139 (07 1970), pp. 1159511596.Google Scholar
Power, Cardona v., 384 U.S. 672 (1966). Re: Spanish language literacy and voting in New York.Google Scholar
California, Castro v., 2 Cal. 3d 223 (1970), 466 p. 2d 244. Re: Spanish language literacy and voting in California.Google Scholar
Sindell, Frontera v., 522 F. 2d 1215 (6th Cir. 1975). Re: Civil Service examination administered in English to Spanish speaking carpenter in Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Gloor, Garcôa v., 618 F. 2d 264, (5th Cir.1980). Substitutes for earlirer withdrawn opinion at 609 F. 2d 156, rehearing denied 625 F. 2d 1016 (1980), cert. denied 101 s. Ct. 923 (1981). Re: English-only rules in the workplace in Texas.Google Scholar
Morgan, Katzenbach V., 384 U.S. 641 (1966). Re: Spanish language literacy schooling and voting in New York.Google Scholar
Nichols, Lau v., 483 F. 2d 791 (9th Cir. 1973), rev'd and remanded, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).Google Scholar
Innis, Rhode Island v., 100 s. Ct. 1682 (1980). Re: Definition of “interrogation” under the “Miranda Rights.”Google Scholar
Texas, U.S. v., 506 F. Supp. 405, (E.D. Texas 1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alden, J. 1973. English as a foreign language: U.S. Government programs In Jankowsky, K. (ed.) Georgetown University round table: Language and international studies. Washington, DC: Georgetown Universaity Press. 157164.Google Scholar
Alexander, L. 1975. Foreign language skills in manufacturing firms: Kansas, 1974. ADFL bulletin. 7.2.3337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, H. 1978. The teaching of English as a second language and U.S. foreign policy. In Blatchford, C. and Schachter, J. (eds.) On TESOL '78: EFL policies, programs, practices. Washington, DC: TESOL. 5571.Google Scholar
Angle, J. 1976. Mainland control of manufacturing and reward for bilingualism in Puerto Rico. American Sociological review. 41.2.289307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, R. 1976. Languages for the World of work. ADFL Bulletin. 7.4.1424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, D., Morgenroth, R., and Morgenroth, W.. 1975. A survey of foreign language use in business and of trends in foreigh language education in Illinois. ADFL bulletin. 7.2.2733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartel, K. 1976. German and the Germans at the time of the American Revolution. Modern language journal. 60.3.96100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergenfield, G. 1978. Comment– –trying non–English conversant defendants– –the use of an interpreter. Oregon Law review. 57.549565.Google Scholar
Black, B. 1981. Model plain language law. Stanford law review. 33.2.255300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaine, C. 1974. Comment– –breaking the language barrier– – new rights for California's linguistic minorities. Pacific law journal. 5.648674.Google Scholar
Bloom, A. 1980. Social work and the English language. Social casework. 61. 332338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brière, E. 1978. Limited-English-speakers and the Miranda rights. TESOL quarterly. 12.235245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruckner, D. (ed.) 1980. politics and language: Spanish and English in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Center for Policy Study.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. and Grisafe, J.. 1975. Compliance with the Washington State patient information regulation. Journal of the American pharmaceutical association. 15.9.494495, 528.Google Scholar
Capotorti, F. 1979. Study on the rights of persons belonging to ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorties. New York: United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention and Protection of Minorities.Google Scholar
Chacón, R. 1977. The Chicano immigrant press in Los Angeles: The case of El Heraldo de México 1916–1920. Journalism history. 4.2.4850, 6264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, M. and Lee., D. 1981. Chinatown Chinese: A linguistic and historical re-evaluation. Amerasia journal. 8.1.111131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chavira, R. 1977. A case study: Reporting of Mexican emigration and deportation. Journalism history. 4.2.5961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobarrubias, J. and Fishman, J. (eds.) In Press. Progress in language planning. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, J. 1973. The need for functional foreign language skills in the armed forces: A historical perspective. In Jankowsky, K. (ed.) Georgetown University round table: Language and international studies. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 131138.Google Scholar
Cox, R. 1976. Spain and the founding fathers. Modern language journal. 60.3.101109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danet, B. 1980. Language in the legal process. Law and society review. 14.3.445564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, D. 1981. García v. Gloor: Mutable characteristics rationale extended to national origin discrimination. Mercer law review. 32.12751282.Google Scholar
Dubois, D. 1980. The children's English and services study: A methodological review. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.Google Scholar
DuBow, S. and Geer., S. 1981. Eliminating communications barriers for hearing impaired clients. Clearinghouse review. 15.3644.Google Scholar
Estrada-Veloz, J. 1979. Use of bilingual materials in the social service system. Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences. 1.4.393401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evangelista, M. 1977. Trouble on the line. Nuestro. 5354.Google Scholar
Evangelisha, M. and Gutiérrez, F.. 1974. Chicanos urge bilingual operators. Race relations reporter. 5.19.37.Google Scholar
Fedynskj, J. 1971. State session laws in non-English languafges– –a chapter of American legal history. Indiana law journal. 46.463478.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. 1978a. National attitudes toward language planning. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 5160.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. 1978b. Language and global interdependence. In Gerlik, E., Alatis, J., and Brod, R. (eds.) Languafe in American life. Washington, DC: Georgetwn University Press. 2331.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. and Heath, S. B. (eds.). 1981. Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fernández–Caballero, C., Otterbein, S., and Romano, T.. 1978. The Spanish speaking patient and the emergency medical services system. Emergency Medical services. 7.4.5759, 91.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. 1980a. Language maintenance. In Thernstrom, S. (ed.) Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 629638Google Scholar
Fishman, J. 1980b. The need for language planning in the United States. ADFL bulletin. 12.2.12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishman, J. 1981. Language policy: Past, present and future. In Ferguson, C. and Heath, S. (eds.) Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 516526.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. et al. , 1978. Language loyalty in the United States: The maintenance and perpetuation of non-English mother tongues by American ethnic and religious groups. 2nd ed.New York: Arno Press.Google Scholar
Fox, M. 1979. U.S. international English language policy. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 822.Google Scholar
Frith, J. 1975. Cooperation among governmental agencies in the language field. ADFL bulletin. 6.4.1517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García, F. 1974. Language barriers to voting: Literacy tests and the bilingual ballot. Columbia human rights law review. 6.86106.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. 1980. The law: From shield to sword for deaf people. Human rights, 9.1.2225, 5152, 55.Google Scholar
Gonzáles, J. 1977a. Fire! fire! fire! Nuestro. (07) 5354.Google Scholar
Gonzáles, J. 1977b. Disservice to patients. Nuestro. (11) 12.Google Scholar
Gonzáles, J. 1977c. Fire. Nuestro. 11 4044.Google Scholar
Grant, S. 1978. Language policy in the United States. ADFL bulletin. 9.4.112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, T. et al. , 1981. The current status of bilingual education legislation. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. [Billingual education series no. 9.]Google Scholar
Gray, T., and Tucker, G. R.. 1979. Language policy and the delivery of social services in Canada and the United States. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 6175.Google Scholar
Griswold, Del Castillo R. 1977. The Mexican revolution and the Spanish language press in the borderlands. Journalism history. 4.2.4247Google Scholar
Griswold, Del Castillo R. 1980. Literacy in San Antonio, Texas, 1850–1860. Latin American research review. 15.3.180185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guevara, G. et al. , 1978. Mendoza report: Access of non-or limited-English-speaking persons of Hispanic origin to the New York City Department of Social Services. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, office of Civil Rights.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez, F. 1977. Spanish language media in America: Background, resources, history, Journalism history, 4.2.3441, 6568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez, G. 1978.The 1975 voting rights act: Lessons learned and tomorrow's imperatives. Agenda: Journal of Hispanic issues. 8.1831.Google Scholar
Hamil, R. 1981. One World, one language. The futurist. 15.3.1618.Google Scholar
Haugen, R. 1973. Bilingualism, language contact and immigrant languages in the United States: A research report 1956–1970. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.) Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 10. Linguistics in North America. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Heath, S. 1976. Colonial language status achievement: Mexico, Peru, and the United States. In Verdoodt, A. and Kjolseth, P. (eds.) Language in sociology. Louvain: Editions Peeters,4992.Google Scholar
Heath, S. 1977a. A national language academy? Debate in the new nation. International journal of the sociology of language. 11.1043.Google Scholar
Heath, S. 1977b. Our language heritage: A historical perspective. In Phillips, J. (ed.) The language connection: From the classroom to the world. Skoki, IL: Notional Textbook Company. 2151. [ACTFL foreign language education series, Vol. 9. ].Google Scholar
Heath, S. 1979. The context of professional languages: An historical overview. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 102118.Google Scholar
Heath, S. 1980. Social history and sociolinguistics. The American sociologist. 13.8492.Google Scholar
Heath, S. In press. Language status achievement and the law in the United States. In Cobarrubias, J. and Fishman, J. (eds.) Progress in language planning. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A. 1976. Chicanas and the issue of involuntary sterilization: Reforms needed to protect informed consent. Chicano law review. 3.337.Google ScholarPubMed
Hudson-Edwards, A., Astiz, C., and Lopez, D.. 1979a. Bilingual election services: A handbook of ideas for local election officials. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission. Vol. 1.Google Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, A., Astiz, C., and Lopez, D.. 1979b. Bilingual election services: A glossary of Common Spanish election terminology. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission. Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, A., Astiz, C., and Lopez, D.. 1979c. Bilingual election services: A state of the art report. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission. Vol. 3.Google Scholar
Hunter, D. 1976. The 1975 voting rights act and language minorities. Catholic University law review. 25.2.250270.Google Scholar
Inman, M. 1980. Foreign languages and the U.S. multinational corporation. Modern language journal. 64.1.6474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, L. 1981. Brave new words: Alternative futures for the English language. The futurist. 15.3.715.Google Scholar
Judicial Council of California. 1976a. A report of the Judicial Council [of Californial] on the language need of non-English speaking persons in relation to the State's justice system. Sacramento, CA: Arthur Young & Company. Vol. 1. [Phase 1 report: Analysis of language needs and problems.].Google Scholar
Judicial Council of California. 1976b. A report of the Juducial Council [of California] on the language needs of non-English speaking persons in relation to the State's Justice system. Sacramento, CA: Arthur Young & Company. Vol. 2. [Phase 2 report: provision of court interpreting services: An overview, and interim report of the Advisory Committee.]Google Scholar
Judicial Council of California. 1977. A report to the Judicial Council [of Californial] on language needs of non-English speaking persons in relation to the State's justice system. Sacramento, CA: Arthur Young & Company. Vol. 3. [phase 3 report: Results of court interpreter demonstration project, and final study recommendations.]Google Scholar
Kahane, H. and Kahane, R.. 1977. Virtues and vices in the American language: A history of attitudes. TESOL quarterly. 11.2.185202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, G. In Press. What can language planners learn from the Hispanic experience with corpus planning in the United States? In Cobarrubias, J. and Fishman, J. (eds.) Progress in language planning. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Kloss, H. 1977. The American bilingual tradition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.Google Scholar
Language policy Task Force [of the CUNY Center for Puerto Rican Studies]. 1978. Language policy and the puerto Rican Community. The bilingual review. 5.1/2139. [Also CEPR working paper no. 1.]Google Scholar
Leete, B. A. 1981. plain language legislation: A comparison of approaches. American business law journal. 18.511524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leibowitz, A. 1969. English literacy: Legal sanction for discrimination. Notre Dame lawyer. 45.769.Google Scholar
Leibowitz, A. 1976. Language and the law: The exercise of power through official designation of language. In O'Barr, W. and O'Barr, J. (eds.) Language and politics. The Hague: Mouton. 449466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leibowitz, A. 1978. Language policy in the United States.In LaFontaine, H. et al. , (eds.) Biligual education, Wayne, NJ: Avery publishing Group.Google Scholar
Leibowitz, A. 1980. The Bilingual Education Act: A legislative analysis. Rosslyn, VA: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.Google Scholar
Lovas, J. 1975. Language planning in a multilingual community in the U.S. In Burt, M. and Dulay, H. (eds.) On TESOL '75: New directions in second language learning, teaching, and bilingual education. Washington, DC: TESOL. 113122.Google Scholar
Love, R. 1980. Breaking the sound barrier. Human rights, 9.1.2629, 52, 5556.Google Scholar
Macías, R. 1979. Language choice and human rights in the United States. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 86101.Google Scholar
Marcos, L. 1980. The psychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy of the Hispanic bilingual patient. Research bulletin of the Hispanic research center. Bronx, NY: Fordham University. 3.2.17.Google Scholar
Marks, C. 1969. A study of cultural policy in the United States. Paris:UNESCO.Google Scholar
McArthur, E. 1981. How wide is the language gap? American demographics. 3.5.2833.Google Scholar
Medeiros, F. 1980. La Opinion, A Mexican exile newspaper: A content analysis of its first years, 1926–1929. Aztlan: International journal of Chicano studies research. 11.1.6587.Google Scholar
Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund. 1977. A voting rights act handbook for Chicanos. San Francisco, CA:Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund.Google Scholar
Montoya, J. 1977. Learning from tragedy. Nuestro. (05), 7.Google Scholar
Morley, F. and Hawk, C.. 1981. Abiline and the Spanish‐speaking community. Public management. 63.2728.Google Scholar
Mueller, C. 1973. The politics of communication: A study in the political sociology of language, socialization, and legitimation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muñoz-Colberg, M. 1978. Testing applicants in Puerto Rico: In English or en español. Civil service journal. 19.2.27.Google Scholar
National Center for Educational Statistics. 1978a. The educational disadvantage of language minority persons in the United States, Spring 1976. Bulletin. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 78–121.]Google Scholar
National Center for Educational Statistics. 1978b. Geographic distribution, nativity, and age distribution of language minoritries in the United States, Spring 1976. Bulletin. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 78–134.]Google Scholar
National Center for Educational Statistics. 1978c. Place of birth and language characteristics of persons of Hispanic origin in the United States, Spring 1976. Bulletin. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 78–135.]Google Scholar
National Center for Educational Statistics. 1979. Birthplace and language characteristics of persons of Chinese, Japanese, korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese origin in the United States, Spring 1976. Bulletin. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 79–144.]Google Scholar
O'Malley, J. M. 1981. Children's English and services study: Language minority children with limited English proficiency in the United States. Rosslyn, VA: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.Google Scholar
Oxford, R. et al. , 1980 Changes in number of non-English language background and limited-English proficient persons in the United States to the year 2000: The projections and how they were made. Final report. Washington, DCNational Center for Education Statistics.Google Scholar
Oxford, R. et al. , 1981. Contractor report: Projections of non-English language background and limited English proficient persons in the United States to the year 2000. Executive summary. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 81–110.]Google Scholar
Pace, A. 1976. Italian in colonial America. Modern language journal. 60.3109115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, P. 1980. Se habla español? Los Angeles lawyer. 3.34.Google Scholar
Pousada, A. 1979. Interpreting for language minorities in the courts. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (ed.) Georgerown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 186208.Google Scholar
Practicing Law Institute. 1979. Commercial law and practice course. Handbook series, no. 203: Drafting documents in plain language. New York: Practicing law Institute.Google Scholar
President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies. 1979. Strenght through wisdom: A critique of U.S. capability. Washington, DC:: U.S. Government Printing office.Google Scholar
Rainof, A. 1980. How best to use an interpreter in court. California state bar journal. 55.196200.Google Scholar
Reina-Schement, J. 1981. U.S. communication policy: Catching up with Spanishlanguage broadcasting. Agenda: A jorunal of Hispanic issues. 11.3.4144.Google Scholar
Reina-Schement, J. and Flores, R.. 1977. The origins of Spanish language radio: The case of San Antonio, Texas. Journalism history. 4.2.5661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reina-Schement, J. and Singleton, J.. 1981. The onus of minorty ownership: FCC policy and Spanish language radio. Journal of communication. 31.2.Google Scholar
Rubin, J. 1978/1979. The approach of language planning within the United States. Language planning newsletter. 4.4.1, 36; 5. 1.1, 3–6.Google Scholar
Ruchti, J.. 1980. The united States government requirements for foreign languages. ADFL bulletin. 11.3.611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sappiens, A. 1979. Spanish in California. Journal of communication. 29.2.7283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarlett, M. 1976. Su única enfermedad era una barrera del idioma. Registered nurse. 36.6972.Google Scholar
Shuy, R. 1977. The patient's right to clear communications in health and mental health delivery service. ITL: Review of applied linguistics. 35.126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuy, R. 1979. Language policy in medicine: Some emerging issues. In Alatis, J. and Tucker, G. R. (eds.) Georgetown University round table: Language in public life. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 126136.Google Scholar
Simon, P. 1980. The tongue-tied American: Confronting the foreign language crisis. New York: Continuum Book.Google Scholar
Spicer, E. 1980. Federal policy toward American Indians. In Thernstrom, S.. (ed.) Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Belknap press of the Harvard University Press. 114122.Google Scholar
Spurlin, P. 1970. The founding fathers and the French language. Modern language journal. 60.3.8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
St., Clair R. 1978. The politics of language. Word. 29.1.4462.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. 1980. Speech language services for youthful and adult offenders. Federal probation. 44.3741.Google Scholar
Thernstrom, A. 1980. Language: Issues and legislation. In Thernstrom, S.. (ed.) Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. 619629.Google Scholar
Thernstrom, S. 1980, Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thogmatin, C. and Mann, J.. 1979. Business needs for foreign languages: A survey of 219 employers. ADFL bulletin. 10.4.3234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trifonovich, G. 1971. Language policy, language engineering, and literacy: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In Sebeok, T. A.. (ed.) Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 8. The Hanue: Mouton. 10631087.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1973. Census of the population, 1970. Subject reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [final report PC(2)-1A-national origin and language.]Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976a. Current population reports. Special Studies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [Series P-23. No. 60, Language usage in the United States, 07 1975. Advance report, 07 1976.]Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1976b. Current population reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [Series P-25, No. 627, Language minority, illiteracy, and voting data used in making determinations for the Voting Right Act Amendments of 1975. PL 94–73.]Google Scholar
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 1970. Mexican Americans and the administration of justice in the southwest. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 1981. The voting reghts act: Unfulfilled goals. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [cf., Chapter 7: Minority language provisions.]Google Scholar
U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Education and Labor. 1977. Hearings before the subcommittee on elementary, secondary, and vocational education on HR 15: Part 3. Bilingual education. [95th Congress, 1st Session.] USGPO.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1978. Proposed research plan for bilingual education. Washington, DC: Education Division, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. [cf., Part C, cf., reprint with status updates, Forum, 1979; Forum, 1980, National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, Rosslyn, VA.]Google Scholar
Van, Naerssen M. 1978. ESL in medicine: A Matter of life and death. TESOL quarterly. 12.2.193203.Google Scholar
Veltan, C. 1980a. Contractor report: Relative educational attainments of minority language children, 1976: A comparison to Black and White, English language children. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 81–100.]Google Scholar
Veltan, C. 1980b. Contractor report: The role of language characteristics in the socioeconomic process of Hispanic origin men and women. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. [NCES 81–103.]Google Scholar
Veltan, C. 1980c. New opportunities for the study of language shift. Language problems and language planning. 3.6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veltan, C. 1981. Contractor report: The assimilation of language minorities: Structure, pace and extent. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.Google Scholar
Waggoner, D. 1978. Non-English language background persons: There U.S. surveys. TESOL quarterly. 12.3.247262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waggoner, D. 1979. Teacher resources in bilingual education. NABE journal. 5360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waggoner, D. 1981. Statistics on language use. In Ferguson, C. and Heath, S. B. (eds.) Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 486515. [Revised shorter version of language and demographic characteristics of the U.S. population with potential need for bilingual education and other special education programs. ERIC No. ED 146 805.]Google Scholar
Wang, W. S-Y. 1980. Assessing language incompetence. The linguistic reporter. 22.8.2.Google Scholar
Wellemeyer, J. n.d. Foreign language needs of municipal employees in ten metripolitan areas. Reports of surveys and studies in the teaching of modern foreign languages by the Modern Language Association of America, 1959–1961. New York: Modern Language Association of America. 245252.Google Scholar
Wood, R. 1979. Language choice in transnational radio broadcasting. Journal of communication. 29.2.112123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar