Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization. IV

Duncan Mackenzie

doi:10.1017/S0068245400003257

Cretan Palaces and the Aegean Civilization. IV

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 October 2013

Duncan Mackenzie

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Since the earlier parts of this study were written, various interesting discoveries have been made, not only in Crete, but on the mainland of Greece, such as tend partly to clear up, partly to complicate the problem of Aegean Civilization.

Of the discoveries in Crete the most fruitful in new results are those of Mr. Richard B. Seager relating to the Early Minoan Period, firstly at Vasilikí on the mainland of the Gulf of Mirabello, and later on the islands of Psira and Mochlos off the same coast.

Type: Research Article
Information: Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 14 , November 1908 , pp. 343 - 422

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068245400003257 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1908

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^{page 344 note 1} Αἱ προϊστορικαὶ ἀκροπόλεις Διμηνίου καὶ Σέσκλου

^{page 344 note 2} ᾿Εφ. ᾿Αρχ 1908, 65 ff.

^{page 344 note 3} Ath. Mitt, xxxii. 289, and B.S.A. xiv. pp. 197 ff.

^{page 345 note 1} Ovalhaus und Palast in Creta, 1–35.

^{page 346 note 1} This paper has since been published in Italian, in Ausonia, iii. Fasc. i. 18–48.Google Scholar For Serucci, see pp. 38–45. For a fuller account of the site see now: Relazione salla Scoperta di una Stazione Preistorica nel Comune di Gonnesa, i. Sanfilippo, Iglesias, 1908.

^{page 347 note 1} Orsi, , Pantelleria, Mon. Ant. Linc. ix. 452 f.Google Scholar and note I. See also, The Tombs of the Giants and the Nuraghi of Sardinia in their West European Relations, Memnon, ii. Fasc. 3.

^{page 348 note 1} Zur Geschichte des Kurvenbaues, Ath. Mitt. 1905, 335.

^{page 354 note 1} Wanderungen, pt. 1, Ab Siedelunsg und Agrarwesen, iii. 503–5.

^{page 354 note 2} Homerische Paläste, 35–6.

^{page 358 note 1} Mem. r. Ist. Lomb. vol. xxi. Fasc. v.

^{page 358 note 2} Πἀναθήναια 103 (Jan. 15, 1905).

^{page 359 note 1} After Hall, The Oldest Civilization of Greece, Fig. 6.

^{page 359 note 2} Excavations at Phylakopi, 252.

^{page 360 note 1} Ibid. 239–41.

^{page 361 note 1} After B.S.A. xi. 263, Fig. 2.

^{page 361 note 2} R. M. Dawkins, ibid. 268.

^{page 363 note 1} Mon. Ant. xii. 22. See also Excavations at Phylakopi, 241, note 3, where I suggest a sub or post-Neolithic date for this house. The reasons I then had for so late a dating appear from the relative text and more fully from what I have said above.

^{page 365 note 1} After B.S.A. xi. Fig. 4, item 2.

^{page 366 note 1} B.S.A. viii. 97, Fig. 55.

^{page 366 note 2} Ibid. ix. 37, Fig. 18; 39, Fig. 19; 48, Fig. 25.

^{page 367 note 1} See B.S.A. xi. 2–16, Fig. 3.

^{page 369 note 1} Excavations at Phylakopi, Fig. 26. The building (palace?) belongs to the time of the Cretan hegemony in the Aegean. Ibid. 269.

^{page 369 note 2} After Excavations at Phylakopi, Fig. 31. Reproduced by kind permission of the Council of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.

^{page 369 note 3} Compare, however, with the Melian house the very similar two-doored façade of a Middle Minoan house shown in the porcelain plaque from Knossos, , B.S.A. viii. 17Google Scholar, Fig. 9, b.

^{page 372 note 1} With results that are pitiable, time-honoured tradition that has preserved an analogous eccentric arrangement of doorways in Cretan household architecture to the present day, is only now beginning to give way under the exotic architectural influence of Parisian Athens. Symmetrical façades of portentous loftiness now glare at one in their flaunting paint along the narrow lanes, and the old interior courts with their lovely show of flowers will soon become a thing of the past.

^{page 372 note 2} Gourniá, Pl. XII. 19–27.

^{page 372 note 3} See ibid. Fig. 49, and Atkinson on p. 44.

^{page 373 note 1} Homerische Paläste, 19, Fig. 9, systems marked black to left.

^{page 373 note 2} ibid, to right.

^{page 373 note 3} The thoroughway in the case of the megaron in the east wing at Arne is exceptional but not quite anomalous, as it occasionally exists elsewhere.

^{page 374 note 1} Αἱ Προϊστορικαὶ ᾿Ακροπόλεις Διμηνίου καὶ Σέσκλου

^{page 374 note 2} Op. cit. 90, Fig. 18. For courteous permission to reproduce Figs. 9–13 I have warmly to thank Professor Tsountas.

^{page 374 note 3} The b'en room at Sesklo is identified with the sleeping room or θάλαμος also by Tsountas. See ibid. 91.

^{page 374 note 4} Op. cit. Pl. II. (2–4). This house is called Megaron A by Tsountas.

^{page 375 note 1} Op. cit. Pl. II. 5 (Δ 3–4).

^{page 376 note 1} Op.cit. Pl. II. (38) 85.

^{page 376 note 2} Op. cit. Pl. III. (8–9).

^{page 377 note 1} Tsountas, op. cit. 54.

^{page 378 note 1} Ibid. 89.

^{page 378 note 2} Ibid. 60 and Fig. II.

^{page 378 note 3} Fig. 9, room 2, and Tsountas, op. cit. 90.

^{page 378 note 4} Excavations, Fig. 49; B.S.A. xi. 221, Fig. 4.

^{page 379 note 1} The recent influence of Italian house-forms in the case of Sardinia, and of French ones in that of Corsica has worked much confusion. And the result is lamentable when the time-honoured rules about the sheltering and isolation of the central hearth thus come to be ignored. For a stranger, existence in such an environment of acrid smoke blown about by draughts is simply impossible.

^{page 380 note 1} Modernizing influences are bringing in the cooking-oven and the wall fire-place with chimney.

^{page 381 note 1} Collusion with foreign house types in which the central hearth did not play a part was a fertile source of anomalies in later times. This was apparently what happened with the Frankish house of the Middle Ages.

^{page 383 note 1} Op. cit. Fig. 11.

^{page 384 note 1} Op. cit. 52.

^{page 384 note 2} Ibid. 52.

^{page 385 note 1} Megaron A, Megaron B, here refer to Tsountas's designations.

^{page 387 note 1} See Classical Review, xxii. 236.

^{page 389 note 1} There is thus no longer any need for the suggestion made in B.S.A. xii. 254–5.

^{page 389 note 2} Noack is evidently somewhat perturbed by the presence of the porches with side-door at Arne and strives to ease his conscience by explaining them away as a case of concession to special circumstances. He then warns us as to what we are not to think about them: ‘sie dürfen daher nicht etwa als Vertreter eines besonderen Haustypus mit antenloser, allseitig umbauter Vorhalle … angesehen werden.’ Hom. Paläste, 20.

^{page 390 note 1} Excavations, Fig. 32. Reproduced by kind permission of the Council of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.

^{page 391 note 1} B.S.A. xi. p. 221, Cretan Palaces I. Fig. 4.

^{page 392 note 1} See Homerische Paläste, 19, Fig. 9.

^{page 394 note 1} See Tsountas, op. cit. 398.

^{page 395 note 1} ‘Cretan Palaces,’ II., B.S.A. xii. 250–1.

^{page 396 note 1} Note, for example, the way in which a side system opens off room 15 of the Early Minoan house 15–16 at Vasilikí. Gourniá, Plan on Pl. XII.

^{page 396 note 2} As a neat illustration of this for Middle Minoan times, see the porcelain plaques with house façades from Knossos shown in B.S.A. viii. 15, Fig. 8.

^{page 398 note 1} The back door of the East Megaron at Arne, as we have seen, preserves more than a mere reminiscence of an earlier state of matters in which the b'ut and b'en system played a more prominent part.

^{page 399 note 1} Hom. Paläste, 35·6.

^{page 399 note 2} Meitzen, , op. cit. iii. 464 f.Google Scholar, 475 f., 502 f.

^{page 399 note 3} With this supposed connection of the architectural phenomena Noack seeks to bring into touch the speculations of Hubert Schmidt and others to the effect: ‘dass die neueste Forschung immer häufiger die Uebereinstimmung zwischen alttroischer und jüngerer neolithischer Keramik der Balkan- und Donauländer beobachtet, und im Sinne einer Kulturströmung in nord-südlicher Richtung zu deuten geneigt ist.’ On all this see now especially Class. Rev. xxii. 233–8.

^{page 401 note 1} After Meitzen, op. cit. iii. Fig. XVI. a.

^{page 401 note 2} Meitzen, ibid. 486, is emphatic on this point: ‘the living room got its light only from above.’

^{page 401 note 3} Meitzen, ibid. Fig. XVII. a.

^{page 401 note 4} Ibid. Fig. XVIII.

^{page 401 note 5} Ibid. 487.

^{page 401 note 6} After Meitzen, op. cit. Fig. XX.

^{page 403 note 1} After Meitzen, op. cit. Fig. XXI. a.

^{page 404 note 1} Ibid. 475.

^{page 404 note 2} Hom. Palaste, 35–6.

^{page 404 note 3} Tsountas, op. cit. 398.

^{page 405 note 1} Borlase, The Dolmens of Ireland, n. 670, 693.

^{page 405 note 2} Ibid. 372, 386.

^{page 405 note 3} Montelius, Orient und Europa, 161, Fig. 214.

^{page 405 note 4} Meitzen, op. cit. Atlas, Pl. 28 a, items 15, 16, 17.

^{page 405 note 5} Ibid. item 10; Montelius, op. cit. 99, Fig. 135, 100, Fig. 136.

^{page 406 note 1} Borlase, , op. cit. iii. 726–50.Google Scholar

^{page 406 note 2} It is hardly possible to agree with Pinza when he would call the Syrian dolmens the work of Hebrews. See Atti Congresso storico, Roma, vol. v. 471.

^{page 406 note 3} Borlase, op. cit. 750–5.

^{page 406 note 4} Op. cit. 368, 404.

^{page 407 note 1} Now published by DrPernier, Luigi in Ausonia, iii. 1908, 255–302.Google Scholar For the house-sign referred to see 288, item 26, and Tav. XII., XIII.

^{page 407 note 2} Scripta Minoa, 26; also notes 2 and 3.

^{page 407 note 3} The stamped sign has the door at the left end of the facade. On the stamp itself the door was at the right end.

^{page 408 note 1} Bulle, Orchomenos, I.: Die älteren Ansiedelungsschichten (Abh. K. Bayer. Ak. Wiss. I. Kl. xxiv. Bd. II. Abt.), 43.

^{page 411 note 1} See B.S.A. xi. Pl. X.

^{page 411 note 2} Gourniá, Pl. XII. and Text 49.

^{page 413 note 1} For description see ibid. 284–5.

^{page 413 note 2} The house shown ibid. Fig. 9 has its door in a similar position to the right.

^{page 413 note 3} Maspero, , Histoire Ancienne, i. 260.Google Scholar

^{page 413 note 4} See Tell el-Amarna, Pl. XXXVIII. 2, 4, 5, 6; XXXIX. 7; XL. 13.

^{page 414 note 1} Reproduced by kind permission of Dr. Xanthoudides.

^{page 415 note 1} Ovalhaus und Palast, 51–70.

^{page 415 note 2} Ibid. 59.

^{page 418 note 1} B.S.A. ix. Pb. VIII.–XI.

^{page 422 note 1} The Nuraghi of Losa, Lugheras, Voes are typical examples.

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