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Ceramic regionalism in Prepalatial Central Crete: the Mesara imports at EM I to EM II A Knossos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

D. E. Wilson  and
P. M. Day
D. E. Wilson
Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario
P. M. Day
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
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Abstract

This article presents results obtained through detailed stylistic analysis of a body of EM I–EM II A pottery at Knossos in association with a programme of petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy. From the Knossian ceramic assemblage, four specific ware groups were chosen for this study on the basis of shape, decoration, and fabric: fine painted, fine grey, painted semi-fine to coarse, and slipped and burnished. It is argued here, on stylistic grounds and on the basis of petrographic analysis, that these groups were imported to Knossos from south central Crete. In addition, scanning electron microscopy characterizes the technology of production of the Mesara imports, and demonstrates the use of oxidation–reduction–oxidation techniques to produce black in this early period. The Mesara imports at EM II A Knossos mark the first sizeable exchange of pottery at this site in Minoan times. They suggest that in central Crete by EM II A there may have been an inter-regional distribution of a broad range of pottery types from various specialized production centres.

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Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 89 , November 1994 , pp. 1 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1994

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References

1 The authors would like to thank the following for permission to study and sample material included for discussion in this paper: the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens, Keith Branigan, Gerald Cadogan, Sinclair Hood, and Peter Warren. For comparative material referred to in this article we are grateful to Joseph Shaw, Philip Betancourt, Vance Watrous, Vincenzo La Rosa, and the Italian School of Archaeology in Athens. For permission to take samples we are indebted to the Herakleion Ephoreia and the Greek Ministry of Culture; our work was greatly facilitated by Charalambos Kritsas, Antonis Foundoulakis, and Kostis Vitorakis. We are grateful to Gerald Cadogan and Todd Whitelaw for their many helpful comments and criticisms on this paper, and we thank Ian Whitbread, Yannis Maniatis, Eleni Aloupi, and John Mitchell for advice and practical help in analytical work.

Research time for DEW in 1991–2, spent on this project, was made possible by a sabbatical leave from the University of Western Ontario and funded by a Standard Research Grant (no. 410–91–0103) from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. PMD carried out his analysis and study while holding a postdoctoral research fellowship from the Science and Engineering Research Council of Great Britain at the Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, and the Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of Materials Science, NCSR ‘Demokritos’, Athens. He would like to acknowledge the generous support of the Applied Science in Archaeology fund, administered by the British Academy, in the form of an award for thin section preparation expenses. We would also like to thank Steffi Chlouveraki for the pottery drawings, Lena Papazoglou for Figs. 9–10, and Michalis Sakalis for thin section manufacture.

Abbreviations in addition to those in standard use:

AM = Ashmolean Museum

AN = Aghios Nikolaos Museum

Betancourt = Betancourt, P. P., The History of Minoan Pottery (Princeton, 1985)Google Scholar

Gournia = Hawes, H. A. Boyd, Hall, E. H., and Seager, R. B., Gournia, Vasiliki, and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Ierapetra, Crete (Philadelphia, 1908)Google Scholar

HM = Herakleion Museum

Hood and Taylor = Hood, M. S. F. and Taylor, W., The Bronze Age Palace at Knossos (London, 1981)Google Scholar

KSM = Knossos Stratigraphical Museum

NEO = Neolithic

SMP = Knossos Stratigraphical Museum Pot Number

Strat. Guide = Pendlebury, J. D. S., Pendlebury, H. W., Eccles, E., and Money-Coutts, M., A Guide to the Stratigraphical Museum in the Palace at Knossos, parts i–iii (London, 1933–1935)Google Scholar

VTM = Xanthoudides, S., The Vaulted Tombs of Mesara (London, 1924)Google Scholar

Warren = Warren, P. M., Myrtos: An Early Bronze Age Settlement in Crete (London, 1972)Google Scholar

Wilson 1984 = Wilson, D. E., The Early Minoan II A West Court House at Knossos (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Cincinnati, 1984, University Microfilms no. 84–20922)Google Scholar

Wilson 1985 = id., ‘The pottery and architecture of the early Minoan II A West Court House at Knossos’, BSA 80 (1985), 281–364

Zervos = Zervos, C., L'Art de la Crète néolithique et minoenne (Paris, 1956)Google Scholar

Zois = Zois, A., ‘Ἔρευνα περὶ τῆς Μινωϊϰῆς ϰεραμειϰῆς’, Ἐπετηρὶς ἐπιστημονιϰῶν ἒρευνῶν τοῦ Πανεπιστημίου Ἀθηνῶν, 1967–1968 (Athens), 703–32Google Scholar

Non-standard abbreviations in catalogue entries:

a = angular

AAS = atomic absorption spectrophotometry

ave. = average

ext. = exterior

indet. = indeterminate

int. = interior

INAA = instrumental neutron activation analysis

OES = optical emission spectroscopy

PPL = plane-polarized light

pres. = preserved

sa = subangular

SEM = scanning electron microscope

sr = sub-rounded

r = rounded

XPL = cross-polarized light

2 Zois (n. 1).

3 Warren (n. 1).

4 Wilson 1984; 1985.

5 Betancourt, P. P., Gaisser, T. K., Koss, E., Lyon, R. F., Matson, F. R., Montgomery, S., Myer, G. H., and Swann, C. P., Vasilike Ware: An Early Bronze Age Pottery Style in Crete (Göteborg, 1979).Google Scholar

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9 P. M. Day and D. E. Wilson (in preparation), Ceramic Development in Prepalatial Knossos.

10 Gournia, 50; Seager, R. B., Explorations in the Island of Mochlos (New York, 1912), 8–9.Google Scholar

11 Evans, , PM i. 60.Google Scholar

12 Pendlebury, J. D. S., The Archaeology of Crete (London, 1939), 50, 65.Google Scholar

13 Warren, 95; Betancourt, 40.

14 Blackman, D. and Branigan, K., ‘Excavations of an Early Minoan tholos tomb at Ayia Kyriaki, Ayiofarango, southern Crete’, BSA 77 (1982), 32.Google Scholar

15 Wilson 1984, 63–7, 284–8; Wilson 1985, 304–7, now superseded by this study.

16 All colour notations are from the Munsell Soil Color Charts (1990 rev. edn; Macbeth Division of Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation, Newburgh, New York).

17 See discussion below for grey ware pyxides from Zakros and Mochlos (n. 70).

18 In the case of Knossos, all examples of fine grey ware from undisturbed or largely pure EM I–II A contexts are included in this study. There are a small number of additional pieces from later mixed deposits which are not dealt with, but we believe their inclusion would not significantly alter the results presented here. A number of the fine grey and fine painted ware examples discussed in this paper will be further published within their wider ceramic and stratigraphic contexts by S. Hood and G. Cadogan in a forthcoming monograph (Early Minoan Excavations at Knossos).

19 FG 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 are probably from goblets because of their small rim diameter (0.11–0.15).

20 Wilson 1985, P 37–41.

21 Xanthoudides, S., ‘Μέγας πρωτομινωϊϰὸς τάφος Πύργου’, A. Delt. 4 (1918)Google Scholar, figs. 8–10. This is further suggested by the EM I B chalice being a possible shape prototype for the EM II A stemmed goblet.

22 Wilson 1984, 167–75, where it is argued that a later phase of EM II A at Knossos may be defined in part by the decrease in numbers of dark grey burnished ware including the pedestalled goblet.

23 Ibid. 241–4.

24 Hood, M. S. F., ‘Autochthons or settlers? Evidence for immigration at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Crete’, Πεπραγμένα τού ΣΤ' Διεθνούς Κρητολογιϰού Συνεδρίου, vol. A1 (Chania, 1990)Google Scholar, fig. 1, no. 1. A study of the ceramic characterization of EM I B at Knossos is being prepared by the authors.

25 Wilson 1984, 150–2, 159–60, 241–4; Wilson 1985, FF 1–4, 360–1.

26 For EM I A examples from the Palace Well at Knossos see Hood (n. 24), fig. 1 no. 2; id., ‘Settlers in Crete c.3000 BC’, Cretan Studies, 2 (Chania, 1990), fig. 1; for EM I B see Wilson 1984, 161; for EM II A Wilson 1985, p 51–2, 301 pl. 31.

27 Betancourt, 40.

28 For location see Hood and Taylor, 20, no. 180; Hood, M. S. F., ‘Stratigraphic excavations at Knossos, 1957–61’, Kr. Chron. 15–16, part 1 (1961–2), 92–3Google Scholar; Hood (n. 24), 151–8; Hood (n. 26); Wilson 1984, 27–8, 142–8; Cadogan, G., Day, P. M., Macdonald, C., MacGillivray, J. A., Momigliano, N., Whitelaw, T., and Wilson, D. E., ‘Early Minoan and Middle Minoan pottery groups at Knossos’, BSA 88 (1993), 21–8.Google Scholar

29 Our thanks to the following for permission to mention their material: Peter Warren for Royal Road South, EM II A building (RR/S/72); Sinclair Hood for Royal Road North 1961 tests (RR/N/61) and EM I A Palace Well (PW); Gerald Cadogan for the ‘Early Houses' outside the S façade of the palace (PEM/60).

30 Warren, P., ‘Knossos and the Greek mainland in the third millennium BC’, AAA 5 (1972), 392–8Google Scholar; Hood, M. S. F. and Smyth, D., Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (London, 1981)Google Scholar, no. 216; Wilson 1984, 37–8, 174–5.

31 Hood 1961–2 (n. 28), 93; Hood and Smyth (n. 30), no. 215; Wilson 1984, 36–7, 168–73.

32 For location see Strat. Guide, plan H. I. 2; for summary of references see Momigliano, N., ‘MM I A pottery from Evans' excavations at Knossos: a reassessment,’ BSA 86 (1991), 149–271, at p. 198 n. 173Google Scholar; Wilson 1984, 42–3, 166–7, 200–5; Cadogan et al. (n. 28); for the results of excavations conducted in this area in 1993 see N. Momigliano and D. Wilson (in preparation).

33 Alexiou, S., ‘Πρωτομινωϊϰαὶ ταφαὶ παρὰ τὸ Κάνλι–Καστέλλι Ηραϰλείοου’, Kr. Chron. 5 (1951), 275–95.Google Scholar

34 Xanthoudides (n. 21), 136–70; Wilson 1984, 236–45; 261–4.

35 Blackman, D. and Branigan, K., ‘An archaeological survey of the lower catchment of the Ayiofarango valley’, BSA 72 (1977), 56 fig. 27.Google Scholar

36 Blackman, D. and Branigan, K., ‘The excavation of an Early Minoan tholos tomb at Ayia Kyriaki, Ayiofarango, southern Crete’, BSA 77 (1982), 1–57.Google Scholar

37 Our thanks to Keith Branigan for permission to study the survey pottery now stored in the KSM and to include selected sherds here.

38 Blackman and Branigan (n. 36), 32.

39 Ibid. 29. Fine grey ware makes up only about 0.2 per cent (37 out of 16,392) of the Ayia Kyriaki tholos tomb assemblage (ibid., table 1, 37); this figure should be increased since the non-incised sherds of this ware were included in the larger grey burnished ware totals (128 out of 16,392).

40 Ibid. 23.

41 Banti, L., ‘La grande tomba a tholos di Haghia Triadha’, ASA 13–14 (1930–1931), 155–251.Google Scholar The dark burnished lid with cylindrical handle (ibid., fig. 11, C 4063) does not necessarily prove an EM I foundation dale Tor this tomb; such lids do continue in EM II A contexts, e.g. Wilson 1984, 244–5; Wilson 1985, P 428–34, 353.

42 Hood, M. S. F., Warren, P. M., and Cadogan, G., ‘Travels in Crete, 1962’, BSA 59 (1964), 89–93, fig. 15 no. 42; fig. 19.Google Scholar

43 Evans, A. J., The Sepulchral Deposit of Haghios Onouphrios near Phaistos in its Relation to Primitive Aegean Culture: Supplement to Cretan Pictographs (London, 1895) 105–36Google Scholar; Warren, P. M., Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge, 1969), 193 and n. 1.Google Scholar

44 Blackman, D. and Branigan, K., ‘An archaeological survey on the south coast of Crete’, BSA 70 (1975), 21, site SC 3.Google Scholar

45 VTM 1–50. For tomb G see Soles, J. S., The Prepalatial Cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete (Princeton, 1992; Hesp. Suppl. 24), 156–8.Google Scholar

46 As in the case of Aghia Triadha tholos A, none of the vases in the Koumasa burials appears to be earlier than EM II A. The dark burnished lids with cylindrical handles (VTM pl. 18) may be EM I but do continue into EM II A (see above n. 41).

47 Alexiou, S., ‘New light on Minoan dating: Early Minoan tombs at Lebena’, ILN 237 (6 Aug. 1960), 225–7Google Scholar; id., ‘Οἳ πρωτομινωϊϰοὶ τάφοι τῆς Λεβῆνος ϰαὶ ἡ ἐξέλιξις τῶν προαναϰτοριϰῶν ϱυθμῶν’, Kr. Chron. 15–16, part 1 (1961–2), 88–91; id., ‘Lebena tombs’, in Myers, J. W., Myers, E. E., and Cadogan, G., The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete (Berkeley, 1992), 164–7.Google Scholar

48 Warren, 270. Although the contents of the Lebena tholoi are not yet published, a selection of the material including some of the fine grey ware is on view in Herakleion Museum. Warren notes 25 incised pyxides from these tombs, most of which are presumably fine grey ware (ibid. 107 n. 2).

49 Warren, P. M., ‘Early Cycladic–Early Minoan chronological correlations’, in MacGillivray, J. A. and Barber, R. L. N., The Prehistoric Cyclades (Edinburgh, 1984), 55–62.Google Scholar

50 Xanthoudides, S., ‘Πρωτομιωϊϰοὶ τάφοι Μεσαρᾶς. Μαραθωϰέφαλον’, A. Delt. 4 (suppl. 1) (1918), 15–23.Google Scholar

51 Blackman and Branigan (n. 35), site E 10: 38–40, fig. 34. The sherd material discussed here was collected in the 1971 survey.

52 Ibid. 40; Vasilakis, A., ‘Προϊστοριϰές θέσεις στη Μονή Οδηγήτριας–Καλούς Λιμένες’, Κρητιϰή εστία, 4th ser., 3 (1989–1990), 11–79.Google Scholar

53 Levi, D., Festòs e la civiltà Minoica (Rome, 1976), pl. 6ƒ, 281 (F. 2365)Google Scholar; pl. 14 b (F. 3986), c (F. 6281), d (F. 1906).

54 Levi, D., ‘Le varietà della primitiva ceramica cretese’, in Studi in onore di Luisa Banti (Rome, 1965), 228–38Google Scholar; id. (n. 53), 291–4; Wilson 1984, 289.

55 Levi (n. 53), pl. 5 a–b.

56 Catling, H. W., ‘Recent acquisitions in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford’, AR 13 (1963–1964), 51.Google Scholar

57 Boyd, H. A., ‘Gournia; report of the American Exploration Society's Excavations at Gournia, Crete, 1904’ in University of Pennsylvania Transactions of the Department of Archaeology, Free Museum of Science and Art 1.3 (1904–1905), 182Google Scholar; Soles (n. 45), 36–8 and plan 2 for location.

58 Davaras, C., ‘Ἀρχαιότητες ϰαὶ μνηεῖα ἀνατολιϰῆς Κρήτης Γουρνιά’, A. Delt. 28 B (1973), 588–9Google Scholar; id., ‘Αρχαιότητες ϰαὶ μνημεῖα ἀνατολιϰῆς Κρήτης (1972)’,Ἀμάλθεια, 5 (1974), 48–9; Soles (n. 45), 151 n. 13.

59 Forsdyke, E. J., Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the British Museum, i. 1: Prehistoric Aegean Pottery (London, 1925).Google Scholar

60 e.g. goblets: Van Effenterre, H., Le Palais de Mallia et la cité minoenne (Rome, 1980)Google Scholar, fig. 114, bottom row; pyxides: Amouretti, M.-C., Fouilles exécutées à Mallia: le centre politique, II: la crypte hypostyle (Études Crétoises, 18; Paris, 1970), 75, pl. 3, 60 K 387.Google Scholar

61 Mallia: Chapouthier, F. and J. Charbonneaux, , Fouilles exécutées à Mallia: premier rapport (Études Crétoises, 1; Paris, 1928), 18–20, fig. 12 bGoogle Scholar; Van Effenterre, H. and Van Effenterre, M., Fouilles exécutées à Mallia: le centre politique, I: l'agora (Études Crétoises, 17; Paris, 1969), pl. 1Google Scholar: C 398, C 2001, C 778; Van Effenterre (n. 60), fig. 38, top row. Cf. Knossos: Wilson 1985, P 158, 317, fig. 19 pl. 34.

62 e.g. Van Effenterre and Van Effenterre (n. 61), pl. 1: C 849, Pl. 73: C 1512; Amouretti (n. 60), 60 K 329, 75 pl. 3; for Knossos see DG 3–11.

63 The examples of fine grey ware from Myrtos–Fournou Korifi were studied by the authors unless otherwise noted. Our thanks to Peter Warren for permission to study this pottery and to mention both the unpublished fine grey and fine painted wares (see below).

64 See Warren, 93 and fig. 33. This percentage figure is based only on a sample total of 704 catalogued vases. A larger amount of fine grey ware was removed from excavated deposits: e.g. ‘a fair amount of fine grey burnished ware (52 sherds)’ came from the SE Rubbish Pits (ibid. 21). If, however, the amounts of this ware are considered against the entire EM II A assemblage at Myrtos, the relative numbers would certainly be no higher than 2.3 per cent, and probably smaller.

65 e.g. Wilson 1985, P 42–3, 301, fig. 11, pl. 31.

66 The period I deposits from Myrtos–Pyrgos will be included in the final publication of the site by G. Cadogan; for a preliminary report on the EM levels see id., ‘Pyrgos, Crete: 1970–77’, AR 24 (1977–8), 70–1.

67 Bosanquet, R. C., ‘Excavations at Palaikastro I, part 2: the earliest cemeteries’, BSA 8 (1901–1902), 290–1Google Scholar; Warren, 270; Soles (n. 45), 179–80.

68 Pendlebury, H. W., Pendlebury, J. D. S., and Money-Coutts, M. B., ‘Excavations in the plain of Lasithi, I: the cave of Trapeza’, BSA 36 (1935–1936), 33–4.Google Scholar

69 Seager, R. B., ‘Excavations at Vasilike, 1904’, University of Pennsylvania Transactions of the Department of Archaeology, Free Museum of Science and Art, 1 (1904–1905), 211–12.Google Scholar As regards the relative quantity of fine grey ware in this first period, Seager notes only ‘a number of sherds of a sub-Neolithic incised ware in fine grey clay’ (ibid. 211); Zois, A., Βασιλιϰή, i (Athens, 1976), 25–8Google Scholar; Wilson 1984, 265–8.

70 An incised pyxis fragment from a possible EM II A context at Mochlos is in a similar fabric to the Zakros examples, and further suggests a separate group of E. Cretan incised grey ware. Our thanks to Jeffrey Soles for permission to mention this example.

71 Hogarth, D. G., ‘Excavations at Zakro, Crete’, BSA 7 (1900–1901), 143Google Scholar, fig. 52; Warren (n. 43), 182 n. 2, with incised concentric semicircles.

72 Tzedakis, J., ‘Σπήλαιον Πλατυβόλας’, A. Delt. 21 B2 (1966), 428–9. pl. 466 b.Google Scholar

73 Warren (n. 43), Aghia Triadha: P 450, p. 81; Mochlos: P 457, p. 82; Palaikastro: P 531, p. 94; two other examples from Crete are of unknown provenance: D 248–9, p. 81.

74 Tzedakis, J., ‘Σπήλαιον Πλατυβόλας’, A. Delt. 23 (1968), 415–16, pl. 376 b.Google Scholar Other examples of similar shape can be cited from the Perivolia cave, Kastelli–Khania, and Debla. See refs. and discussion in Wilson 1984, 276–8; 298–9.

75 Warren, P. and Tzedakis, J., ‘Debla: an Early Minoan settlement in western Crete’, BSA 69 (1974), P 20Google Scholar, low pedestalled goblet: 326–8, fig. 20; P 21, pyxis (?) lid: 326–8, fig. 20, pl. 50 b.

76 Most of the fine painted ware from the West Court House considered in this study was originally published in a larger group of fine decorated wares (Wilson 1985, 307–12) which included a small group of vases in local dark-on-light painted ware.

77 Blackman and Branigan (n. 36), 32.

78 Zois (n. 1).

79 Such different fabrics are confirmed by analysis in this study.

80 As in the case of fine grey ware, the catalogue for Knossos is not comprehensive; examples of fine painted ware are included only from closed or largely pure EM II A deposits. There are a small number of pieces from later mixed contexts, but their addition here would not alter in any significant way the results reached in this study.

81 Wilson 1985, P 22–41.

82 For earlier discussion of the side-spouted bowl see Zois 714–17.

83 For shape see Wilson 1985, P 97, fig. 13.

84 For imports of EC II decorated sauceboats at EM II A Knossos, see Wilson 1984, 301–4; Wilson 1985, 358–9; Wilson (n. 8).

85 See sections on Ayia Kyriaki and Koumasa below, and ‘Conclusions’, for more detailed comparisons.

86 Wilson, D. E., ‘An EM II A triple-bodied jug from Knossos’, BSA 82 (1987), 335–8, pl. 53.Google Scholar

87 For use of added tempering in fine painted ware jug handles, see Knossos FP 76, 78; Ayia Kyriaki FP 156–7.

88 For other rare examples at Knossos in local wares see Wilson 1985, P 149, P 198, pls 33, 36; for single applied clay bands on jug handles at EM II A Myrtos- Fournou Korifi, see Warren, pls 30 a, 34 a, 35 a.

89 The use of applied pellet-eyes begins in EM II A (see e.g. West Court House: Wilson 1985, P 151, 153–5, 159–60, 184) and continues with jugs and ‘teapots’ in EM II B (e.g. Myrtos Fournou Korifi: Warren. P 398, 400, 418, 425, 649, 653).

90 See n. 30 above.

91 See n. 31 above.

92 For discussion of period of use for cave, see pyxis FG 55 above.

93 Xanthoudides (n. 21), no. 22, fig. 6 = PM i, fig. 19 d = Zois, pl. 24.

94 Wilson 1985, P 110–11, 309, fig. 16; P 110 (sampled KN 92/372) is petrographically similar to several local Knossian dark-on-light painted ware jugs.

95 HM 7541: Zois, pl. 24.

96 See above n. 36.

97 Again our thanks to Keith Branigan for permission to study and discuss here the Ayia Kyriaki survey finds. Sherds collected in initial survey work prior to excavation of the Ayia Kyriaki tholos (site W 6) in 1972 are now stored in the KSM. Brief note was made of this site in Blackman and Branigan (n. 35), 56, prior to publication of the excavation results in 1982 (n. 36).

98 See p. 12 above for references and history of research at this site; and Wilson 1984, 279–83.

99 Blackman and Branigan (n. 36), 32.

100 This defines one of the three fabric groups comprising Ayios Onouphrios II ware at Ayia Kyriaki, and is equivalent to the fine painted ware at Knossos.

101 Blackman and Branigan (n. 36), 32–41.

102 Ibid., fig. 14: bowls/one-handled cups = B 6/C3 and C 12; side-spouted bowls (‘teapots”) = S 6; trough-spouted bowls = B 8; carinated bowls = C 10; jugs with cutaway spout = C 3.

103 Ibid. 21, fig. 7, no. A 6.

104 There was a sample of 38 Ayios Onouphrios II ware sherds in EM II A stratified contexts, as against 1,821 unstratified (ibid. 37, table 1). Not all the Ayios Onouphrios II ware can be considered as fine painted ware as defined in this study

105 Blackman and Branigan (n. 36), fig. 14, shape S 3.

106 For dark-on-light painted ware jugs see examples from the West Court House: Wilson 1985, 319–30.

107 See e.g. Knossos, West Court House: Wilson 1985, 319–30.

108 Laviosa, C., ‘Saggi di scavo ad Aghia Triadha’, ASA 1969–1970, 407–16Google Scholar; id., ‘L'abitato prepalaziale di Aghia Triadha’, ASA 1972–3, 503–13.

109 Blackman and Branigan (n. 44), 32–4.

110 For refs. and discussion of site sec fine grey ware catalogue, above.

111 VTM pl. 61.

112 e.g. one-handled cup: VTM no. 4134; 38, pl. 27; and trough-spouted bowl: no. 4277; 38, pl. 27.

113 An example of a side-spouted bowl (rim D. 0.11) from Koumasa with the same decorative scheme as FP 168 is in the sherd collection of the Knossos Stratigraphical Museum.

114 Wilson (n. 86), 335–8, pl. 53.

115 See Megaloi Skoinoi under fine grey ware catalogue above for refs.

116 Sakellarakis, J., ‘Μονὴ Ὁδηγητρίας’, A. Delt. 20 (1965), Chr. 562–4, pl. 710 a.Google Scholar

117 Pernier, L., Il palazzo minoico di Festòs (Rome, 1935).Google Scholar

118 Levi, D., ‘L'archivo di cretule a Festòs’, ASA n.s. 19–20 (1957–1958), 167 ff.Google Scholar

119 Kaiser, B., CVA Bonn, ii (Deutschland 40; 1976).Google Scholar

120 A single piece has now been identified from Petras which is similar to Knossos FP 31; our thanks to Metaxia Tsipopoulou for permission to mention it here.

121 Warren, pl. 30 c, bottom row, middle: rounded bowl with cross-hatched triangle below rim.

122 One of the pieces was a reused sherd cut in the form of a triangular-shaped ‘counter’ (Warren, no. 52, p. 218, fig. 107).

123 Our thanks to Gerald Cadogan for permission to mention the Pyrgos I fine painted ware examples.

124 70 fine grey compared to 104 fine painted.

125 Xanthoudides (n. 21), fig. 5, nos. 5, 8, fig. 7, nos. 38–9; Kyparissi Cave: Alexiou (n. 33), figs. 1, 1–4; 2, 8.

126 Ayios Onouphrios: Zervos, fig. 132 right. Lebena tomb II (basal level): Daux, G., ‘Lébèn’, BCH 84 (1960), 844–6, fig. 3Google Scholar, bottom row. Phaistos: Levi (n. 53), 414–16, pl. 13 a.

127 EM I deposit above Neolithic Hut: PFC 6: Levi (n. 53), 416, pl. 13 a; PFC 7: 414–16, pl. 12 a, ƒ i.

128 Ibid. 414–16, pl. 12 c; Central Court sounding: Levi (n. 54), 238, pl. 55, top row, 2nd from l. For continued use of motif in EM II A see Ayia Kyriaki FP 102.

129 KSM boxes K.II.1: 920–2; Strat. Guide plan 15. K.II.1; Wilson 1984, 29 159–65. About 90 per cent of the deposit is EM I B, with small amounts of Neolithic and Middle Minoan and a few sherds of EM II A. For other rare EM I B deposits at Knossos see Cadogan et al. (n. 28); D. E. Wilson, P. M. Day, and V. Kilikoglou, ‘A ceramic characterization of EM I B at Knossos’ (in preparation).

130 For use of applied pellet feet in EM I B see Kyparissi Cave: Alexiou (n. 33), fig. 2. 2, and Lebena tomb II (basal level): Daux (n. 126), fig. 3, top row.

131 Examples of this group trom the West Court House were originally published as painted coarse ware (Wilson 1985, 345–511.

132 e.g. see West Court House: Wilson 1985, P 218 and 221, figs. 22–5.

133 For fine painted ware from this site see above, FP 162–3.

134 For fine grey and fine painted ware vases from this site see above, FG 80–2, FP 175–80.

135 Jones, R. E., Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies (Fitch Laboratory Occasional Papers, 1; Athens, 1986), 241–3.Google Scholar

136 Catling, H. W., Richards, E. E., and Blin-Stoyle, A. E., ‘Correlations between composition and provenance of Mycenaean and Minoan pottery’, BSA 58 (1963), 94–115.Google Scholar

137 Jones (n. 135), 241.

138 Ibid.

139 Asaro, F. and Perlman, I., ‘Provenience studies of Mycenaean pottery employing neutron activation analysis’, in Acts of the Archaeological Symposium ‘The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean’ (Nicosia, 1973), 213–24.Google Scholar

140 Tomlinson, J. E., Provenance of Minoan Ceramics by Multivariate Analysis of Neutron Activation Data (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Manchester, 1991).Google Scholar

141 Ibid. 242–3.

142 Haskell, H. W., Jones, R. E., Day, P. M., Catling, H. W., and Killen, J. T., Transport Stirrup Jars of the Bronze Age Aegean and East Mediterranean (Fitch Laboratory Occasional Papers, 5; British School at Athens; in preparation).Google Scholar

143 Hancock, R. and Betancourt, P. P., ‘INAA of Minoan ceramics from Kommos, Crete’, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles 114, No. 2 (1987), 393–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

144 Myer, G. H. and Betancourt, P. P., ‘The fabrics at Kommos’, in Kommos, ii: The Final Neolithic through Middle Minoan III Pottery (Princeton, 1990).Google Scholar

145 For work by Jones and Day on their origin, see Jones, R. E. and Vagnetti, L., ‘Traders and craftsmen in the central Mediterranean: archaeological evidence and archaeometric research’, in Gale, N. H. (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (SIMA 90; Jonsered, 1991)Google Scholar, with addendum in BSA 87 (1992), 231–5.

146 Tomlinson (n. 140).

147 Ibid. 220–2.

148 Indeed, when dealing with pottery in a provenance study, rather than a characterization of control samples, such a division is not at present possible chemically.

149 Myer and Betancourt (n. 144). Pigment analysis has also been carried out on pottery from this site: Betancourt, P. P. and Swann, C. P., ‘PIXE analysis of Middle Minoan pigments from Kommos’, in Maniatis, Y. (ed.) Archaeometry: Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium (Amsterdam, 1989), 177–81.Google Scholar

150 Day, P. M., ‘Ceramic exchange between towns and outlying settlements in neopalatial East Crete’, in Hägg, R. (ed.), The Function of the Minoan ‘Villas’ (Stockholm, in press).Google Scholar

151 Myer and Betancourt (n. 144).

152 P. M. Day, ‘Technology and ethnography in petrographic studies of ceramics’, in Maniatis (n. 149), 139–47.

153 Day (n. 150).

154 Haskell et al. (n. 142).

155 Jones (n. 135), 235–41, gives an account of work at Knossos; see also the work of Riley and of Day in characterizing pottery petrographically from this area: Riley, J. A., ‘The late bronze age Aegean and the Roman Mediterranean: a case for comparison’, in Howard, H. and Morris, E. L. (eds), Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint (BAR S120; Oxford, 1981), 133–43Google Scholar; id., ‘The contribution of ceramic petrology to our understanding of Minoan society’, in Krzyszkowska, O. and Nixon, L. (eds), Minoan Society: Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium, 1981 (Bristol, 1984), 283–92Google Scholar; MacGillivray, J. A., Day, P. M., and Jones, R. E., ‘Dark-faced incised pyxides and lids from Knossos: problems of date and origin’, in French, E. B. and Wardle, K. A. (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory (Bristol, 1988), 91–3Google Scholar; P. M. Day, ‘The production and distribution of storage jars in neopalatial Crete’, ibid. 499–508; id. (n. 152); Day and Wilson in preparation (n. 9).

156 Day (n. 152).

157 Creutzberg, N., General Geological Map of Greece, Crete Island 1: 200,000 map (Athens, 1977).Google Scholar

158 The authors have carried out an extensive programme of work on pottery of Late Neolithic to MM I A date: Day and Wilson (n. 9).

159 I. K. Whitbread, ‘A proposal for the systematic description of thin sections towards the study of ancient ceramic technology’, in Maniatis (n. 149), 127–38; id., ‘The characterisation of argillaceous inclusions in ceramic thin sections’, Archaeometry, 28 (1986), 79–88.

160 Comparator charts used include those in Bullock, P., Federoff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., and Tursina, T., The Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description (Wolverhampton, 1985)Google Scholar, and in Matthew, A. J., Woods, A. J., and Oliver, C., ‘Spots before the eyes: new comparison charts for visual percentage estimation in archaeological material’, in Middleton, A. and Freestone, I. (eds), Recent Developments in Ceramic Petrology (British Museum Occasional Papers, 81; London, 1991), 211–63.Google Scholar The terminology used to represent the percentages is as follows: >70% = predominant; 50–70% = dominant; 30–50% = frequent; 15–30% = common; 5–15% = few; 2–5% = very few; 0.5–2% = rare; <0.5% = very rare; i.e. that suggested in Kemp, R. A., Soil Micromorphology and the Quaternary (Quaternary Research Association Technical Guides, 2; Cambridge, 1985).Google Scholar

161 Riley 1984 (n. 155); Day (n. 152).

162 Creutzberg 1977 (n. 157).

163 Bonneau, M., Jonkers, H. A., and Meulenkamp, J. E., Geological Map of Greece, 1: 50,000 Timbakion sheet (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration; Athens, 1984)Google Scholar; Davi, E. and Bonneau, M., Geological Map of Greece, 1: 50,000 Andiskarion sheet (IGME; Athens, 1985)Google Scholar; Bonneau, M., Geological Map of Greece, 1: 50,000 Akhendrias sheet (IGME; Athens, 1984).Google Scholar

164 Day and Wilson (n. 9).

165 M. Bonneau et al. (n. 163).

166 Riley 1984 (n. 155).

167 Whitbread 1986 (n. 159).

168 Myer and Betancourt (n. 144).

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170 Myer and Betancourt (n. 144).

171 Day, P. M., ‘Pottery production and consumption in the Siteia bay area during the New Palace period’ in Vagnetti, L., Tsipopoulou, M., Belli, P., and Day, P. M., Richerche greco-italiane in Creta orientale: Achladia (Incunabula Graeca; Rome, in press).Google Scholar

172 Haskell et al. (n. 142).

173 P. M. Day, ‘Pottery fabrics from Makrygialos and Diaskari, SE Crete’ (forthcoming).

174 Creutzberg 1977 (n. 157); see also the flysch mélange and ophiolitic complex of the Myrtos area: Vidakis, M. and Fortuin, A. R., Geological Map of Greece, 1: 50,000 Ierapetra sheet (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration; Athens, 1993).Google Scholar

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176 Myer, G. H., ‘Ceramic petrography’, in Betancourt, P. P. (ed.), East Cretan White-on-dark Ware (University Museum Monographs, 51; Pennsylvania, 1984), 60–6Google Scholar; Day, P. M., A Petrographic Approach to the Study of Pottery in Neopalatial East Crete (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar; Day in press (n. 150).

177 Davi and Bonneau (n. 163).

178 Vidakis and Fortuin (n. 174).

179 Davi and Bonneau (n. 163).

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182 See Myer and Betancourt (n. 144); Day (n. 155); id. in press (n. 150); Haskell et al. (n. 142).

183 Day and Wilson (n. 9).

184 Blackman, D. and Branigan, K., ‘An unusual tholos tomb at Kaminospilio, S. Crete’, Kr. Chron. 25.1 (1973), 199–206.Google Scholar

185 Wilson et al. (n. 129).

186 Day and Wilson in preparation (n. 9).

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189 Wilson 1985, P 4 and 18.

190 Work carried out by porosity and refiring on fine grey ware from Myrtos–Fournou Korifi produced a firing temperature estimate of 850 °C; see P. Barron, ‘Attempt to determine the firing temperatures of pottery sherds’, appendix 11 in Warren, 333–40.

191 Wilson 1985, P 126.

192 Ibid. P 180, 236.

193 Ibid. P 152.

194 Noll, W., Holm, R., and Born, L., ‘Painting of ancient ceramics’, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 14 (1975), 602–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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198 Matson, F. R., ‘A study of temperatures used in firing ancient Mesopotamian pottery’, in Brill, R. H. (ed.), Science and Archaeology (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 65–79.Google Scholar

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200 The results of both analytical techniques on Mesara imported pottery have been presented in this paper, in addition to the results of SEM work on EM II A Knossian pottery. The petrographic characterization of EM II A Knossos will be presented elsewhere: Day and Wilson (n. 9).

201 Day and Wilson (n. 9).

202 Aloupi (n. 196).

203 A related but separate group of plain or incised grey wares are found at some sites in E. Crete (see Mallia, Mochlos, and Zakros above).

204 Note, however, that this does not necessarily mean specialized production: Rice, P. M., ‘Specialization, standardization, and diversity: a retrospective’, in Bishop, R. L. and Lange, F. W., The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard (Colorado, 1991), 257–79.Google Scholar

205 Betancourt, 40.

206 e.g. Ayia Kyriaki: Blackman and Branigan 1982 (n. 36), Salame ware: 29; Koumasa area D: VTM nos. 4291–3: 36. pl. 25.

207 Not only the cylindrical to conical shape but also the decorative motifs distinguish this group from the fine grey ware examples. Contrast the concentric semicircles, triangular-stamped or comb-pricked in-filling, and bands of cross-hatching and herring-bone in fine grey ware with the group above decorated with hatched triangles, chevron columns, and zigzags.

208 For Cycladic examples see e.g. Zervos, C., L'Art des Cyclades du début à la fin de l'âge du bronze (1957)Google Scholar, figs. 80, 101, 199–200, 229–30, 233, 235. There may have been rare exports of grey ware pyxides to the Cyclades, but there is only one possible example to date: ibid., fig. 59; for the motifs and decorative scheme cf. Gournia FG 91 with bands of herringbone decoration. The kernos cited by Warren as a fine grey ware export to Naxos (Warren (n. 49), 56) appears to be in a local island fabric (Naxos Museum 736: Zapheiropoulou, Ph., Naxos: Monuments and Museum (Athens, 1988), 38–9).Google Scholar

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210 The EM I chalice is both too large and relatively infrequent to have been a common drinking vessel, although it may have been the precursor of the later stemmed goblet of EM II A.

211 Wilson 1985, 295–304.

212 The tripod bowls in local cooking-pot ware at Knossos (Wilson 1985, P 346–52) are functionally not comparable to PFC 9.

213 The bowl rims PFC 13–16 may also originally have come from pedestalled bowls. The pedestalled bowl also occurs in the local Knossian repertoire but is equally rare: e.g. from the West Court House, see Wilson 1985: dark grey burnished ware, P 51–2; red burnished ware, P 178; cooking-pot ware, P 355–8; painted coarse ware, P 410–12.

214 Myer and Betancourt (n. 144).

215 Ware-specific fabric groups have even been recorded in the latest phase of the Neolithic at Knossos: Day and Wilson (n. 9).

216 The earliest stylistic evidence for contact between Knossos and the Mesara may go back to the latest Neolithic at Knossos, with rare vessels which compare closely with the Final Neolithic at Phaistos: Evans, J. D., ‘Neolithic Knossos: the growth of a settlement’, PPS 37.2 (1971), 81–117Google Scholar; Vagnetti, L. and Belli, P., ‘Character and problems of the Final Neolithic in Crete’, SMEA 68 (1978), 125–63Google Scholar; Wilson 1984, 137–9.

217 Among the possible E. Cretan imports are most of the group published originally in Wilson 1985, 317–19, as ‘red burnished ware’. Further study of these and other non-local wares at EM Knossos will be presented in Day and Wilson (n. 9).

218 Wilson (n. 8).

219 Wilson 1984, 295–308; 1985, 358–9. A fuller study of the Cycladic imports at EM–MM Knossos is now in preparation by J. A. MacGillivray and D. E. Wilson.

220 Soles (n. 45), 257–8.

221 This is suggested by the study in progress of the Myrtos–Fournou Korifi pottery by the authors and T. M. Whitelaw.

222 For rare Mesara imports in EM II B contexts at Knossos, see Wilson's forthcoming study on EM II B ware groups at Knossos; Momigliano and Wilson (n. 32).

223 n. 8 above.