Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:46:30.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An investigation into the impact of deprivation on demographic inequalities in adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2020

Les Mayhew Open the ORCID record for Les Mayhew [Opens in a new window] ,
Gillian Harper  and
Andrés M. Villegas
Les Mayhew*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Actuarial Science and Insurance Cass Business School, City University, University of London, UK
Gillian Harper
Affiliation:
Institute of Population Health Sciences Queen Mary, University of London, UK
Andrés M. Villegas
Affiliation:
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies and ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), UNSW Business School, UNSW Sydney, Australia
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This research investigates the impact of deprivation on demographic inequalities in England and Wales among adults. Using demographic measures including the modal age at death, life expectancy, lifespan variation and mortality, it shows a negative correlation with deprivation as measured by the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation. Although it finds that life expectancy is increasing overall and the gap between men and women is lessening, improvements are slower paced in more deprived areas such that the gap between rich and poor is slowly worsening over time. Men are more adversely impacted by deprivation than women with the gap in period life expectancy at age 30 in 2015 between the top and bottom 1% of deprived neighbourhoods at 10.9 years for men and 8.4 years for women. Between 2001 and 2015 inequalities in male mortality rates at age 44 were 4.4 times greater in the most deprived 10% of neighbourhoods than those in the 10% least deprived and were much higher than in intervening deciles. The worst deprivation is concentrated in specific areas. For example, in 22 out of 326 English districts, 25% or more of neighbourhoods are in the most deprived 10% and in 5 districts it is 40% or above.

Keywords

Mortality inequalitiesLifespan variationDeprivation
Type
Paper
Information
Annals of Actuarial Science , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , September 2020 , pp. 358 - 383
Copyright
© Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alai, D.H., Arnold (-Gaille), S., Bajekal, M. & Villegas, A.M. (2018). Mind the gap: a study of cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic circumstances. North American Actuarial Journal, 22(2), 161–181.10.1080/10920277.2017.1377621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J.E., Li, G., Foreman, K., Best, N., Kontis, V., Pearson, C., Hambly, P. & Ezzati, M. (2015). The future of life expectancy and life expectancy inequalities in England and Wales: Bayesian spatiotemporal forecasting. The Lancet, 6736(15).Google Scholar
Bennett, J.E., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Kontis, V., Capewell, S., Wolfe, I. & Ezzati, M. (2018). Contributions of diseases and injuries to widening life expectancy inequalities in England from 2001 to 2016: a population-based analysis of vital registration data. The Lancet, 3(12), PE589–E567.Google ScholarPubMed
Case, A. & Deaton, A. (2015). Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, J. & Murphy, M. (1997). The Health of Adult Britain 1841-1941 Volume I and II. The Government Statistical Service, Stationery Office, London, UK.Google Scholar
Department for Communities and Local Govement. (2015). The English Indices of Deprivation 2015. Available online at the address https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/english-indices-of-deprivation-2015.Google Scholar
Department for Work & Pensions. (2017). State Pension age review. Available online at the address https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/state-pension-age-review [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J. & Sutherland, I. (2004). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 328, 1519.10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AECrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eurostat. (2013). Revision of the European Standard Population: Report of Eurostat’s task force.Google Scholar
Fone, D.L., Farewell, D.M., White, J., Lyons, R.A. & Dunstan, F.D. (2013). Socioeconomic patterning of excess alcohol consumption and binge drinking: a cross-sectional study of multilevel associations with neighbourhood deprivation. BMJ Open, 3(4), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, R.D. & Carter, L.R. (1992). Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(419), 659–671.Google Scholar
Islami, F., Sauer, A.G., Miller, K.D., Siegel, R.L., Fedewa, S.A., Jacobs, E.J., …. Jemal, A. (2017). Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk facts and the United States. CAA Cancer Journal for Clinicians, (68), 31–34.Google Scholar
Haberman, S. & Renshaw, A. (2009). On age-period-cohort parametric mortality rate projections. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 45 (2), 255–70.Google Scholar
House of Commons. (2009). Health Committee: Health Inequalities Third Report of Session 2008–09 Volume I Report, together with formal minutes Ordered by the House of Commons.Google Scholar
Human Mortality Database. (2017). University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available online at the address www.mortality.org or www.humanmortality.de.Google Scholar
Kannisto, V. (2000). Measuring the compression of mortality. Demographic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marmot, M. (2010). Fair Society Healthy Lives. Published by The Marmot Review February 2010.Google Scholar
Mayhew, L. & Smith, D. (2014). Gender convergence in human survival and the postponement of death. North American Actuarial Journal, 18(1), 194–216.10.1080/10920277.2013.863140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, L. & Smith, D. (2015). On the decomposition of life expectancy and limits to life. Population Studies, 69(1), 73–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayhew, L. & Smith, D. (2016). An Investigation into inequalities in adult lifespan. ILC-UK special publication. Available online at the address https://ilcuk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ILC-UK-An-investigation-into-inequalities-in-adult-lifespan.pdf.Google Scholar
Mayhew, L. & Smith, D. (2019). An Investigation into inequalities in adult lifespan. North American Actuarial Journal, DOI:10:1080/10920277.2019.1671874.10.1080/10920277.2019.1671874CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, M. & Di Cesare, M. (2012). Use of an age-period-cohort model to reveal the impact of cigarette smoking on trends in Twentieth-century adult cohort mortality in England and Wales. Population Studies, 66(3), 259–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng Fat, L., Scholes, S. & Jivraj, S. (2017). The relationship between drinking pattern, social capital, and area-deprivation: findings from the health survey for England. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(1), 20–29.10.15288/jsad.2017.78.20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ONS. (2016). Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) death registrations 2015. Available online at the address https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/adhocs/006416lowersuperoutputarealsoadeathregistrations2015 [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
ONS. (2017a). Health state life expectancies by Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): 2013 to 2015. Available online at the address https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/healthinequalities/bulletins/healthstatelifeexpectanciesbyindexofmultipledeprivationimd/england2013to2015 [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
ONS. (2017b). Deaths and Populations by Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) decile, England and Wales, 2001 to 2015. Available online at the address https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/adhocs/006518deathsandpopulationsbyindexofmultipledeprivationimddecileenglandandwales2001to2015 [ac-cessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
ONS. (2017c). Causes of death over 100 years. Available online at the address https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/causesofdeathover100years/2017-09-18.Google Scholar
ONS. (2018). Lower layer Super Output Area population estimates (supporting information). Available online at the address https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/lowersuperoutputareamidyearpopulationestimates [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
Pampel, F. (2006). Global patterns and determinants of sex differences in smoking. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 47, 466–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, F., Mackenbach, J. & Nusselder, W. (2016). Do life expectancy projections need to account for the impact of smoking? Design paper 52. Netspar industry paper series, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Preston, S.H. & Wang, H.D. (2006). Sex mortality differences in the United States: the role of cohort smoking patterns, Demography, 43(4), 631–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Public Health England. (2017). Health Profiles for England. Available online at the address https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-england [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
Public Health England. (2018). Health profile for England: 2018. Available online at the address https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-england-2018 [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
Raleigh, V.S. & Kiri, V.A. (1997). Life expectancy in England: variations and trends by gender, health authority, and level of deprivation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 51(6), 649–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russolillo, M., Giordano, G. & Haberman, S. (2011). Extending the Lee-Carter model: a three-way decomposition. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2, 96–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasson, I. (2016). Trends in life expectancy and lifespan variation by educational attainment: United States, 1990-2010. Demography, 53(2), 269–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scholes, S., Bajekal, M., Love, H., Hawkins, N., Raine, R., O’Flaherty, M. & Capewell, S. (2012). Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in England over 1994-2008: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seaman, R., Riffe, T. & Caswell, H. (2019). Changing contribution of area-level deprivation to total variance in age at death: a population-based decomposition analysis. BMJ Open, 9(3), 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Social Mobility Commission. (2017). State of the Nation 2017: Social Mobility in Great Britain. Available online at the address https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/state-of-the-nation-2017 [accessed Sep-2019].Google Scholar
van Raalte, A.A., Sasson, I. & Martikainen, P. (2018). The case for monitoring life-span inequality. Science, 362(6418), 1002–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villegas, A.M. & Haberman, S. (2014). On the modeling and forecasting of socioeconomic mortality differentials: an application to deprivation and mortality in England. North American Actuarial Journal, 18(1), 168–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikipedia. (2019). “Grenfell Tower fire, in Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.” Available online at the address https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firefighter&oldid=916653686 [accessed Oct-2019].Google Scholar