Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:36:16.229Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Welfare implication of measuring heart rate and heart rate variability in dairy cattle: literature review and conclusions for future research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2013

L. Kovács ,
V. Jurkovich ,
M. Bakony ,
O. Szenci ,
P. Póti  and
J. Tőzsér
L. Kovács*
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Science, Department of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2103, Hungary HAS-SZIU Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Ullo-Dora major, H-2225, Hungary
V. Jurkovich
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Veterinary Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078, Hungary
M. Bakony
Affiliation:
Rumino-Vet Bt, Érd, Csillés u. 2, H-2030, Hungary
O. Szenci
Affiliation:
HAS-SZIU Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Ullo-Dora major, H-2225, Hungary
P. Póti
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Science, Department of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2103, Hungary
J. Tőzsér
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Science, Department of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2103, Hungary
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Heart rate (HR) measurements have been used to determine stress in livestock species since the beginning of the 1970s. However, according to the latest studies in veterinary and behaviour–physiological sciences, heart rate variability (HRV) proved to be more precise for studying the activity of the autonomic nervous system. In dairy cattle, HR and HRV indices have been used to detect stress caused by routine management practices, pain or milking. This review provides the significance of HR and HRV measurements in dairy cattle by summarising current knowledge and research results in this area. First, the biological background and the interrelation of the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function, stress, HR and HRV are discussed. Equipment and methodological approaches developed to measure interbeat intervals and estimate HRV in dairy cattle are described. The methods of HRV analysis in time, frequency and non-linear domains are also explained in detail emphasising their physiological background. Finally, the most important scientific results and potential possibilities for future research are presented.

Keywords

heart rateheart rate variabilitystresswelfaredairy cattle
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , February 2014 , pp. 316 - 330
Copyright
© 2013 The Animal Consortium 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aharoni, Y, Brosh, A, Kourilov, P and Arieli, A 2003. The variability of the ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate in cattle and sheep at different hours of the day and under different heat load conditions. Livestock Production Science 79, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akselrod, S, Gordon, D, Ubel, FA, Shannon, DC, Berger, AC and Cohen, RJ 1981. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science 213, 220–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akselrod, S, Gordon, D, Madwed, JB, Snidman, NC, Shannon, DC and Cohen, RJ 1985. Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis. American Journal of Physiology 249, 867–875.Google ScholarPubMed
Aronson, D and Burger, AJ 2001. Effect of beta-blockade on autonomic modulation of heart rate and neurohormonal profile in decompensated heart failure. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 6, 98–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, AR, Pawson, L, Meek, S and Webster, S 1997. Abnormalities of heart rate and rhythm in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Veterinary Record 141, 352–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernston, GG and Stowell, JR 1998. ECG artefacts and heart period variability: don’t miss a beat! Psychophysiology 35, 127–132.Google Scholar
Berntson, GG, Bigger, TJ, Eckberg, DL, Grossman, P, Kaufmann, PG, Malik, M, Nagaraja, HN, Porges, SW, Saul, JP, Stone, PH, Molen van der, MW 1997. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology 34, 623–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blasco-Lafarga, C, Martínez-Navarro, I, Sisamón, ME, Caus, N, Yangüez, E and Llorens-Soriano, P 2010. Linear and nonlinear heart rate dynamics in elderly inpatients. Relations with comorbidity and depression. Medicina 46, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boissy, A and Bouissou, MF 1994. Effects of androgen treatment on behavioural and physiological-responses of heifers to fear-eliciting situations. Hormones and Behavior 28, 66–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boissy, A and Bouissou, MF 1995. Assessment of individual differences in behavioural reactions of heifers exposed to various fear-eliciting situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boissy, A and Le Neindre, P 1997. Behavioral, cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle. Physiology and Behavior 61, 693–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boissy, A and Bouissou, MF 1998. Effects of early handling on heifers’ subsequent reactivity to humans and unfamiliar situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20, 259–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borell von, E 2000. Stress and coping in farm animals. Archiv für Tierzucht 43, 144–152.Google Scholar
Borell von, E 2001. The biology of stress and its application to livestock housing and transportation assessment. Journal of Animal Science 79, 260–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borell von, E, Dobson, H and Prunier, A 2007a. Stress, behaviour and reproductive performance in female cattle and pigs. Hormones and Behavior 52, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borell von, E, Langbein, J, Després, G, Hansen, S, Leterrier, C, Marchant-Forde, J, Marchant-Forde, R, Minero, M, Mohr, E, Prunier, A, Valance, D, Veissier, I 2007b. Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals: a review. Physiology and Behavior 92, 293–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuer, K, Hemsworth, PH, Barnett, JL, Matthews, LR and Coleman, GJ 2000. Behavioural response to humans and the productivity of commercial dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 66, 273–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 1991. Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science 69, 4167–4175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brosh, A 2007. Heart rate measurements as an index of energy expenditure and energy balance in ruminants: a review. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1213–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruckmaier, RM 2005. Normal and disturbed milk ejection in dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 268–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruckmaier, RM, Schams, D and Blum, JW 1993. Milk removal in familiar and unfamiliar surroundings: concentrations of oxytocin, prolactin, cortisol and β-endorphin. Journal of Dairy Research 60, 449–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cacioppo, JT, Berntson, GG, Binkley, PF, Quigley, KS, Uchino, BN and Fieldstone, A 1994. Autonomic cardiac control. II. Basal response, noninvasive indices, and autonomic space as revealed by autonomic blockades. Psychophysiology 31, 586–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casties, JF, Mottet, D and Le Gallais, D 2006. Non-linear analyses of heart rate variability during heavy exercise and recovery in cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, 780–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerutti, S, Bianchi, AM and Mainardi, LT 1995. Spectral analysis of the heart rate varibility signal. In Heart rate variability (ed. M Malik and AJ Camm), pp. 63–74. Futura Publishing, Armonk, USA.Google Scholar
Cervantes Blasquez, JC, Rodas Font, G and Capdevila Ortis, L 2009. Heart-rate variability and precompetitive anxiety in swimmers. Psicothema 21, 531–536.Google ScholarPubMed
Clabough, DL and Swanson, CR 1989. Heart rate spectral analysis of fastinginduced bradycardia of cattle. American Journal of Physiology 257, R1303–R1306.Google ScholarPubMed
Clapham, WM, Fedders, JM, Swecker, WS Jr, Scaglia, G and Fontenot, JP 2007. Heart rate variation: does it indicate stress in calves at weaning? Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the American Forage and Grassland Council and the Branch of ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 24–26 June 2007, Pennsylvania, USA.Google Scholar
Coetzee, JF 2013. Assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice 29, 75–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, NA, Camp, TH, Rowe, LD Jr, Stevens, DG and Hutcheson, DP 1988. Effect of transport on feeder calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49, 178–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Cook, NJ 2012. Review: minimally invasive sampling media and the measurement of corticosteroids as biomarkers of stress in animals. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 92, 227–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooley, JW and Tukey, OW 1965. An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series. Mathematica of Computation 19, 297–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dantzer, R and Mormède, P 1983. Stress in farm animals: a need for reevaluation. Journal of Animal Science 57, 6–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, G, Veissier, I and Boissy, A 2002. Effect of autonomic blockers on heart period variability in calves: evaluation of the sympatho-vagal balance. Physiological Research 51, 347–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, H and Smith, RF 1995. Stress and reproduction in farm animals. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 49, 451–461.Google ScholarPubMed
Dodzi, MS and Muchenje, V 2011. Avoidance-related behavioural variables and their relationship to milk yield in pasture-based dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 133, 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essner, A, Sjöström, R, Ahlgren, E and Lindmark, B 2013. Validity and reliability of Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor, measuring heart rate in dogs during standing position and a trot on a treadmill. Physiology and Behavior 114–115, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleisher, LA 1996. Heart rate variability as an assessment of cardiovascular status. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 10, 659–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forkman, B, Boissy, A, Meunier-Salaün, MC, Canali, E and Jones, RB 2007. A critical review of fear tests used on cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry and horses. Physiology and Behavior 92, 340–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forslund, KB, Ljungvall, OA and Jones, BV 2010. Low cortisol levels in blood from dairy cows with ketosis: a field study. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavia 52, 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukasawa, M, Tsukada, H, Kosako, T and Yamada, A 2008. Effect of lactation stage, season and parity on milk cortisol concentration in Holstein cows. Livestock Science 113, 280–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlan, R, Barbic, F, Piazza, S, Tinelli, M, Seghizzi, P and Malliani, A 2000. Modifications of cardiac autonomic profile associated with a shift schedule of work. Circulation 102, 1912–1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giuliani, A, Piccirillo, G, Marigliano, V and Colosimo, A 1998. A non-linear explanation for aging induced changes in heartbeat dynamics. American Journal of Physiology 275, 1455–1461.Google Scholar
Gygax, L, Neuffer, I, Kaufmann, C, Hauser, R and Wechsler, B 2008. Restlessness behaviour, heart rate and heart-ratevariability of dairy cows milked in two types of automatic milking systems and auto-tandem milking parlours. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 167–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, K, Lexer, D, Palme, R, Troxler, J and Waiblinger, S 2004. Milking of Brown Swiss and Austrian Simmental cows in a herringbone parlour or an automatic milking unit. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 88, 209–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagen, K, Langbein, J, Schmied, C, Lexer, D and Waiblinger, S 2005. Heart rate variability in dairy cows – influences of breed and milking system. Physiology and Behavior 85, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hainsworth, R 1995. The control and physiological importance of heart rate. In Heart rate variability (eds M Malik and AJ Camm), pp. 3–19. Futura Publishing, Armonk, USA.Google Scholar
Hainsworth, R 1998. Physiology of the cardiac autonomic system. In Clincial guide to cardiac autonomic tests (ed. M Malik), pp. 3–28. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dodrecht, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamner, JW, Morin, RJ, Rudolph, JL and Taylor, JA 2001. Inconsistent link between low-frequency oscillations: R-R interval responses to augmented Mayer waves. Journal of Applied Physiology 90, 1559–1564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, S and von Borell, E 1998. Impact of pig grouping of sympatho-vagal balance as measured by heart rate variability. In Proceedings of the 32nd Congress of the international Society of Applied Ethology (ed. I Veissier and A Boissy), pp. 97. Clermont-Ferrand, France.Google Scholar
Hemsworth, PH and Barnett, JL 2000. Human–animal interactions and animal stress. In The biology of animal stress (ed. M Mench and GO Moberg), pp. 309–335. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Hemsworth, PH and Boivin, X 2011. Human contact. In Animal Welfare (ed. MC Appleby, JA Mench, IAS Olsson and BO Hughes), pp. 246–262. CAB International, Oxon, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holst, von D 1998. The concept of stress and its relevance for animal behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27, 1–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopster, H and Blokhuis, HJ 1994. Validation of a heart-rate monitor for measuring a stress-response in dairy-cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, 465–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopster, H, O’Connell, JM and Blokhuis, HJ 1995. Acute effects of cow-calf separation on heart rate, plasma cortisol and behaviour in multiparous dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 44, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopster, H, Joop, T, Werf van der, JTN and Blokhuis, HJ 1998. Side preference of dairy cows in the milking parlour and its effects on behaviour and heart rate during milking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55, 213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopster, H, Bruckmaier, RM, Werf van der, JTN, Korte, SM, Macuhova, J, Korte-Bouws, G and Renen van, CG 2002. Stress responses during milking; comparing conventional and automatic milking in primiparous dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 3206–3216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houle, MS and Billman, GE 1999. Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: a poor marker of sympathetic activity. American Journal of Physiology 276, H215–H223.Google ScholarPubMed
Janžekovič, M, Muršec, B and Janžekovič, I 2006. Techniques of measuring heart rate in cattle. Tehnički Vjesnik 13, 31–37.Google Scholar
Johnson, TA, Gray, AL, Lauenstein, JM, Newton, SS and Massari, VJ 2004. Parasympathetic control of the heart. I. An interventriculo-septal ganglion is the major source of the vagal intracardiac innervation of the ventricles. Journal of Applied Physiology 96, 2265–2272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahrer, E, Möstl, E and Baumgartner, W 2006. Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of transported cows with abomasal displacement. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institut in Pulawy 50, 105–106.Google Scholar
Kamath, MV and Fallen, EL 1995. Correction of the heart rate variability signal for ectopics and missing beats. In heart rate variability (ed. M Malik and AJ Camm), pp. 75–85. Futura Publishing, Armonk, USA.Google Scholar
Kanters, JL, Hojgaard, MV, Agner, E and Holstein-Rathlou, NH 1996. Short- and long-term variations in non-linear dynamics of heart rate variability. Cardiovascular Research 31, 400–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kardos, A and Gingl, Z 1994. The continuous and non-invasive on-line monitoring of the systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate variability in humans [In Hungarian]. Cardiologia Hungarica 2, 39–52.Google Scholar
Ketelaar-de Lauwere, CC, Hendriks, MMWB, Metz, JHM and Schouten, WGP 1998. Behaviour of dairy cows under free or forced cow traffic in a simulated automatic milking system environment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56, 13–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitney, RI, Fulton, T, McDonald, AH and Linkens, DA 1985. Transient interactions between blood pressure, respiration and heart rate in man. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 7, 217–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleiger, RE, Stein, PK and Bigger, JT Jr 2005. Heart Rate Variability: Measurement and Clinical Utility. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 10, 88–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleiger, RE, Stein, PK, Bosner, MS and Rottman, JN 1995. Time domain measurements of heart rate variability. In Heart rate variability (ed. M Malik and AJ Camm), pp. 33–45. Futura Publishing, Armonk, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Konold, T, Bone, GE and Simmons, MM 2011. Time and frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in cattle affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy. BMC Research Notes 4, 259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koolhaas, JM, Boer de, SF, Coppens, CM and Buwalda, B 2010. Neuroendocrinology of coping styles: towards understanding the biology of individual variation. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 31, 307–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koolhaas, JM, Korte, SM, De Boer, SF, Van der Vegt, BJ, Van Reenen, CG, Hopster, H, De Jong, IC, Ruis, MAW and Blokhuis, HJ 1999. Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23, 925–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovács, L, Kézér, L and Tőzsér, J 2013. Measuring stress level of dairy cows during milking using by geometric indices of heart rate variability. Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies 46, 213–217.Google Scholar
Kovács, L, Nagy, K, Szelényi, Z, Szenci, O and Tőzsér, J 2012a. Heart rate variability as a measure of stress in cattle: biological background, methods of measurement and results – A review [In Hungarian]. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja 134, 515–523.Google Scholar
Kovács, L, Nagy, K, Szenci, O and Tőzsér, J 2012b. Heart rate variability during milking in dairy cows [In Hungarian]. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja 134, 653–661.Google Scholar
Kuwahara, M, Hiraga, A, Kai, M, Tsubone, H and Sugano, S 1999. Influence of training on autonomic nervous function in horses: evaluation by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Equine Veterinary Journal 30, 178–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laister, S, Stockinger, B, Regner, AM, Zenger, K, Knierim, U and Winckler, C 2011. Social licking in dairy cattle – effects on heart rate in performers and receivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 130, 81–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanfranchi, PA and Somers, VK 2002. Arterial baroreflex function and cardiovascular variability: interactions and implications. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, 815–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefcourt, AM, Erez, B, Varner, MA, Barfield, R and Tasch, U 1999. A noninvasive radiotelemetry system to monitor heart rate for assessing stress responses of bovines. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1179–1187.Google ScholarPubMed
Levy, MN and Martin, PJ 1979. Neural control of the heart. In Handbook of physiology (ed. RM Berne), pp. 581–620. American Physiological Society, Bethesda.Google Scholar
Lewis, MJ, Kingsley, M, Short, AL and Simpson, K 2007. Influence of high-frequency bandwidth on heart rate variability analysis during physical exercise. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 2, 34–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, CJL, Julu, POO, Hansen, S, Mellor, DJ, Milne, MH and Barrett, DC 1996. Measurement of cardiac vagal tone in cattle: a possible aid to the diagnosis of BSE. Veterinary Record 139, 527–528.Google Scholar
Lucini, D, Di Fede, G, Parati, G and Pagani, M 2005. Impact of chronic psychosocial stress on autonomic cardiovascular regulation in otherwise healthy subjects. Hypertension 46, 1201–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malik, M, Bigger, JT, Camm, AJ, Kleiger, RE, Malliani, A, Moss, AJ and Schwartz, PJ 1996. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. European Heart Journal 17, 354–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malliani, A, Pagani, M, Lombardi, F and Cerutti, S 1991. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation 84, 482–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchant-Forde, RM and Marchant-Forde, JN 2004. Pregnancy-related changes in behavior and cardiac activity in primiparous pigs. Physiology and Behavior 82, 815–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchant-Forde, RM, Marlin, DJ and Marchant-Forde, JN 2004. Validation of a cardiac monitor for measuring heart rate variability in adult female pigs: accuracy, artefacts and editing. Physiology and Behavior 80, 449–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matteri, RL, Carroll, JA and Dyer, CJ 2000. Neuroendocrine responses to stress. In The biology of animal stress (ed. GP Moberg and JA Mench), pp. 43–76. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Melillo, P, Bracale, M and Pecchia, L 2011. Nonlinear heart rate variability features for real-life stress detection. Case study: students under stress due to university examination. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 10, 96. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-10-96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellor, DJ, Cook, CJ and Stafford, KJ 2000. Quantifying some responses to pain as a stressor. In The biology of animal stress (ed. GP Moberg and JA Mench), pp. 171–198. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Merri, M, Farden, DC, Mottley, JG and Titlebaum, EL 1990. Sampling frequency of the electrocardiogram for spectral analysis of the heart rate variability. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 37, 99–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mialon, MM, Deiss, V, Andanson, S, Anglard, F, Doreau, M and Veissier, I 2012. An assessment of the impact of rumenocentesis on pain and stress in cattle and the effect of local anaesthesia. The Veterinary Journal 194, 55–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milmann, ST 2013. Behavioral responses of cattle topain and implications for diagnosis, management and animal welfare. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, 47–58.Google Scholar
Minero, M, Canali, E, Ferrante, V and Carenzi, C 2001. Measurement and time domain analysis of heart rate variability in dairy cattle. Veterinary Record 149, 772–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G, Hattingh, J and Ganhao, M 1988. Stress in cattle assessed after handling, transport and slaughter. Veterinary Record 123, 201–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moberg, GP 2000. Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In The biology of animal stress (ed. GP Moberg and JA Mench), pp. 1–21. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Moberg, GP and Mench, JA 2000. Preface. In The biology of animal stress (ed. GP Moberg and JA Mench), pp. 1–21. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Mohr, E, Langbein, J and Nürnberg, G 2002. Heart rate variability: a noninvasive approach to measure stress in calves and cows. Physiology and Behavior 75, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrow, CJ, Kolver, ES, Verkerk, GA and Matthews, LR 2000. Urinary cortisol: an indicator of stress in dairy cattle. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 60, 218–221.Google Scholar
Morrow, CJ, Kolver, ES, Verkerk, GA and Matthews, LR 2002. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a measure of adrenal activity in dairy cattle. General and Comparative Endocrinology 126, 229–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Möstl, E and Palme, R 2002. Hormones as indicators of stress. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Möstl, E, Maggs, JL, Schrötter, G, Besenfelder, U and Palme, R 2002. Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of ruminants. Veterinary Research Communications 26, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuffer, R, Hauser, L, Gygax, C, Kaufmann, B and Wechsler, B 2004. Behaviour of dairy cows milked in two automatic milking systems. Proceedings of the 38th International Congress of ISAE, Helsinki, Finland, 82.Google Scholar
Neuffer, I 2006. Influence of automatic milking systems on behaviour and health of dairy cows. Thesis PhD, University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany.Google Scholar
Niskanen, JP, Tarvainen, MP, Ranta-aho, PO and Karjalainen, PA 2004. Software for advanced HRV analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 76, 73–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obrist, PA 1981. Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Plenum Press, New York, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, GC, García-Belenguer Laita, S, Illera del Portal, JC, Palacio Liesa, J 2004. Validation of an EIA technique for the determination of salivarycortisol in cattle. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Physick-Sheard, PW, Marlin, DJ, Thornhill, R and Schroter, RC 2000. Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in horses at rest and during exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal 32, 253–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomeranz, M, Macaulay, RJB and Caudill, MA 1985. Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. American Journal of Physiology 248, H151–H153.Google ScholarPubMed
Pomfrett, CJD, Glover, DG, Bollen, BG and Pollard, BJ 2004. Perturbation of heart rate variability in cattle fed BSE-infected material. Veterinary Record 154, 687–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, SW 1986. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: physiological basis, quantitative methods, and clinical implications. In Cardiorespiratory and cardiosomatic psychophysiology (ed. P Grossman, K Janssen and D Vaitl), pp. 101–115. Plenum Press, New York, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, SW 1995. Cardiac vagal tone: a physiological index of stress. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 19, 225–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, SW 2003. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiology and Behavior 79, 503–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravenswaaij-Arts van, CMA, Kollée, LAA, Hopman, JCW, Stoelinga, GBA and Vangeijn, HP 1993. Heart-rate-variability. Annals of Internal Medicine 118, 436–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richman, S and Moorman, JR 2000. Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. American Journal of Physiology – Heart and Circulatory Physiology 278, H2039–H2049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rietmann, TR, Stauffacher, M, Bernasconi, P, Auer, JA and Weishaupt, MA 2004. The association between heart rate, heart rate variability, endocrine and behavioural pain measures in horses suffering from laminitis. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 51, 218–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rompelman, O 1993. Rhythms and analysis techniques. In The physics of heart and circulation (ed. J Strackee and N Westerhof), pp. 101–120. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Rousing, T, Bonde, M, Badsberg, JH and Sorensen, JT 2004. Stepping and kicking behaviour during milking in relation to response in human–animal interaction test and clinical health in loose housed dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 88, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushen, J, Passillé de, AM and Munksgaard, L 1999. Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior, and heart rate at milking. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 720–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rushen, J, Munksgaard, L, Marnet, PG and Passillé de, AM 2001. Human contact and the effect of acute stress on cows at milking. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayers, BM 1973. Analysis of heart rate variability. Ergonomics 16, 17–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmied, C, Boivin, X and Waiblinger, S 2008a. Stroking different body regions of dairy cows: effects on avoidance and approach behavior toward humans. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 596–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmied, C, Waiblinger, S, Scharl, T, Leisch, F and Boivin, X 2008b. Stroking of different body regions by a human: effects on behaviour and heart rate of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, C, Lambertz, M, Nelesen, RA, Bardwell, W, Choi, JB and Dimsdale, JE 2009. Effects of stress on heart rate complexity – a comparison between short-term and chronic stress. Biological Physiology 80, 325–332.Google ScholarPubMed
Sgoifo, A, Koolhaas, JM, Musso, E and De Boer, SF 1999. Different sympathovagal modulation of heart rate during social and nonsocial stress episodes in wild-type rats. Physiology and Behavior 67, 733–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slangen, BF, Out, IC, Janssen, BJ and Peeters, LL 1997. Blood pressure and heart rate variability in early pregnancy in rats. American Journal of Physiology 273, 1794–1799.Google ScholarPubMed
Solan, RP, Shapiro, PA, Bagiella, E, Myers, MM, Bigger, JT and Steinman, RC 1994. Brief interval heart period variability by different methods of analysis correlates highly with 24-h analyses in normals. Biological Psychology 38, 133–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, KJ and Mellor, DJ 2005. Dehorning and disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves. The Veterinary Journal 169, 337–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stafford, KJ and Mellor, DJ 2011. Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and dehorning in cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135, 226–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, PK, Bosner, MS, Kleiger, RE and Conger, BM 1994. Heart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone. American Heart Journal 127, 1376–1381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, M, Stafford, KJ, Dowling, SK, Schaefer, AL and Webster, JR 2008a. Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic. Physiology and Behavior 93, 789–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, M, Webster, JR, Schaefer, AL and Stafford, KJ 2008b. Infrared thermography and heart rate variability for non-invasive assessment of animal welfare. Anzccaart News 21, 1–4.Google Scholar
Stewart, M, Verkerk, GA, Stafford, KJ, Schaefer, AL and Webster, JR 2010. Noninvasive assessment of autonomic activity for evaluation of pain in calves, using surgical castration as a model. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 3602–3609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, M, Shepherd, HM, Webster, JR, Waas, JR, McLeay, LM and Schütz, KE 2013. Effect of previous handling experiences on responses of dairy calves to routine husbandry procedures. Animal 7, 828–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, MA, Rogers, AR and Verkerk, GA 2012. The effect of temperament and responsiveness towards humans on the behavior, physiology and milk production of multi-parous dairy cows in a familiar and novel milking environment. Physiology and Behavior 107, 329–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theiler, J, Eubank, S, Longtin, A, Gadrikian, B and Farmer, JD 1992. Testing for nonlinearity in time series: the method of surrogate data. Physica 58, D77–D94.Google Scholar
Theurer, ME, Amrine, DE and White, BJ 2013. Remote noninvasive assessment of pain and health status in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, 59–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Thomas, JW and Moore, LA 1951. Variations in heart rate of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 34, 321–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trulla, LL, Giuliani, A, Zbilut, JP and Webber, CL 1996. Recurrence quantification analysis of the logistic equation with transients. Physics Letters 223, A255–A260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulppo, MP, Kiviniemi, AM and Hautala, AJ 2005. Physiological background of the loss of fractal heart rate dynamics. Circulation 112, 314–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uvnäs-Moberg, K and Petersson, M 2005. Oxytocin, ein Vermittler von Antistress, Wohlbefinden, sozialer Interaktion, Wachstum und Heilung. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 51, 57–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voss, A, Schulz, S, Schroeder, R, Baumert, M and Caminal, P 2009. Methods derived from non-linear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability. Philosophical Transactions, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, A277–A296.Google ScholarPubMed
Waiblinger, S, Menke, C, Korf, J and Bucher, A 2004. Previous handling and gentle interactions affect behaviour and heart rate of dairy cows during a veterinary procedure. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85, 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waiblinger, S, Boivin, X, Pedersen, V, Tosi, M, Janczak, A, Visser, E and Jones, R 2006. Assessing the human–animal relationship in farmed species: a critical review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101, 185–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, SL, Smith, RF, Jones, DN, Routly, JE and Dobson, H 2008. Chronic stress, hormone profiles and estrus intensity in dairy cattle. Hormones and Behavior 53, 493–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, S, Martinez, A, Sobering, T and Andresen, D 2008. Electrocardiographic pill for cattle heart rate determination. Proceedings of 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, 20–24 August 2008, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 4852–4855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, D, Moestl, E and Bruckmaier, RM 2005. Physiological and behavioural effects of changeover from conventional to automatic milking in dairy cows with and without previous experience. Veterinary Medicine 50, 253–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, PD 1967. The use of Fast Fourier Transform for the estimation of power apectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics 15, 70–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenzel, C, Schonreiter-Fischer, S and Unshelm, J 2003. Studies on step–kick behavior and stress of cows during milking in an automatic milking system. Livestock Production Science 83, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weston, EI 2009. Evaluation of cortisol in saliva relative to serum in lactating cows, heifer calves and piglets in response to applied stress. Thesis PhD, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA.Google Scholar
Winter, MH, Aldridge, BM, Scott, PR and Clarke, M 1989. Occurrence of 14 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a closed dairy herd. British Veterinary Journal 145, 191–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, S 1970. Emotion and autonomic nervous system. Archives of Internal Medicine 126, 1024–1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, S 1989. Estimation of heat production from heart rate measurement of free living farm animals. Japan Agricultural Research 23, 134–143.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Y, Hughson, RL and Peterson, JC 1991. Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart rate variability spectral analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology 71, 1136–1142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zbilut, JP and Webber, CL 1992. Embeddings and delays as derived from quantification of recurrence plots. Physics Letters 171, 199–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zbilut, JP, Thomasson, N and Webber, CL 2002. Recurrence quantification analysis as a tool for non-linear exploration of nonstationary cardiac signals. Medical Engineering and Physics 24, 53–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar