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Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2008

E. M. C. Terlouw ,
C. Arnould ,
B. Auperin ,
C. Berri ,
E. Le Bihan-Duval ,
V. Deiss ,
F. Lefèvre ,
B. J. Lensink  and
L. Mounier
E. M. C. Terlouw*
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France
C. Arnould
Affiliation:
Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR – INRA 85 – CNRS 6175, Université de Tours – Haras Nationaux, Centre INRA de Tours-Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France
B. Auperin
Affiliation:
Station commune de Recherches en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement, INRA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
C. Berri
Affiliation:
Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA – Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
E. Le Bihan-Duval
Affiliation:
Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA – Centre de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
V. Deiss
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France
F. Lefèvre
Affiliation:
Station commune de Recherches en Ichtyophysiologie, Biodiversité et Environnement, INRA Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
B. J. Lensink
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France Institut Supérieur d’Agriculture Lille, 48, boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
L. Mounier
Affiliation:
Herbivore Research Unit, INRA – Theix, 63122 St, Genès, Champanelle, France Unité Gestion des élevages, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l’étoile, France
*
E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

The present paper describes the main procedures used to slaughter fowl, pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and farmed fish, starting on the farm and ending with the death of the animal at the abattoir. It reviews the currently known causes of stress, indicated by behavioural and physiological measurements on the animal level, and by post-mortem muscle metabolism. During the pre-slaughter period, psychological stress is due to changes of environment, social disturbances and handling, and physical stress is due to food deprivation, climatic conditions, fatigue, and sometimes pain. The exact causes of stress depend, however, on the characteristics of each species, including the rearing system. For fowl, bird catching and crating, duration and climatic conditions of transport and of lairage and shackling are the main known pre-slaughter stress factors. For pigs, stress is caused by fighting during mixing of pens, loading and unloading conditions, and introduction in the restrainer. Handling and novelty of the situation contribute to the stress reactions. For veal calves and adult cattle, disruption of the social group, handling, loading and sometimes unloading conditions, fatigue, novelty of the situation and for calves mixing with unfamiliar animals are known stress factors. Gathering and yarding of extensively reared lambs and sheep causes stress, particularly when shepherd dogs are used. Subsequent transport may induce fatigue, especially if sheep are commercialised through auctions or markets. In farmed fish, stress is predominantly related to environmental aspects such as temperature, oxygen, cleanliness of the water and, to a certain extent, stocking density and removal of the fish from the water. If transport and lairage conditions are good and their durations not too long, they may allow pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and fish to rest. For certain species, it was shown that genetic origin and earlier experience influence reactions to the slaughter procedure. Stunning techniques used depend on the species. Pigs and fowl are mostly electrically or gas-stunned, while most adult cattle are stunned with a captive bolt pistol. Calves and sheep may be electrically stunned or with a captive bolt pistol. Various stunning methods exist for the different farmed fish species. Potential causes of stress associated with the different stunning procedures are discussed. The paper addresses further consequences for meat quality and possible itineraries for future research. For all species, and most urgently for fish, more knowledge is needed on stunning and killing techniques, including gas-stunning techniques, to protect welfare.

Keywords

behaviourmuscle metabolismphysiologyslaughterstress
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 2 , Issue 10 , October 2008 , pp. 1501 - 1517
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2008

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