Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:04:11.996Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pre-analytical factors affecting the results of laboratory blood analyses in farm animal veterinary diagnostics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2012

E. Humann-Ziehank  and
M. Ganter
E. Humann-Ziehank*
Affiliation:
Division Laboratory Medicine, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
M. Ganter
Affiliation:
Division Laboratory Medicine, Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The quality of the laboratory diagnostic approach in farm animals can be severely affected by pre-analytical factors of variation. They induce increase/decrease of biochemical and hematological analyte concentrations and, as a consequence, they may cause unsuitable conclusions and decisions for animal health management and research projects. The pre-analytical period covers the preparation of sampling, the sampling procedure itself, as well as all specimen handling until the beginning of the specific laboratory analysis. Pre-analytical factors may have either an animal-related or a technique-related background. Animal-related factors cover daytime/season, meals/fasting, age, gender, altitude, drugs/anesthesia, physical exercise/stress or coinfection. Technique-related factors are the choice of the tube including serum v. plasma, effects of anticoagulants/gel separators, the anticoagulant/blood ratio, the blood collection procedure itself, specimen handling, contamination, labeling, storage and serum/plasma separation, transportation of the specimen, as well as sample preparation before analysis in the laboratory. It is essential to have proper knowledge about the importance and source of pre-analytical factors to alter the entire diagnostic process. Utmost efforts should be made to minimize controllable factors. Analytical results have to be evaluated with care considering that pre-analytical factors of variation are possible causes of misinterpretation.

Keywords

blood collectionpre-analytical factorsanalyte stabilitylivestock
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 6 , Issue 7 , 28 May 2012 , pp. 1115 - 1123
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHDC 2010. Animal Health Diagnostic Centre, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine: Bovine diagnostic panels. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from www.ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/docs/Bovine_Diagnostic_Plans_Panels.pdfGoogle Scholar
Aielle, SE 1998. Collection and submission of laboratory samples. In The Merck veterinary manual (ed. SE Aiello), pp. 1188–1192. Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.Google Scholar
Arens, D, Sigrist, I, Alini, M, Schawalder, P, Schneider, E, Egermann, M 2007. Seasonal changes in bone metabolism in sheep. The Veterinary Journal 174, 585–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ASVCP 2009. Principles of quality assurance and standards for veterinary clinical pathology. In Quality assurance guidelines. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Madison, WI, USA. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from http://www.asvcp.org/pubs/qas/index.cfmGoogle Scholar
Barger, IA, Dash, KM 1987. Repeatability of ovine faecal egg counts and blood packed cell volumes in Haemonchus contortus infections. International Journal for Parasitology 17, 977–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellamy, JEC, Olexson, DW 2000. Causes and control of preanalytic variation. In Quality assurance handbook for veterinary laboratories (ed. JEC Bellamy and DW Olexson), pp. 39–60. Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA.Google Scholar
Bickhardt, K, Wirtz, A 1978. Der Einfluß von Anbindestress und Fütterung auf Blutmeßwerte des Schweines. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 85, 457–462.Google Scholar
Bickhardt, K, Dudziak, D, Ganter, M, Henze, P 1999. Untersuchungen zur Altersabhängigkeit hämatologischer und blutchemischer Messgrössen bei gesunden Schaflämmern – ein Beitrag zur Definition von Referenzwerten beim Schaf. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 106, 445–451.Google Scholar
Boyanton, BL, Blick, KE 2002. Stability studies of twenty-four analytes in human plasma and serum. Clinical Chemistry 48, 2242–2247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, JP, Tainturier, D, Laugier, C, Benard, P, Thouvenot, JP, Rico, AG 1982. Early variations of blood plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase in newborn calves – a test of colostrum intake. Journal of Dairy Science 65, 2178–2181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundza, A, Sugden, E, Nielsen, K, Hartin, K 1982. Copper toxicosis in lambs fed milk replacer. Canadian Veterinary Journal 23, 102–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Burkhard, MJ, Garry, F 2004. Artifactual hypoglycemia associated with hemotrophic mycoplasma infection in a lamb. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 33, 244–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calam, RR, Cooper, MH 1982. Recommended ‘order of draw’ for collecting blood specimens into additive-containing tubes. Clinical Chemistry 28, 1399.Google Scholar
Caldeira, RM, Almeida, MA, Santos, CC, Vasques, MI, Vaz Portugal, A 1999. Daily variation in blood enzymes and metabolites in ewes under three levels of feed intake. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CFIA 2011. Canadian Food Inspection Agency: sampling procedure for genotyping. In Accredited veterinarian's manual, Appendix 1B. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/man/avmmva/avmmva_mod7_a1e.shtmlbGoogle Scholar
Chan, AY, Swaminathan, R, Cockram, CS 1989. Effectiveness of sodium fluoride as a preservative of glucose in blood. Clinical Chemistry 35, 315–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chorfi, Y, Lanevschi-Pietersma, A, Girard, V, Tremblay, A 2004. Evaluation of variation in serum globulin concentrations in dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 33, 122–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CLSI 2007. Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute: procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens by venipuncture (H3-A6), Wayne, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Cornes, MP, Davidson, F, Darwin, L, Gay, C, Redpath, M, Waldron, JL, Ford, C, Gama, R 2010. Multi-centre observational study of spurious hyperkalaemia due to EDTA contamination. Clinical Laboratory 56, 597–599.Google ScholarPubMed
Cray, C, Rodriguez, M, Zaias, J, Altman, NH 2009. Effects of storage temperature and time on clinical biochemical parameters from rat serum. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48, 202–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Doornenbal, H, Tong, AK, Murray, NL 1988. Reference values of blood parameters in beef cattle of different ages and stages of lactation. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 52, 99–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Dubreuil, P, Lapierre, H 1997. Biochemistry reference values for Quebec lactating dairy cows, nursing sows, growing pigs and calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 61, 235–239.Google ScholarPubMed
Elghetany, MT, Davis, BH 2005. Impact of preanalytical variables on granulocytic surface antigen expression: a review. Cytometry Part B 65, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelking, LR 1993. Equine fasting hyperbilirubinemia. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 37, 115–125.Google Scholar
Evans, GO 2009. Preanalytical variables. In Animal clinical chemistry – a practical guide for toxicologists and biomedical researchers (ed. GO Evans), pp. 255–275. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.Google Scholar
Fayolle, P, Lefebvre, H, Braun, JP 1992. Effects of incorrect venepuncture on plasma creatine-kinase activity in dog and horse. British Veterinary Journal 148, 161–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedel, R, Mattenheimer, H 1970. Release of metabolic enzymes from platelets during blood clotting of man, dog, rabbit and rat. Clinica Chimica Acta 30, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganter, M, Herrmanns, J, Waibl, H 2005. Blood sampling from the vena cava cranialis in sheep. In Proceedings of the 6th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ed. GC Fthenakis and QA McKeller), pp. 350–351. Layout – Printing ERGO m&p, Hersonissos, Greece.Google Scholar
Geffré, A, Friedrichs, K, Harr, K, Concordet, D, Trumel, C, Braun, JP 2009. Reference values: a review. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 38, 288–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gohary, GS, Bickhardt, K 1979. Der Einfluss des Blutentnahmestresses auf Blutmesswerte des Schafes. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 86, 225–228.Google Scholar
Gopinath, C, Howell, JM 1975. Experimental chronic copper toxicity in sheep. Changes that follow the cessation of dosing at the onset of haemolysis. Research in Veterinary Science 19, 35–43.Google Scholar
Goswami, B, Singh, B, Chawla, R, Mallika, V 2010. Evaluation of errors in a clinical laboratory: a one-year experience. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 48, 63–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustafsson, AH, Palmquist, DL 1993. Diurnal variation of rumen ammonia, serum urea, and milk urea in dairy cows at high and low yields. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 475–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadlich, M, Kolb, E 1975. Alkaline phosphatase activity in blood serum, bile and urine of cattle and calves. Archiv fur Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 29, 181–184.Google ScholarPubMed
Henny, J 2009. The IFCC recommendations for determining reference intervals: strengths and limitations. Journal of Laboratory Medicine 33, 45–51.Google Scholar
Horder, M, Elser, RC, Gerhardt, W, Mathieu, M, Sampson, EJ 1991. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Scientific Division Committee on Enzymes: approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 7. IFCC method for creatine kinase (ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2). European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 29, 435–456.Google ScholarPubMed
Houpt, KA, Reimers, TJ, Boyd, RD 1986. Changes in free fatty acids and triiodothyronine in response to feeding in pigs. Physiology & Behavior 37, 573–576.Google Scholar
ICSH 1993. Recommendations of the international council for standardization in haematology for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulation of blood for blood cell counting and sizing. International council for standardization in haematology: expert panel on cytometry. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 100, 371–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ihedioha, JI, Onwubuche, RC 2007. Artifactual changes in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and cell counts in bovine, caprine, and porcine blood stored at room and refrigerator temperatures. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 36, 60–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ijaz, A, Maqsood ul, H, Khan, IM, Saeed, F, Tariq, KM 2010. EDTA contamination in laboratory specimens – effect of an awareness campaign. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons – Pakistan 20, 405–407.Google ScholarPubMed
Ingvartsen, KL, Dewhurst, RJ, Friggens, NC 2003. On the relationship between lactational performance and health: is it yield or metabolic imbalance that cause production diseases in dairy cattle? A position paper. Livestock Production Science 83, 277–308.Google Scholar
Jackson, BF, Blumsohn, A, Goodship, AE, Wilson, AM, Price, JS 2003. Circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone cell activity and insulin-like growth factor-I in two-year-old horses. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2804–2810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenny, BF, Polan, CE 1975. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin in cows fed high grain. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 512–514.Google Scholar
Johnstone, IB 1993. The importance of accurate citrate to blood ratios in the collection of canine blood for hemostatic testing. Canadian Veterinary Journal 34, 627–629.Google Scholar
Keyzer, J, Oosting, E, Wolthers, B, Muskiet, F, Hindriks, F, van der Slik, W 1983. Zinc in plasma and serum: influence of contamination due to the collection tubes. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition 5, 248–251.Google Scholar
Knowles, TP, Mullin, RA, Hunter, JA, Douce, FH 2006. Effects of syringe material, sample storage time, and temperature on blood gases and oxygen saturation in arterialized human blood samples. Respiratory Care 51, 732–736.Google Scholar
Koopmans, SJ, van der Meulen, J, Dekker, R, Corbijn, H, Mroz, Z 2005. Diurnal rhythms in plasma cortisol, insulin, glucose, lactate and urea in pigs fed identical meals at 12-hourly intervals. Physiology & Behavior 84, 497–503.Google Scholar
Kurz, MM, Willett, LB 1991. Carbohydrate, enzyme, and hematology dynamics in newborn calves. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 2109–2118.Google Scholar
Ladenson, JH, Tsai, LM, Michael, JM, Kessler, G, Joist, JH 1974. Serum versus heparinized plasma for eighteen common chemistry tests: is serum the appropriate specimen? American Journal of Clinical Pathology 62, 545–552.Google Scholar
Laven, RA, Lawrence, KE, Livesey, CT 2007. The assessment of blood copper status in cattle: a comparison of measurements of caeruloplasmin and elemental copper in serum and plasma. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55, 171–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeBlanc, S 2010. Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. Journal of Reproduction and Development 56 (suppl.), S29–S35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lippi, G, Guidi, GC, Mattiuzzi, C, Plebani, M 2006a. Preanalytical variability: the dark side of the moon in laboratory testing. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 44, 358–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lippi, G, Salvagno, GL, Montagnana, M, Brocco, G, Guidi, GC 2006b. Influence of hemolysis on routine clinical chemistry testing. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 44, 311–316.Google Scholar
Lippi, G, Blanckaert, N, Bonini, P, Green, S, Kitchen, S, Palicka, V, Vassault, AJ, Plebani, M 2008. Haemolysis: an overview of the leading cause of unsuitable specimens in clinical laboratories. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 46, 764–772.Google Scholar
Livesey, JH, Ellis, MJ, Evans, MJ 2008. Pre-analytical requirements. The Clinical Biochemist – Reviews 29 (suppl.), S11–S15.Google ScholarPubMed
Lum, G, Gambino, SR 1974. A comparison of serum versus heparinized plasma for routine chemistry tests. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, 108–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lumsden, JH, Mullen, K, Rowe, R 1980. Hematology and biochemistry reference values for female Holstein cattle. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 44, 24–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Magee, LS 2005. Preanalytical variables in the chemistry laboratory. In Lab notes. Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.Google Scholar
Majid, A, Heaney, DC, Padmanabhan, N, Spooner, R 1996. The order of draw of blood specimens into additive containing tubes does not affect potassium and calcium measurements. Journal of Clinical Pathology 49, 1019–1020.Google Scholar
Mason, RG, Read, MS 1971. Some species differences in fibrinolysis and blood coagulation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 5, 121–128.Google Scholar
May, ML, Nolen-Walston, RD, Utter, ME, Boston, RC 2010. Comparison of hematologic and biochemical results on blood obtained by jugular venipuncture as compared with intravenous catheter in adult horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 1462–1466.Google Scholar
McEwen, MM, Gleed, RD, Ludders, JW, Stokol, T, Del Piero, F, Erb, HN 2000. Hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in goats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217, 1697–1700.Google Scholar
Miles, RR, Roberts, RF, Putnam, AR, Roberts, WL 2004. Comparison of serum and heparinized plasma samples for measurement of chemistry analytes. Clinical Chemistry 50, 1704–1706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minoia, C, Pietra, R, Sabbioni, E, Ronchi, A, Gatti, A, Cavalleri, A, Manzo, L 1992. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. III. The control of preanalytical factors in the biomonitoring of trace elements in biological fluids. The Science of the Total Environment 120, 63–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohri, M, Sharifi, K, Eidi, S 2007. Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Research in Veterinary Science 83, 30–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montiel, L, Tremblay, A, Girard, V, Chorfi, Y 2007. Preanalytical factors affecting blood inorganic phosphate concentration in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 36, 278–280.Google Scholar
Narayanan, S 2000. The preanalytic phase. An important component of laboratory medicine. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 113, 429–452.Google Scholar
Naylor, JM, Kronfeld, DS, Johnson, K 1980. Fasting hyperbilirubinemia and its relationship to free fatty acids and triglycerides in the horse. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 165, 86–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obidike, IR, Aka, LO, Okafor, CI 2009. Time-dependant peri-partum haematological, biochemical and rectal temperature changes in West African dwarf ewes. Small Ruminant Research 82, 53–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, AK, Bladbjerg, EM, Jensen, AL, Hansen, AK 2001. Effect of pre-analytical handling on haematological variables in minipigs. Laboratory Animals 35, 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omang, SH, Vellar, OD 1973. Analytical error due to concentration gradients in frozen and thawed samples. Clinica Chimica Acta 49, 125–126.Google Scholar
Patel, N 2009. Tech Talk® Why is EDTA the anticoagulant of choice for hematology use? Retrieved August 10, 2011, from www.bd.com/vacutainer/pdfs/techtalk/TechTalk_Jan2009_VS8014.pdfGoogle Scholar
Picandet, V, Jeanneret, S, Lavoie, JP 2007. Effects of syringe type and storage temperature on results of blood gas analysis in arterial blood of horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 476–481.Google Scholar
Piccione, G, Foa, A, Bertolucci, C, Caola, G 2006. Daily rhythm of salivary and serum urea concentration in sheep. Journal of Circadian Rhythms 4, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polizopoulou, ZS 2010. Haematological tests in sheep health management. Small Ruminant Research 92, 88–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponto, LL, Graham, MM, Richmond, JC, Ward, CA, Clermont, DA, Schmitt, BA, Clark, J, Conklin, A, Weldon, L, Watkins, GL, Madsen, MT, Hichwa, RD 2002. Contamination levels in blood samples drawn from the injection intravenous line. Molecular Imaging and Biology 4, 410–414.Google Scholar
Quiroz-Rocha, GF, LeBlanc, SJ, Duffield, TF, Wood, D, Leslie, KE, Jacobs, RM 2009. Reference limits for biochemical and hematological analytes of dairy cows one week before and one week after parturition. Canadian Veterinary Journal 50, 383–388.Google ScholarPubMed
Quiroz-Rocha, GF, LeBlanc, SJ, Duffield, TF, Jefferson, B, Wood, D, Leslie, KE, Jacobs, RM 2010. Effect of sampling time relative to the first daily feeding on interpretation of serum fatty acid and [beta]-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 2030–2033.Google Scholar
Randall, AG, Garcia-Webb, P, Beilby, JP 1990. Interference by haemolysis, icterus and lipaemia in assays on the Beckman Synchron CX5 and methods for correction. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 27, 345–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riese, C, Michaelis, M, Mentrup, B, Gotz, F, Kohrle, J, Schweizer, U, Schomburg, L 2006. Selenium-dependent pre- and posttranscriptional mechanisms are responsible for sexual dimorphic expression of selenoproteins in murine tissues. Endocrinology 147, 5883–5892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, JH 1992. Clinical pathology: preanalytical variation in preclinical safety assessment studies – effect on predictive value of analyte tests. Toxicologic Pathology 20, 490–500.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, LA, Stallings, CC, Herbein, JH, McGilliard, ML 1997. Diurnal variation in milk and plasma urea nitrogen in Holstein and Jersey cows in response to degradable dietary protein and added fat. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 3368–3376.Google Scholar
Schulze, B, Weber, CN, Gremmels, H, Müller, KE 2008. Effects of different transport and sampling conditions on blood parameters of dairy cows. Proceedings of the XXV Jubilee World Buiatrics Congress, Budapest, Hungary, p. 253.Google Scholar
Sharratt, CL, Gilbert, CJ, Cornes, MC, Ford, C, Gama, R 2009. EDTA sample contamination is common and often undetected, putting patients at unnecessary risk of harm. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63, 1259–1262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shek, CC, Swaminathan, R 1985. Errors due to heparin in the estimation of plasma sodium and potassium concentrations. Intensive Care Medicine 11, 309–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, JE, Cipriano, JE, Hall, SM 1990. In vitro and in vivo glucose consumption in swine eperythrozoonosis. Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin B 37, 587–592.Google Scholar
Statland, BE, Bokelund, H, Winkel, P 1974. Factors contributing to intra-individual variation of serum constituents: 4. Effects of posture and tourniquet application on variation of serum constituents in healthy subjects. Clinical Chemistry 20, 1513–1519.Google Scholar
Stevens, RJG, Laina, V, Wong, CKM, Coulson, CE 2008. A case of hyperkalaemia associated with hypocalcaemia. Emergency Medical Journal 25, 379–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugawara, Y, Suzuki, K, Koshikawa, M, Ando, M, Iida, J 2002. Necessity of enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase for mineralization of osteoblastic cells. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 88, 262–269.Google Scholar
Sulaiman, RA, Cornes, MP, Whitehead, SJ, Othonos, N, Ford, C, Gama, R 2011. Effect of order of draw of blood samples during phlebotomy on routine biochemistry results. Journal of Clinical Pathology 64, 1019–1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suttle, NF 2010. Copper. In The mineral nutrition of livestock (ed. NF Suttle), pp. 255–305. Cabi, Oxfordshire, UK.Google Scholar
Sutton, RH 1977. The effect of eperythrozoon ovis infection on the glucose level and some acid-base factors in the venous blood in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal 53, 478–481.Google Scholar
Suzuki, T, Kondo, M, Orita, S, Suhara, I 1983. Lactate dehydrohenase and creatine phosphokinase assay in rat plasma: effect of contamination of platelets in 1500 × G centrifuged plasma. Journal of Toxicological Sciences 8, 325.Google Scholar
Szecsi, PB, Odum, L 2009. Error tracking in a clinical biochemistry laboratory. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 47, 1253–1257.Google Scholar
Thompson, JC, Pauli, JV 1981. Colostral transfer of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in calves. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 29, 223–226.Google Scholar
Topal, A, Gul, N, Ilcol, Y, Gorgul, OS 2003. Hepatic effects of halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 50, 530–533.Google Scholar
Van Saun, RJ 2004. Using pooled sample technique for herd metabolic profile screening. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Production Diseases of Farm Animals (ed. NP Joshi and TH Herdt), p. 91. Wageningen Academic Publishers, East Lansing, MI, USA.Google Scholar
Wallin, O, Söderberg, J, Van Guelpen, B, Stenlund, H, Grankvist, K, Brulin, C 2008. Preanalytical venous blood sampling practices demand improvement – a survey of test-request management, test-tube labelling and information search procedures. Clinica Chimica Acta 391, 91–97.Google Scholar
WHO 2002. Use of anticoagulants in diagnostic laboratory investigation & stability of blood, plasma and serum samples. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/WHO_DIL_LAB_99.1_Rev.2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wiwanitkit, V 2006. Glass syringes are better than plastic for preserving arterial blood gas for oxygen partial pressure determination: an explanation based on nanomaterial composition. International Journal of Nanomedicine 1, 223–224.Google Scholar
Yokota, M, Tatsumi, N, Nathalang, O, Yamada, T, Tsuda, I 1999. Effects of heparin on polymerase chain reaction for blood white cells. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 13, 133–140.Google Scholar
Young, DS 2007. Effects of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory tests (ed. DS Young). AACC Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Yucel, D, Dalva, K 1992. Effect of in vitro hemolysis on 25 common biochemical tests. Clinical Chemistry 38, 575–577.Google Scholar
Zanker, IA, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2001. Activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate-aminotransferase in colostrum, milk and blood plasma of calves fed first colostrum at 0–2, 6–7, 12–13 and 24–25 h after birth. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 48, 179–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed