Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T17:56:16.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Leptin in farm animals: where are we and where can we go?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2010

A. R. G. Wylie
A. R. G. Wylie*
Affiliation:
Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Fat affects meat quality, value and production efficiency as well as providing energy reserves for pregnancy and lactation in farm livestock. Leptin, the adipocyte product of the obese (ob) gene, was quickly seen as a predictor of body fat content in animals approaching slaughter and an aid to assessing reproductive readiness in females. Its participation in inflammation and immune responses that help animals survive infection and trauma has clear additional relevance to meat and milk production. Furthermore, almost a decade of discoveries of nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin and leptin receptor genes has suggested useful applications relating to feed intake regulation, the efficiency of feed use, the composition of growth, the timing of puberty, mammogenesis and mammary gland function and fertility in cattle, pigs and poultry. The current review attempts to summarise where research has taken us in each of these aspects and speculates on where future research might lead.

Keywords

leptinfarm animalsproduction efficiencyfatbody composition
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , February 2011 , pp. 246 - 267
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Accorsi, PA, Camberoni, A, Isani, G, Viggiani, R, Monari, M, De Ambrogi, M, Munno, A, Tamanini, C, Seren, E 2005. Leptin does not seem to influence glucose uptake by bovine mammary explants. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 56, 689–698.Google Scholar
Adachi, H, Takemoto, Y, Bungo, T, Ohkubo, T 2008. Chicken leptin receptor is functional in activating JAK-STAT pathway in vitro. Journal of Endocrinology 197, 335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahima, RS, Flier, JS 2000. Leptin. Annual Review of Physiology 62, 413–437.Google Scholar
Ahima, RS, Dushay, J, Flier, SN, Prabakaran, D, Flier, JS 1997. Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice. Journal of Clinical Investigations 99, 391–395.Google Scholar
Ajuwon, KM, Kuske, JL, Anderson, DB, Hancock, DL, Houseknecht, KL, Adeola, O, Spurlock, ME 2003. Chronic leptin administration increases serum NEFA in the pig and differentially regulates PPAR expression in adipose tissue. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14, 576–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almeida, SEM, Santos, LBS, Passos, DT, Corbellini, AO, Lopes, BMT, Kirst, C, Terra, G, Neves, JP, Goncalves, PBD, Moraes, JCF, Weimer, TDA 2008. Genetic polymorphisms at the leptin receptor gene in three beef cattle breeds. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31, 680–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, M, von Borell, E 2007. Leptin as an indicator for carcass composition in farm animals. Animal Science Journal 78, 449–459.Google Scholar
Altmann, M, Sauerwein, H, von Borell, E 2005. Relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and carcass composition in fattening mutton: a comparison with ultrasound results. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 326–330.Google Scholar
Altmann, M, Sauerwein, H, von Borell, E 2006. Plasma leptin in growing lambs as a potential predictor for carcass composition and daily gain. Meat Science 74, 600–604.Google Scholar
Amarante, AFT, Bricarello, PA, Rocha, RA, Gennari, SM 2004. Resistance of Santa Ines, Suffolk and Ile de France sheep to naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections. Veterinary Parasitology 120, 91–106.Google Scholar
Amills, M, Villalba, D, Tor, M, Mercade, A, Gallardo, D, Cabrera, B, Jimenez, N, Noguera, JL, Sanchez, A, Estany, J 2008. Plasma leptin levels in pigs with different leptin and leptin receptor genotypes. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 125, 228–233.Google Scholar
Amstalden, M, Garcia, MR, Williams, SW, Stanko, RL, Nizielski, SE, Morrison, CD, Keisler, DH, Williams, GL 2000. Leptin gene expression, circulating leptin, and luteinizing hormone pulsatility are acutely responsive to short-term fasting in pre-pubertal heifers: relationships to circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Biology of Reproduction 63, 127–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anagnostoulis, S, Karayiannakis, AJ, Lambropoulou, M, Efthimiadou, A, Polychronidis, A, Simopoulos, C 2008. Human leptin induces angiogenesis in vivo. Cytokine 42, 353–357.Google Scholar
Aoki, N, Kawamura, M, Matsuda, T 1999. Lactation-dependent down regulation of leptin production in mouse mammary gland. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1427, 298–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashwell, CM, Czerwinski, SM, McMurtry, JP 1998. Turkey leptin (ob) mRNA, partial cds. GenBank Accession Number AF082501.Google Scholar
Ashwell, CM, Czerwinski, SM, Brocht, DM, McMurtry, JP 1999. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, R226–R232.Google Scholar
Ashworth, CJ, Hoggard, N, Thomas, L, Mercer, JG, Wallace, JM, Lea, RG 2000. Placental leptin. Reviews of Reproduction 5, 18–24.Google Scholar
Asiamah, PA, Betchel, DG, Waldner, C, Buchanan, FC 2009. Effects of leptin Arg25Cys on peripheral mononuclear cell counts and antibody response to vaccination in beef cattle. Animal Genetics 40, 783–787.Google Scholar
Attig, L, Djiane, J, Gertler, A, Rampin, O, Larcher, T, Boukthir, S, Anton, PM, Madec, JY, Gourdou, I, Abdennebi-Najar, L 2008. Study of hypothalamic leptin receptor expression in low-birth-weight piglets and effects of leptin supplementation on neonatal growth and development. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, E1117–E1125.Google Scholar
Bado, A, Levasseur, S, Attoub, S, Kermorgant, S, Laigneau, JP, Bortoluzzi, MN, Moizo, L, Lehy, T, Guerre-Millo, M, Le Marchand Brustel, Y, Lewin, MJM 1998. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 394, 790–793.Google Scholar
Bagnasco, M, Kalra, PS, Kalra, SP 2002. Plasma leptin levels are pulsatile in adult rats: effects of gonadectomy. Neuroendocrinology 75, 257–263.Google Scholar
Baile, CA, Della-Ferra, MA, Martin, RJ 2000. Regulation of body fat mass and metabolism by leptin. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 20, 105–127.Google Scholar
Banos, G, Woolliams, JA, Woodward, BW, Forbes, AB, Coffey, MP 2008. Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in leptin, leptin receptor, growth hormone receptor, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene loci on milk production, feed, and body energy traits of UK dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3190–3200.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Kraeling, RR 2004. Role of leptin in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in farm animals. Animal Reproduction Science 82–83, 155–167.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Barrett, JB, Kraeling, RR, Rampacek, GB 2001a. Serum leptin concentrations, luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion during feed and metabolic fuel restriction in the prepubertal gilt. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 20, 47–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barb, CR, Hausman, GJ, Houseknecht, KL 2001b. Biology of leptin in the pig. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21, 297–317.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Hausman, GJ, Czaja, K 2005. Leptin: a metabolic signal affecting central regulation of reproduction in the pig. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 186–192.Google Scholar
Barb, CR, Hausman, GJ, Ramsay, TG 2006. Leptin in farm animals. In Endocrine update series (ed. DV Castracane and MC Henson), pp. 263–308. Springer, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
Barkan, D, Hurgin, V, Dekel, N 2005. Leptin induces ovulation in GnRH-deficient mice. FASEB Journal 19, 133–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barowicz, T, Pieszka, M, Pietras, M, Kedzior, W 2005. The effect of serum concentration of leptin in fatteners on their productivity. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 14, 329–332.Google Scholar
Beam, SW, Butler, WR 1999. Effects of energy balance on follicular development and first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 54, 411–424.Google Scholar
Bellmann, O, Wegner, J, Teuscher, F, Schneider, F, Ender, K 2004. Muscle characteristics and corresponding hormone concentrations in different types of cattle. Livestock Production Science 85, 45–57.Google Scholar
Berg, EP, McFadin, EL, Maddock, KR, Goodwin, RN, Baas, TJ, Keisler, DH 2003. Serum concentrations of leptin in six genetic lines of swine and relationship with growth and carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 81, 167–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertrand, JK, Green, RD, Herring, WO, Moser, DW 2001. Genetic evaluation for beef carcass traits. Journal of Animal Science 79, E190–E200.Google Scholar
Bjørbæk, C, Uotani, S, da Silva, B, Flier, JS 1997. Divergent signaling capacities of the long and short isoforms of the leptin receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 32686–32695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blache, D, Tellam, RL, Chagas, LM, Blackberry, MA, Vercoe, PE, Martin, GB 2000. Level of nutrition affects leptin concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 165, 625–637.Google Scholar
Block, SS, Butler, WR, Ehrhardt, RA, Bell, AW, Van Amburgh, ME, Boisclair, YR 2001. Decreased concentration of plasma leptin in periparturient dairy cows is caused by negative energy balance. Journal of Endocrinology 171, 339–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, SS, Smith, JM, Ehrhardt, RA, Diaz, MC, Rhoads, RP, Van Amburgh, ME, Boisclair, YR 2003. Nutritional and developmental regulation of plasma leptin in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3206–3214.Google Scholar
Bokkers, EAM, Koene, P 2003. Eating behaviour, and preprandial and postprandial correlations in male broiler and layer chickens. British Poultry Science 44, 538–544.Google Scholar
Bonnet, M, Gourdou, I, Leroux, C, Chilliard, Y, Djiane, J 2002. Leptin expression in the ovine mammary gland: putative sequential involvement of adipose, epithelial, and myoepithelial cells during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Animal Science 80, 723–728.Google Scholar
Bonnet, M, Faulconnier, Y, Leroux, C, Jurie, C, Cassar-Malej, I, Bauchart, D, Boulesteix, P, Pethick, D, Hocquette, J-F, Chilliard, Y 2007. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and leptin are related to marbling differences among Limousin and Angus or Japanese Black x Angus steers. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2882–2894.Google Scholar
Borghetti, P, Saleri, R, Mocchegiani, E, Corradi, A, Martelli, P 2009. Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 130, 141–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boucher, D, Palin, MF, Castonguay, F, Gariepy, C, Pothier, F 2006. Detection of polymorphisms in the ovine leptin (LEP) gene: association of a single nucleotide polymorphism with muscle growth and meat quality traits. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, 31–35.Google Scholar
Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium 2009. The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution. Science 324, 522–528.Google Scholar
Brandt, MM, Keisler, DH, Meyer, DL, Schmidt, TB, Berg, EP 2007. Serum hormone concentrations relative to carcass composition of a random allotment of commercial – fed beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85, 267–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, S 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. Hafner Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
Bruggeman, V, Onagbesan, OM, Decuypere, E 2000. Body weight, fat content, liver weight and plasma leptin concentrations in broiler breeder females reared under ad libitum feeding, restricted feeding or combinations of both until age of first egg. British Poultry Science 41 (suppl. 1), 57–59.Google Scholar
Buchanan, FC, van Kessel, AG, Boisclair, YR, Block, HC, McKinnon, JJ 2007. The leptin arg25cys affects performance, carcass traits and serum leptin concentrations in beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, 153–156.Google Scholar
Buchanan, FC, Fitzsimmons, CJ, van Kessel, AG, Thue, TD, Inkelman-Sim, DC, Schmutz, SM 2002. Association of a missense mutation in the bovine leptin gene with carcass fat content and leptin mRNA levels. Genetics Selection Evolution 34, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, FC, van Kessel, AG, Waldner, C, Christensen, DA, Laarveld, B, Schmultz, SM 2003. An association between a leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk and protein yield. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 3164–3166.Google Scholar
Buettner, C, Pocai, A, Muse, ED, Etgen, AM, Myers, MG Jr, Rossetti, L 2006. Critical role of STAT3 in leptin’s metabolic actions. Cell Metabolism 4, 49–60.Google Scholar
Bungo, T, Shimojo, M, Masuda, Y, Tachibanab, T, Tanaka, SJ, Sugahara, K, Furuse, M 1999. Intracerebroventricular administration of mouse leptin does not reduce food intake in the chicken. Brain Research 817, 196–198.Google Scholar
Burt, DA 2004. The chicken genome and the developmental biologist. Mechanisms of Development 121, 1129–1135.Google Scholar
Butler, WR 2005. Inhibition of ovulation in the postpartum cow and the lactating sow. Livestock Production Science 98, 5–12.Google Scholar
Butler, PJ, Woakes, AJ 2001. Seasonal hypothermia in a large migrating bird: saving energy for fat deposition? Journal of Experimental Biology 204, 1361–1367.Google Scholar
Cameron, JL, Nosbisch, C 1991. Suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion during short-term food restriction in the adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Endocrinology 128, 1532–1540.Google Scholar
Cameron, ND, Penman, JC, McCullough, E 2000. Serum leptin concentration in pigs selected for high or low daily food intake. Genetics Research 75, 209–213.Google Scholar
Campfield, AL, Smith, FJ, Guisez, Y, Devos, R, Burn, P 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269, 546–549.Google Scholar
Caro, J, Kolaczynski, J, Nyce, M, Ohannesian, J, Opentanova, I, Goldman, W, Lynn, R, Zhang, P, Sinha, M, Considine, R 1996. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 348, 159–161.Google Scholar
Cassy, S, Picard, M, Crochet, S, Derouet, M, Keisler, DH, Taouis, M 2004. Peripheral leptin effect on food intake in young chickens is influenced by age and strain. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 27, 51–61.Google Scholar
Chebel, RC, Susca, F, Santos, JEP 2008. Leptin genotype is associated with lactation performance and health of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2893–2900.Google Scholar
Chehab, FF, Lim, ME, Lu, R 1996. Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin. Nature Genetics 12, 318–320.Google Scholar
Chehab, FF, Mounzih, K, Lu, R, Lim, ME 1997. Early onset of reproductive function in normal female mice treated with leptin. Science 275, 88–90.Google Scholar
Chelikani, PK, Glimm, DR, Kennelly, JJ 2003. Tissue distribution of leptin and leptin receptor mRNA in the bovine. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2369–2372.Google Scholar
Chelikani, PK, Ambrose, DJ, Keisler, DH, Kennelly, JJ 2009. Effects of dietary energy and protein density on plasma concentrations of leptin and metabolic hormones in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1430–1441.Google Scholar
Chen, G, Koyama, K, Yuan, X, Lee, Y, Zhou, YT, O’Doherty, R, Newgard, CB, Unger, RH 1996. Disappearance of body fat in normal rats induced by adenovirus-mediated leptin gene therapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 93, 14795–14799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y, Heiman, ML 2000. Chronic leptin administration promotes lipid utilization until fat mass is greatly reduced and preserves lean mass of normal female rats. Regulatory Peptides 92, 113–119.Google Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Delavaud, C, Bonnet, M 2005. Leptin expression in ruminants: nutritional and physiological regulations in relation with energy metabolism. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 3–22.Google Scholar
Cinti, S, Frederich, RC, Zingaretti, MC, De Matteis, R, Flier, JS, Lowell, BB 1997. Immunohistochemical localization of leptin and uncoupling protein in white and brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 138, 797–804.Google Scholar
Cinti, S, De Matteis, R, Picó, C, Ceresi, E, Obrador, A, Maffeis, C, Oliver, J, Palou, A 2000. Secretory granules of endocrine and chief cells of human stomach mucosa contain leptin. International Journal of Obesity 24, 789–793.Google Scholar
Colditz, IG 2002. Effects of the immune system on metabolism: implications for production and disease resistance in livestock. Livestock Production Science 75, 257–268.Google Scholar
Coleman, DL 1973. Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9, 294–298.Google Scholar
Considine, R, Sinha, M, Heiman, ML, Kriauciunas, A, Stephens, TW, Nyce, MR, Ohannesian, JP, Marco, CC, McKee, LJ, Bauer, TL, Caro, JF 1996. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New England Journal of Medicine 334, 292–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, RL, Holmes, PH 1996. Nutrition and parasite infection. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 951–962.Google Scholar
Corva, PM, Fernández Macedo, GV, Soria, LA, Papaleo Mazzucco, J, Motter, M, Villarreal, EL, Schor, A, Mezzadra, CA, Melucci, LM, Miquel, MC 2009. Effect of leptin gene polymorphisms on growth, slaughter and meat quality traits of grazing Brangus steers. Genetics and Molecular Research 8, 105–116.Google Scholar
Crouch, JS, Smith, TR 2004. Detection and identification of the leptin binding protein in dairy cattle. FASEB Journal 18, A1228.Google Scholar
Cunningham, MJ, Clifton, DK, Steiner, RA 1999. Leptin’s actions on the reproductive axis: perspectives and mechanisms. Biology of Reproduction 60, 216–222.Google Scholar
Dai, HC, Long, LQ, Zhang, XW, Zhang, WM, Wu, XX 2007. Cloning and expression of the duck leptin gene and the effect of leptin on food intake and fatty deposition in mice. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 850–855.Google Scholar
Daix, M, Pirotte, C, Bister, JL, Wergifosse, F, Cuvelier, C, Cabaraux, JF, Kirschvink, N, Istasse, L, Paquay, R 2008. Relationship between leptin content, metabolic hormones and fat deposition in three beef cattle breeds. Veterinary Journal 177, 273–278.Google Scholar
D’Andrea, M, Pilla, F, Giuffra, E, Waddington, D, Archibald, AL 2008. Structural analysis and haplotype diversity in swine LEP and MC4R genes. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 125, 130–136.Google Scholar
Daniel, JA, Whitlock, BK, Baker, JA, Steele, B, Morrison, CD, Keisler, DH, Sartin, JL 2002. Effect of body fat mass and nutritional status on 24-hour leptin profiles in ewes. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1083–1089.Google Scholar
Dekkers, JCM 2004. Commercial application of marker- and gene-assisted selection in livestock: strategies and lessons. Journal of Animal Science 82, E313–E328.Google Scholar
Delavaud, C, Bocquier, F, Chilliard, Y, Keisler, DH, Gertler, A, Kann, G 2000. Plasma leptin determination in ruminants: effect of nutritional status and body fatness on plasma leptin concentration assessed by a specific RIA in sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 165, 519–526.Google Scholar
Delavaud, C, Ferlay, A, Faulconnier, Y, Bocquier, F, Kann, G, Chilliard, Y 2002. Plasma leptin concentration in adult cattle: effects of breed, adiposity, feeding level, and meal intake. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1317–1328.Google Scholar
De Pedro, N, Martinez-Alvarez, R, Delgado, MJ 2006. Acute and chronic leptin reduces food intake and body weight in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Journal of Endocrinology 188, 513–520.Google Scholar
De Souza, MJ, Metzger, DA 1991. Reproductive dysfunction in amenorrheic athletes and anorexic patients: a review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 995–1007.Google Scholar
De Vuyst, EA, Bauer, ML, Cheng, FC, Mitchell, J, Larson, D 2008. The impact of a leptin gene SNP on beef calf weaning weights. Animal Genetics 39, 284–286.Google Scholar
Diamond, FB Jr, Eichler, DC, Duckett, G, Jorgensen, EV, Shulman, D, Root, AW 1997. Demonstration of a leptin binding factor in human serum. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 233, 818–822.Google Scholar
Diskin, MG 2008. Reproductive management of dairy cows: a review (part 1). Irish Veterinary Journal 61, 326–332.Google Scholar
Doepel, L, Lapierre, H, Kennelly, JJ 2002. Peripartum performance and metabolism of dairy cows in response to prepartum energy and protein intake. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 2315–2334.Google Scholar
Dridi, S, Buyse, J, Decuypere, E, Taouis, M 2005a. Potential role of leptin in increase of fatty acid synthase gene expression in chicken liver. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 646–660.Google Scholar
Dridi, S, Swennen, Q, Decuypere, E, Buyse, J 2005b. Mode of leptin action in chicken hypothalamus. Brain Research 1047, 214–223.Google Scholar
Dunshea, FR, D’Souza, DN, Pethick, DW, Harper, GS, Warner, RD 2005. Effects of dietary factors and other metabolic modifiers on quality and nutritional value of meat. Meat Science 71, 8–38.Google Scholar
Dyer, CJ, Simmons, JM, Matteri, RL, Keisler, DH 1997. cDNA cloning and tissue-specific gene expression of ovine leptin, NPY-Y1 receptor and NPY-Y2 receptor. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 14, 295–303.Google Scholar
Ehrhardt, RA, Slepetsis, RM, Bell, AW, Boisclair, YR 2001. Maternal leptin is elevated during pregnancy in sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21, 85–96.Google Scholar
Ehrhardt, RA, Greenwood, PL, Bell, AW, Boislair, YR 2003. Plasma leptin is regulated predominantly by nutrition in preruminant lambs. Journal of Nutrition 133, 4196–4201.Google Scholar
Ehrhardt, RA, Slepetsis, RM, Siegal-Willott, J, Van Amburgh, ME, Bell, AW, Boisclair, YR 2000. Development of a specific radioimmunoassay to measure physiological changes of circulating leptin in cattle and sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 166, 519–528.Google Scholar
Elsasser, T, Ingvartsen, KL, Kahl, S, Capuco, AV 2006. Endocrine effects on immune function: defining opportunities based on knowledge from growing calf and peri-parturient animal models. In Ruminant physiology (ed. K Sejrsen, T Hvelplund and MO Neilsen), pp. 415–447. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Esslemont, RJ, Kossaibati, MA, Allcock, J 2001. Economics of fertility in dairy cows. In Fertility in the high-producing dairy cow (ed. MG Diskin), Occasional Publication no. 26, pp. 19–29. British Society for Animal Science, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK.Google Scholar
Fabian, J, Chiba, LI, Kuhlers, DL, Frobish, LT, Nadarjah, K, McElhenney, W 2003. Growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities, serum profile and carcass and meat quality of pigs with distinct genotypes. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1142–1149.Google Scholar
Faggioni, R, Feingold, KR, Grunfeld, C 2001. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition. FASEB Journal 15, 2565–2571.Google Scholar
Farooqi, IS, Jebb, S, Langmack, G, Cheetham, C, Prentice, A, Hughes, I, McCamish, M, O’Rahilly, S 1999. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 341, 879–884.Google Scholar
Fei, H, Okano, HJ, Li, C, Lee, G-H, Zhao, C, Darnell, R, Friedman, JM 1997. Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94, 7001–7005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferris, CP, McCoy, MA, Lennox, SD, Catney, DC, Gordon, FJ 2002. Nutrient utilisation and energy balance associated with two contrasting winter milk producing systems for high genetic merit autumn calving dairy cows. Irish Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 41, 55–70.Google Scholar
Feuermann, Y, Mabjeesh, SJ, Niv-Spector, L, Levin, D, Shamay, A 2006. Prolactin affects leptin action in the bovine mammary gland via the mammary fat pad. Journal of Endocrinology 191, 407–413.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, CJ, Schmutz, SM, Bergen, RD, McKinnon, JJ 1998. A potential association between the BM 1500 microsatellite and fat deposition in beef cattle. Mammalian Genome 9, 432–434.Google Scholar
Forbes, AB, Warren, M, Upjohn, M, Jackson, B, Jones, J, Charlier, J, Fox, MT 2009. Associations between blood gastrin, ghrelin, leptin, pepsinogen and Ostertagia ostertagi antibody concentrations and voluntary feed intake in calves exposed to a trickle infection with O. ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 162, 295–305.Google Scholar
Fortes, MRS, Curi, RA, Chardulo, LAL, Silveira, AC, Assumpção, MEOD, Visintin, JA, de Oliveira, HN 2009. Bovine gene polymorphisms related to fat deposition and meat tenderness. Genetics and Molecular Biology 32, 75–82.Google Scholar
Frederich, RC, Hamann, A, Anderson, S, Lollmann, B, Lowell, BB, Flier, JS 1995. Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice – evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nature Medicine 1, 1311–1314.Google Scholar
Freeman, DA, Lewis, DA, Kauffman, AS, Blum, RM, Dark, J 2004. Reduced leptin concentrations are permissive for the display of torpor in Siberian hamsters. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, R97–R103.Google Scholar
Friedman, JM, Halaas, JL 1998. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman-Einat, MT, Boswell, G, Horev, G, Girishvarma, IC, Dunn Talbot, RT, Sharp, PJ 1999. The chicken leptin gene: has it been cloned? General and Comparative Endocrinology 115, 354–363.Google Scholar
Friggens, NC 2003. Body lipid reserves and the reproductive cycle: towards a better understanding. Livestock Production Science 83, 219–236.Google Scholar
Garcia, MR, Amstalden, M, Williams, SW, Stanko, RL, Morrison, CD, Keisler, DH, Nizielski, SE, Williams, GL 2002. Serum leptin and its adipose gene expression during pubertal development, the estrous cycle, and different seasons in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2158–2167.Google Scholar
Gardan, D, Gondret, F, Louveau, I 2006. Lipid metabolism and secretory function of porcine intramuscular adipocytes compared with subcutaneous and perirenal adipocytes. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, E372–E380.Google Scholar
Garnsworthy, PC, Fouladi-Nashta, AA, Mann, GE, Sinclair, KD, Webb, R 2009. Effect of dietary-induced changes in plasma insulin concentrations during the early post partum period on pregnancy rate in dairy cows. Reproduction 137, 759–768.Google Scholar
Geary, TW, McFadin, EL, MacNeil, MD, Grings, EE, Short, RE, Funston, RN, Keisler, DH 2003. Leptin as a predictor of carcass composition in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1–8.Google Scholar
Gertler, A, Simmons, J, Keisler, DH 1998. Large-scale preparation of biologically active recombinant ovine obese protein (leptin). FEBS Letters 422, 137–140.Google Scholar
Gill, JI, Bishop, SC, McCorquodale, C, Williams, JL, Wiener, P 2009. Association of selected SNP with carcass and taste panel assessed meat quality traits in a commercial population of Aberdeen Angus-sired beef cattle. Genetics Selection Evolution 41, 36–47.Google Scholar
Golden, PL, Maccagnan, TJ, Pardridge, WM 1997. Human blood-brain barrier leptin receptor binding and endocytosis in isolated human brain microvessels. Journal of Clinical Investigations 99, 14–18.Google Scholar
Gorocica-Buenfil, MA, Fluharty, FL, Bohn, T, Schwartz, SJ, Loerch, SC 2007. Effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture or dry corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 85, 3355–3366.Google Scholar
Gorocica-Buenfil, MA, Fluharty, FL, Loerch, SC 2008. Effect of vitamin A restriction on carcass characteristics and immune status of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1609–1616.Google Scholar
Gosman, GG, Katcher, HI, Legro, RS 2006. Obesity and the role of gut and adipose hormones in female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 12, 585–601.Google Scholar
Grasso, P, Leinung, MC, Ingher, SP, Lee, DW 1997. In vivo effects of leptin-related synthetic peptides on body weight and food intake in female ob/ob mice: localization of leptin activity to domains between amino acid residues 106–140. Endocrinology 138, 1413–1418.Google Scholar
Greer, AW, Boisclair, YR, Stankiewicz, M, McAnulty, RW, Jay, NP, Sykes, AR 2009. Leptin concentrations and the immune-mediated reduction of feed intake in sheep infected with the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. British Journal of Nutrition 102, 954–957.Google Scholar
Guilherme, C, Bianchini, A, Martinez, PE, Robaldo, RB, Colares, EP 2004. Serum leptin concentration during the terrestrial phase of the Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonine (Carnivora: Phocidae). General and Comparative Endocrinology 139, 137–142.Google Scholar
Guilmeau, S, Buyse, M, Bado, A 2004. Gastric leptin: a new manager of gastro-intestinal function. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 4, 561–566.Google Scholar
Guo, YK, Chen, H, Lan, XY, Zhang, B, Pan, CY, Zhang, LZ, Zhang, CF, Zhao, M 2008. Novel SNPs of the bovine LEPR gene and their associations with growth traits. Biochemical Genetics 46, 828–834.Google Scholar
Halaas, JL, Gajiwala, KS, Maffei, M, Cohen, SL, Chait, BT, Rabinowitz, D, Lallone, RL, Burley, SK, Friedman, JM 1995. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269, 543–546.Google Scholar
Harris, RBS 2000. Leptin – much more than a satiety signal. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 20, 45–75.Google Scholar
Hausman, GJ, Dodson, MV, Ajuwon, K, Azain, M, Barnes, KM, Guan, LL, Jiang, Z, Poulos, SP, Sainz, RD, Smith, S, Spurlock, M, Novakofski, J, Fernyhough, ME, Bergen, WG 2009. The biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. Journal of Animal Science 87, 1218–1246.Google Scholar
Hayes, BJ, Bowman, PJ, Chamberlain, AJ, Goddard, ME 2009. Invited review: genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 433–443.Google Scholar
Hen, G, Yosefi, S, Ronin, A, Einat, P, Rosenblum, CI, Denver, RJ, Friedman-Einat, M 2008. Monitoring leptin activity using the chicken leptin receptor. Journal of Endocrinology 197, 325–333.Google Scholar
Henry, BA, Goding, JW, Alexander, WS, Tilbrook, AJ, Canny, BJ, Dunshea, FR, Rao, A, Mansell, A, Clarke, IJ 1999. Central administration of leptin to ovariectomised ewes inhibits food intake without affecting the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland: evidence for a dissociation of effects on appetite and neuroendocrine function. Endocrinology 140, 1175–1182.Google Scholar
Henry, BA, Goding, JW, Tilbrook, AJ, Dunshea, FR, Clarke, IJ 2001. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin elevates the secretion of luteinising hormone without affecting food intake in long-term food-restricted sheep, but increases growth hormone irrespective of bodyweight. Journal of Endocrinology 168, 66–77.Google Scholar
Henson, MC, Castracane, VD 2006. Leptin in pregnancy. Biology of Reproduction 63, 1219–1228.Google Scholar
Higashiyama, Y, Abe, H, Hayashi, M, Hodate, K 2003. The comparison of plasma level and mRNA expression of leptin from Japanese Black steers and Holstein steers. Livestock Production Science 81, 247–255.Google Scholar
Hileman, SM, Tornøe, J, Flier, JS, Bjørbæk, C 2000. Transcellular transport of leptin by the short leptin receptor isoform ObRa in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Endocrinology 141, 1955–1961.Google Scholar
Hill, RA, Margetic, S, Pegg, GG, Gazzola, C 1998. Leptin: its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 765–770.Google Scholar
Hocquette, J-F, Gondret, F, Baeza, E, Medale, F, Jurie, C, Pethick, DW 2010. Intramuscular fat content in meat-producing animals: development, genetic and nutritional control, and identification of putative markers. Animal 4, 303–319.Google Scholar
Hocquette, J-F, Lehnert, S, Barendse, W, Cassar-Malek, I, Picard, B 2007. Recent advances in cattle functional genomics and their application to beef quality. Animal 1, 159–173.Google Scholar
Horev, G, Einat, P, Aharoni, T, Eshdat, Y, Friedman-Einat, M 2000. Molecular cloning and properties of the chicken leptin receptor (CLEPR) gene. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 162, 95–106.Google Scholar
Hossner, KL 1998. Cellular, molecular and physiological aspects of leptin: potential application in animal production. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, 463–472.Google Scholar
Houseknecht, KL, Portocarrero, CP 1998. Leptin and its receptors: regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, 457–475.Google Scholar
Houseknecht, KL, Baile, CA, Matteri, RL, Spurlock, ME 1998. The biology of leptin: a review. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1405–1420.Google Scholar
Houseknecht, KL, McGuire, MK, Portocarrero, CP, McGuire, MA, Beerman, K 1997. Leptin is present in human milk and is related to maternal plasma leptin concentration and adiposity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 240, 742–747.Google Scholar
Houseknecht, KL, Mantzoros, CS, Kuliawat, R, Hadro, E, Flier, JS, Kahn, BB 1996. Evidence for leptin binding to proteins in serum of rodents and humans: modulation with obesity. Diabetes 45, 1638–1643.Google Scholar
Howard, JK, Lord, GM, Matarese, G, Vendetti, S, Ghatei, MA, Ritter, MA, Lechler, RI, Bloom, SR 1999. Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104, 1051–1059.Google Scholar
Hube, F, Lietz, U, Igel, M, Jensen, PB, Tornqvist, H, Joost, HG, Hauner, H 1996. Difference in leptin mRNA levels between omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from obese humans. Hormones and Metabolic Research 28, 690–693.Google Scholar
Huff-Lonergan, E, Baas, TJ, Malek, M, Dekkers, JC, Prusa, K, Rothschild, MF 2002. Correlations among selected pork quality traits. Journal of Animal Science 80, 617–627.Google Scholar
Huising, MO, Geven, EJW, Kruiswijk, CP, Nabuurs, SB, Stolte, EH, Spanings, FAT, Verburg-van Kemenade, BML, Flik, G 2006. Increased leptin expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after food intake but not after fasting or feeding to satiation. Endocrinology 147, 5786–5797.Google Scholar
Ingvartsen, KL, Boisclair, YR 2001. Leptin and the regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis and immunity with special focus on periparturient ruminants. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21, 215–250.Google Scholar
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium 2004. Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature 432, 695–716.Google Scholar
International Chicken Polymorphism Map Consortium 2004. A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature 432, 717–722.Google Scholar
Iqbal, J, Pompolo, S, Considine, RV, Clarke, IJ 2000. Localization of leptin receptor-like immunoreactivity in the corticotropes, somatotropes and gonadotropes in the ovine anterior pituitary. Endocrinology 141, 1515–1520.Google Scholar
Ishii, S, Shibasaki, T, Murakami, T, Shima, K, Wakabayashi, I 2000. Response of leptin mRNA to 24-h food deprivation and refeeding is influenced by age in rats. Regulatory Peptides 92, 45–50.Google Scholar
Isse, N, Ogawa, Y, Tamura, N, Masuzaki, H, Mori, K, Okazaki, T, Satoh, N, Shigemoto, M, Yoshimasa, Y, Nishi, S, Hosoda, K, Inazawa, J, Nakao, K 1995. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the human obese gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270, 27728–27733.Google Scholar
Ji, S, Willis, GM, Scott, RR, Spurlock, ME 1998. Partial cloning and expression of the bovine leptin gene. Animal Biotechnology 9, 1–14.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z, Gibson, JP 1999. Genetic polymorphisms in the leptin gene and their association with fatness in four pig breeds. Mammalian Genome 10, 190–193.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z, Pappu, SS, Rothschild, MF 2007. Hitting the jackpot twice: identifying and patenting gene tests related to muscle lipid accumulation for meat quality in animals and type 2 diabetes/obesity in humans. Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences 1, 100–111.Google Scholar
Johnson, RM, Johnson, TM, Londraville, RL 2000. Evidence for leptin expression in fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology 286, 718–724.Google Scholar
Johnson, DE, Ferrell, CL, Jenkins, TG 2003. The history of energetic efficiency research: where have we been and where are we going? Journal of Animal Science 81, E27–E38.Google Scholar
Kadokawa, H, Martin, GB 2006. A new perspective on management of reproduction in dairy cows: the need for detailed metabolic information, an improved selection index and extended lactation. Journal of Reproduction and Development 52, 161–168.Google Scholar
Kadokawa, H, Blache, D, Yamada, Y, Martin, GB 2000. Relationships between changes in plasma concentrations of leptin before and after parturition and the timing of first post-partum ovulation in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, 405–411.Google Scholar
Kadokawa, H, Blache, D, Martin, GB 2006. Plasma leptin concentrations correlate with luteinising hormone secretion in early postpartum Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3020–3027.Google Scholar
Kawachi, H, Yang, SH, Hamano, A, Matsui, T, Smith, SB, Yano, H 2007. Molecular cloning and expression of bovine (Bos taurus) leptin receptor isoform mRNAs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 148, 167–173.Google Scholar
Kawakita, Y, Abe, H, Hodate, K 1999. Molecular cloning and recombinant preparation of bovine leptin. South African Journal of Animal Science 29, 210–212.Google Scholar
Kawakita, YH, Abe, H, Hodate, AK, Iguchi, A, Kobayashi, M, Mori, T, Kasai, K, Tanai, Y, Kanbe, Y, Mashayama, H, Asada, T, Miyashige, T 2001. The relation between plasma leptin concentrations and carcass lipid contents in Japanese Black steers. Livestock Production Science 73, 25–34.Google Scholar
Kelesidis, T, Kelesidis, I, Chou, S, Mantzoros, CS 2010. Narrative review: the role of leptin in human physiology: emerging clinical applications. Annals of Internal Medicine 102, 93–100.Google Scholar
Kelly, AK, McGee, M, Crews, DH Jr, Fahey, AG, Wylie, AR, Kenny, DA 2010. Effect of divergence in residual feed intake on feeding behavior, blood metabolic variables and body composition traits in growing beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 88, 109–123.Google Scholar
Kennedy, GC 1953. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 140, 578–592.Google Scholar
Kennes, YM, Murphy, BD, Pothier, F, Palin, MF 2001. Characterization of swine leptin (LEP) polymorphisms and their association with production traits. Animal Genetics 32, 215–218.Google Scholar
Kershaw, EE, Flier, JS 2004. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89, 2548–2556.Google Scholar
Kile, JP, Alexander, BM, Moss, GE, Hallford, DM, Nett, TM 1991. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone overrides the negative effect of reduced dietary energy on gonadotropin synthesis and secretion in ewes. Endocrinology 128, 843–849.Google Scholar
Kochan, Z, Karbowska, J, Meissner, W 2006. Leptin is synthesized in the liver and adipose tissue of the dunlin (Calidris alpina). General and Comparative Endocrinology 148, 336–339.Google Scholar
Komatsu, T, Itoh, F, Kushbiki, S, Hodate, K 2005. Changes in gene expression of glucose transporters in lactating and non-lactating cows. Journal of Animal Science 83, 557–564.Google Scholar
Komisarek, J, Dorynek, Z 2006. The relationship between the T945M single nucleotide polymorphism in the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) and milk production traits in Jersey cows. Animal Science Papers and Reports 24, 271–277.Google Scholar
Kong, HS, Oh, JD, Lee, SG, Hong, YS, Song, WI, Lee, SJ, Kim, HC, Yoo, BH, Lee, HK, Jeon, GJ 2006. Association of polymorphisms in bovine leptin gene with ultrasound measurements for improving in Korean cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19, 1691–1695.Google Scholar
Konigsson, K, Savoini, G, Govoni, N, Invernizzi, G, Prandi, A, Kindahl, H, Veronesi, MC 2008. Energy balance, leptin, NEFA and IGF-1 plasma concentrations and resumption of post partum ovarian activity in Swedish Red and White breed cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50: record no. 3.Google Scholar
Kononoff, PJ, Deobald, HM, Stewart, EL, Laycock, AD, Marquess, FLS 2005. The effect of a leptin single nucleotide polymorphism on quality grade, yield grade, and carcass weight of beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83, 927–932.Google Scholar
Kuehn, LA, Nonneman, DJ, Klindt, JM, Wise, TH 2009. Genetic relationships of body composition, serum leptin, and age at puberty in gilts. Journal of Animal Science 87, 477–483.Google Scholar
Kulcsár, M, Jánosi, S, Lehtolainen, T, Kátai, L, Delavaud, C, Balogh, O, Chilliard, Y, Pyörälä, S, Rudas, P, Huszenicza, G 2005. Feeding-unrelated factors influencing the plasma leptin level in ruminants. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 214–226.Google Scholar
Kulig, H, Kmieć, M 2009. Association between leptin gene polymorphisms and growth traits in Limousin cattle. Russian Journal of Genetics 45, 738–741.Google Scholar
Kumar, B, Francis, SM, Suttie, JM, Thompson, MP 1998. Expression of obese mRNA in genetically lean and fat selection lines of sheep. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 120, 543–548.Google Scholar
Kuo, AY, Cline, MA, Werner, E, Siegel, PB, Denbow, DM 2005. Leptin effects on food and water intake in lines of chickens selected for high or low body weight. Physiology and Behaviour 84, 459–464.Google Scholar
Lagonigro, R, Wiener, P, Pilla, F, Woolliams, JA, Williams, JL 2003. A new mutation in the coding region of the bovine leptin gene associated with feed intake. Animal Genetics 34, 371–374.Google Scholar
Laud, K, Gourdou, I, Belair, L, Keisler, DH, Djiane, J 1999. Detection and regulation of leptin receptor mRNA in ovine mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy and lactation. FEBS Letters 463, 194–198.Google Scholar
Licinio, J, Negrao, AB, Mantzoros, C, Kaklamani, V, Wong, ML, Bongiorno, PB, Negro, PP, Mulla, A, Veldhuis, JD, Cearnal, L, Flier, JS, Gold, PW 1998. Sex differences in circulating human leptin pulse amplitude: clinical implications. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, 4140–4147.Google Scholar
Liefers, SC 2004. Physiology and genetics of leptin in periparturient dairy cows. PhD thesis. University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Liefers, SC, Te Pas, MFW, Veerkamp, RF, Van Der Lende, T 2002a. Associations between leptin gene polymorphisms and production, live weight, energy balance, feed intake and fertility in Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 1633–1638.Google Scholar
Liefers, SC, Veerkamp, RF, Te Pas, MFW, Delavaud, C, Chilliard, Y, Van Der Lende, T 2002b. A missense mutation in the bovine leptin receptor gene is associated with leptin concentrations during late pregnancy. Animal Genetics 35, 138–141.Google Scholar
Liefers, SC, Veerkamp, RF, Te Pas, MFW, Chilliard, Y, Van Der Lende, T 2005. Genetics and physiology of leptin in periparturient dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 227–238.Google Scholar
Liefers, SC, Veerkamp, RF, Te Pas, MFW, Delavaud, C, Chilliard, Y, Van Der Lende, T 2003. Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance, milk yield, live weight and estrus in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 799–807.Google Scholar
Lin, J, Barb, CR, Matteri, RL, Kraeling, RR, Chen, X, Meinersmann, RJ, Rampacek, GB 2000. Long form leptin receptor mRNA expression in the brain, pituitary, and other tissues in the pig. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 19, 53–61.Google Scholar
Litten, JC, Mostyn, A, Laws, J, Corson, AM, Symonds, ME, Clark, L 2008. Effect of acute administration of recombinant human leptin during the neonatal period on body temperature and endocrine profile of the piglet. Neonatology 93, 171–177.Google Scholar
Liu, SM, Adams, NR, Briegel, JB, Smith, TL, Martin, GB 2007a. Effect of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 and leptin in merino sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 905–911.Google Scholar
Liu, XJ, Dunn, IC, Sharp, PJ, Boswell, T 2007b. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a short form chicken leptin receptor mRNA. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 32, 155–166.Google Scholar
Loiselle, MC, Ster, C, Talbot, BG, Zhao, X, Wagner, GF, Boisclair, YR, Lacasse, P 2009. Impact of postpartum milking frequency on the immune system and the blood metabolite concentration of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1900–1912.Google Scholar
Lord, GM, Matarese, G, Howard, JK, Baker, RJ, Bloom, SR, Lechler, RI 1998. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 394, 897–901.Google Scholar
McFadin, EL, Keisler, DH, Schmidt, TB, Lorenzen, CL, Berg, EP 2003. Correlations between serum concentrations of leptin and beef carcass composition and quality. Journal of Muscle Foods 14, 81–87.Google Scholar
Maciel, MN, Zieba, DA, Amstalden, M, Keisler, DH, Neves, JP, Williams, GL 2004. Chronic administration of recombinant ovine leptin in growing beef heifers: effects on secretion of LH, metabolic hormones and timing of puberty. Journal of Animal Science 82, 2930–2936.Google Scholar
Madeja, Z, Adamowicz, T, Chmurzynska, A, Jankowski, T, Melonek, J, Switonski, M, Strabel, T 2009a. Effect of leptin gene polymorphisms on breeding value for milk production traits. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 3925–3927.Google Scholar
Madeja, ZE, Warzych, E, Peippo, J, Lechniak, D, Switonski, M 2009b. Gene expression and protein distribution of leptin and its receptor in bovine oocytes and preattachment embryos produced in vitro. Animal 3, 568–578.Google Scholar
Maffei, M, Halaas, J, Ravussin, E, Pratley, RE, Lee, GH, Zhang, Y, Fei, H, Kim, S, Lallone, R, Ranganathan, S, Kern, PS, Friedman, JM 1995. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nature Medicine 1, 1155–1161.Google Scholar
Malik, NM, Carter, ND, Murray, JF, Scaramuzzi, RJ, Wilson, CA, Stock, MJ 2001. Leptin requirement for conception, implantation, and gestation in the mouse. Endocrinology 142, 5198–5202.Google Scholar
Mann, GE, Mann, SJ, Blache, D, Webb, R 2005. Metabolic variables and plasma leptin concentrations in dairy cows exhibiting reproductive cycle abnormalities identified through milk progesterone monitoring during the post partum period. Animal Reproduction Science 88, 191–202.Google Scholar
Margetic, S, Gazzola, C, Pegg, GG, Hill, RA 2002a. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26, 1407–1433.Google Scholar
Margetic, S, Gazzola, C, Pegg, GG, Hill, RA 2002b. Characterisation of leptin binding in bovine kidney membranes. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23, 411–424.Google Scholar
Matarese, G 2000. Leptin and the immune system: how nutritional status influences the immune response. European Cytokine Network 11, 7–14.Google Scholar
Meyer, MJ, Capuco, AV, Ross, DA, Lintault, LM, Van Amburgh, ME 2006. Developmental and nutritional regulation of the prepubertal bovine mammary gland. ll. Epithelial cell proliferation, parenchymal accretion rate and allometric growth. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 4298–4304.Google Scholar
Miner, JL 2004. The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. Journal of Animal Science 82, 935–941.Google Scholar
Minton, JE, Bindel, DJ, Drouillard, JS, Titgemeyer, EC, Grieger, DM, Hill, CM 1998. Serum leptin is associated with carcass traits in finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science 76 (Suppl. 1), 231.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J, DeVuyst, EA, Bauer, ML, Larson, DL 2009. Cow-calf profitability and leptin genotyping. Agricultural Economics 40, 113–118.Google Scholar
Montague, CT, Prins, JB, Sanders, L, Zhang, J, Sewter, CP, Digby, J, Byrne, CD, O’Rahilly, S 1998. Depot-related gene expression in human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes. Diabetes 47, 1384–1391.Google Scholar
Montague, CT, Farooqi, IS, Whitehead, JP, Soos, MA, Rau, H, Wareham, NJ, Sewter, CP, Digby, JE, Mohammed, SN, Hurst, JA, Cheetham, CH, Earley, AR, Barnett, AH, Prins, JB, O’Rahilly, S 1997. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387, 903–908.Google Scholar
Morise, A, Louveau, I, Le Huërou-Luron, I 2008. Growth and development of adipose tissue and gut and related endocrine status during early growth in the pig: impact of low birth weight. Animal 2, 73–83.Google Scholar
Morrison, CD, Daniel, JA, Holmberg, BJ, Djiane, J, Raver, N, Gertler, A, Keisler, DH 2001. Central infusion of leptin into well-fed and undernourished ewe lambs: effects on feed intake and serum concentrations of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone. Journal of Endocrinology 168, 317–324.Google Scholar
Mounzih, K, Qiu, J, Ewart-Toland, A, Chehab, FF 1998. Leptin is not necessary for gestation and parturition but regulates maternal nutrition via a leptin resistance state. Endocrinology 139, 5259–5262.Google Scholar
Muñoz, C, Carson, AF, McCoy, MA, Dawson, LER, Wylie, ARG, Gordon, AW 2009a. Effects of plane of nutrition of ewes in early and mid-pregnancy on performance of the offspring: female reproduction and male carcass characteristics. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3647–3655.Google Scholar
Muñoz, G, Alves, E, Fernández, A, Óvilo, C, Barragán, C, Estellé, J, Quintanilla, R, Folch, JM, Silió, L, Rodríguez, MC, Fernández, AI 2009b. QTL detection on porcine chromosome 12 for fatty-acid composition and association analyses of the fatty acid synthase, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha genes. Animal Genetics 38, 639–646.Google Scholar
Neglia, S, Arcamone, N, Gargiulo, G, de Girolamo, P 2008. Immunocytochemical detection of leptin-like immuno-reactivity in the chicken gastroenteric tract. General and Comparative Endocrinology 151, 432–437.Google Scholar
Ninov, K, Ledur, MC, Alves, HJ, Fernandes do Rosário, M, Nones, K, Coutinho, LL 2008. Investigation of leptin gene in broiler and layer chicken lines. Scientia Agricola 65, 214–219.Google Scholar
Nkrumah, JD, Keisler, DH, Crews, DH Jr, Basarab, JA, Wang, Z, Li, C, Price, MA, Okine, EK, Moore, SS 2007. Genetic and phenotypic relationships of serum leptin concentration with performance, feed efficiency, and carcass merit of feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2147–2155.Google Scholar
Nkrumah, JD, Li, C, Yu, J, Hansen, C, Keisler, DH, Moore, SS 2005. Polymorphisms in the bovine leptin promoter associated with serum leptin concentration, growth, feed intake, feeding behavior, and measures of carcass merit. Journal of Animal Science 83, 20–28.Google Scholar
Nonaka, S, Hashizume, T, Yamashita, T 2006. Effects of leptin and leptin peptide amide on the release of luteinising hormone, growth hormone and prolactin from cultured porcine anterior pituitary cells. Animal Science Journal 77, 47–52.Google Scholar
Norgaard, JV, Nielsen, MO, Theil, PK, Sorensen, MT, Safayi, S, Sejrsen, K 2008. Development of mammary glands of fat sheep submitted to restricted feeding during late pregnancy. Small Ruminant Research 76, 155–165.Google Scholar
Ogasawara, H, Ohwada, S, Nagai, Y, Taketa, Y, Matsuzaki, M, Tanaka, S, Watanabe, K, Aso, H, Yamaguchi, T 2008. Localisation of leptin and leptin receptor in the bovine adenohypophysis. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 35, 8–15.Google Scholar
Ohkubo, T, Nishio, M, Tsurudome, M, Ito, M, Ito, Y 2007. Existence of leptin receptor protein in chicken tissues: isolation of a monoclonal antibody against chicken leptin receptor. General and Comparative Endocrinology 151, 269–273.Google Scholar
Oikonomou, G, Angelopoulou, K, Arsenos, G, Zygoyiannis, D, Banos, G 2009. The effects of polymorphisms in the DGAT1, leptin and growth hormone receptor gene loci on body energy, blood metabolic and reproductive traits of Holstein cows. Animal Genetics 40, 10–17.Google Scholar
Oka, A, Maruo, Y, Miki, T, Yamasaki, T, Saito, T 1998. Influence of vitamin A on the quality of beef from the Tajima strain of Japanese Black cattle. Meat Science 48, 159–167.Google Scholar
Ortiz, RM, Houser, DS, Wade, CE, Ortiz, CL 2003. Hormonal changes associated with the transition between nursing and natural fasting in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). General and Comparative Endocrinology 130, 78–83.Google Scholar
Ovilo, C, Fernandez, A, Noguera, JL, Barragan, C, Leton, R, Rodriguez, C, Mercade, A, Alves, E, Folch, JM, Varona, L, Toro, M 2005. Fine mapping of porcine chromosome 6 QTL and LEPR effects on body composition in multiple generations of an Iberian by Landrace intercross. Genetics Research 85, 57–67.Google Scholar
Paczoska-Eliasiewicz, HE, Proszkowiec-Weglarz, M, Proudman, J, Jacek, T, Mika, M, Sechman, A, Rzasa, J, Gertler, A 2006. Exogenous leptin advances puberty in domestic hen. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 31, 211–226.Google Scholar
Paczoska-Eliasiewicz, HE, Gertler, A, Proszkowiec, M, Proudman, J, Hrabia, A, Sechman, A, Mika, M, Jacek, T, Cassy, S, Raver, N, Rzasa, J 2003. Attenuation by leptin of the effects of fasting on ovarian function in hens (Gallus domesticus). Reproduction 126, 739–751.Google Scholar
Pan, W, Hsuchou, H, Hong, T, Kastin, A 2008. Developmental changes of leptin receptors in cerebral microvessels: unexpected relation to leptin transport. Endocrinology 149, 877–885.Google Scholar
Pannier, L, Sweeney, T, Hamill, RM, Ipek, F, Stapleton, PC, Mullen, AM 2009. Lack of an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine leptin gene and intramuscular fat in Bos taurus cattle. Meat Science 81, 731–737.Google Scholar
Peixoto J de, O, Guimarães, SEF, Lopes, PS, Soares, MAM, Pires, AV, Barbosa, MVG, Torres R de, A, e Silva M de, A 2006. Associations of leptin gene polymorphisms with production traits in pigs. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 123, 378–383.Google Scholar
Pelleymounter, MA, Cullen, MJ, Baker, MB, Hecht, R, Winters, D, Boone, T, Collins, F 1995. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269, 540–543.Google Scholar
Pinotti, L, Rosi, F 2006. Leptin in bovine colostrum and milk. Hormone and Metabolism Research 38, 89–93.Google Scholar
Pittroff, W, Dahm, F, Blanc, F, Keisler, D, Cartwright, TC 2008. Onset of puberty and the inflection point of the growth curve in sheep – Brody’s Law revisited. Journal of Agricultural Science 146, 239–250.Google Scholar
Rago, V, Aquila, S, Guido, C, Carpino, A 2009. Leptin and its receptor are expressed in the testis and in the epididymis of young and adult pigs. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 292, 736–745.Google Scholar
Ramsay, TG, Richards, MP 2005. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in response to in vivo porcine somatotropin treatment. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2501–2508.Google Scholar
Ramsay, TG, Yan, X, Morrison, C 1998. The obesity gene in swine: sequence and expression of porcine leptin. Journal of Animal Science 76, 484–490.Google Scholar
Ramsay, TG, Stoll, MJ, Caperna, TJ 2010. Adipokine gene transcription level in adipose tissue of runt piglets. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 155, 97–105.Google Scholar
Reist, M, Erdin, D, von Euw, D, Tschuemperlin, K, Leuenberger, H, Chilliard, Y, Hammon, HM, Morel, C, Philipona, C, Zbinden, Y, Kuenzi, N, Blum, JW 2002. Estimation of energy balance at the individual and herd level using blood and milk traits in high-yielding dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 3314–3327.Google Scholar
Ren, MQ, Wegner, J, Bellmann, O, Brockmann, GA, Schneider, F, Teuscher, F, Ender, K 2002. Comparing mRNA levels of genes encoding leptin, leptin receptor, and lipoprotein lipase between dairy and beef cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23, 371–381.Google Scholar
Richards, MP 2003. Genetic regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry. Poultry Science 82, 907–916.Google Scholar
Richards, MP, Poch, SM 2003. Molecular cloning and expression of the turkey leptin receptor gene. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 136, 833–846.Google Scholar
Richards, MP, Caperna, TJ, Elsasser, TH, Ashwell, MC, McMurtry, JP 2000. Design and application of a polyclonal peptide antiserum for the universal detection of leptin protein. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 45, 147–156.Google Scholar
Robert, C, Palin, MF, Coulombe, N, Roberge, C, Silversides, FG, Benkel, BF, McKay, RM, Pelletier, G 1998. Backfat thickness in pigs is positively associated with leptin mRNA levels. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, 473–482.Google Scholar
Rock, FL, Altmann, SW, van Heek, M, Kastelein, RA, Bazan, JF 1996. The leptin haemopoietic cytokine fold is stabilized by an intrachain disulfide bond. Hormones and Metabolic Research 28, 649–652.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, M, Pietrobelli, A, Vasselli, JR, Heymsfield, SB, Leibel, RL 2001. Sexual dimorphism in circulating leptin concentrations is not accounted for by differences in adipose tissue distribution. International Journal of Obesity 25, 1365–1371.Google Scholar
Rothschild, MF, Hu, ZL, Jiang, Z 2007. Advances in QTL mapping in pigs. International Journal of Biological Science 3, 192–197.Google Scholar
Ruf, T, Heldmaier, G 1992. Reduced locomotor activity following daily torpor in the Djungarian hamsters: recovery from hypothermia? Naturwissenschaften 79, 574–575.Google Scholar
Saad, MF, Damani, S, Gingerich, RL, Riad-Gabriel, MG, Khan, A, Boyadjian, R, Jinagouda, SD, El-Tawil, K, Rude, RK, Kamdar, V 1997. Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82, 579–584.Google Scholar
Sandberg, FB, Emmans, GC, Kyriazakis, I 2006. A model for predicting feed intake of growing animals during exposure to pathogens. Journal of Animal Science 84, 1552–1566.Google Scholar
Sasaki, S, Clutter, AC, Pomp, D 1996. Assignment of the porcine obese (leptin) gene to chromosome 18 by linkage analysis of a new PCR-based polymorphism. Mammalian Genome 7, 471–472.Google Scholar
Sato, K, Nishida, M, Akiba, Y 2003. Nutritional modulation of leptin receptor messenger RNA in broiler chickens. Journal of Poultry Science 40, 13–20.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, LR 2006. Strategy for applying genome-wide selection in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 123, 218–223.Google Scholar
Schenkel, FS, Miller, SP, Ye, X, Moore, SS, Li, C, Yu, J, Lobo, S, Mandell, IB, Wilton, JW 2006. Association of SNPs in the leptin and leptin receptor genes with different fat depots in beef cattle. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 13th–18th August 2006. Instituto Prociência, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.Google Scholar
Schenkel, FS, Miller, SP, Ye, X, Moore, SS, Nkrumah, JD, Li, C, Yu, J, Mandell, IB, Wilton, JW, Williams, JL 2005. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin gene with carcass and meat quality traits of beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2009–2020.Google Scholar
Shan, TZ, Wang, YZ, Guo, J, Chu, X, Liu, JX, Xu, ZR 2008. The body weight-related differences of leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21, 161–166.Google Scholar
Shi, ZD, Shao, XB, Chen, N, Yu, YC, Bi, YZ, Liang, SD, Williams, JB, Taouis, M 2006. Effects of immunisation against leptin on feed intake, weight gain, fat deposition and laying performance in chickens. British Poultry Science 47, 88–94.Google Scholar
Shimizu, H, Shimomura, Y, Nakanishi, Y, Futawateri, T, Ohtani, K, Sato, N, Mori, M 1997. Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects. Journal of Endocrinology 154, 285–292.Google Scholar
Shin, SC, Chung, ER 2007. Association of SNP marker in the leptin gene with carcass and meat quality traits in korean cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 1–6.Google Scholar
Silva, LFP, VandeHaar, MJ, Nielsen, MSW, Smith, GW 2002. Evidence for a local effect of leptin in bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 3277–3286.Google Scholar
Silva, LF, Liesman, JS, Etchebarne, BE, Nielsen, MS, Vandehaar, MJ 2005. Short communication: intramammary infusion of IGF-I increases bromodeoxyuridine labeling in mammary epithelial cells of prepubertal heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2771–2773.Google Scholar
Silva, LFP, Etchebarne, BE, Nielsen, MSW, Liesman, JS, Kiupel, M, VandeHaar, MJ 2008. Intramammary infusion of leptin decreases proliferation of mammary epithelial cells in prepubertal heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3034–3044.Google Scholar
Sirotkin, A, Rafay, J, Kotwica, J 2009. Leptin controls rabbit ovarian function in vivo and in vitro: possible interrelationships with ghrelin. Theriogenology 72, 765–772.Google Scholar
Smith, JL, Sheffield, LG 2002. Production and regulation of leptin in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 22, 145–154.Google Scholar
Smith-Kirwin, SM, O’Connor, DM, Johnston, J, De Lancey, E, Hassink, SG, Funanage, VL 1998. Leptin expression in human mammary epithelial cells and breast milk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, 1810–1813.Google Scholar
Solberg, R, Aas, V, Thoresen, GH, Kase, ET, Drevon, CA, Rustan, AC, Reseland, JE 2005. Leptin expression in human primary skeletal muscle cells is reduced during differentiation. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 96, 89–96.Google Scholar
Stachowiak, M, Mackowski, M, Madeja, Z, Szydlowski, M, Buszka, A, Kaczmarek, P, Rubis, B, Mackowiak, P, Nowak, KW, Switonski, M 2007. Polymorphism of the porcine leptin gene promoter and analysis of its association with gene expression and fatness traits. Biochemical Genetics 45, 245–253.Google Scholar
Stone, RT, Kappes, SM, Beattie, CW 1996. The bovine homolog of the obese gene maps to chromosome 4. Mammalian Genome 7, 399–400.Google Scholar
Stone, RT, Casas, E, Smith, TPL, Keele, JW, Harhay, G, Bennett, GL, Koohmaraie, M, Wheeler, TL, Shackelford, SD, Snelling, WM 2005. Identification of genetic markers for fat deposition and meat tenderness on bovine chromosome 5: development of a low-density single nucleotide polymorphism map. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2280–2288.Google Scholar
Strat, AL, Kokta, TA, Dodson, MV, Gertler, A, Wu, Z, Hill, RA 2005. Early signaling interactions between the insulin and leptin pathways in bovine myogenic cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1744, 164–175.Google Scholar
Summer, A, Saleri, R, Malacarne, M, Bussolati, S, Beretti, V, Sabbioni, A, Superchi, P 2009. Leptin in sow: influence on the resumption of cycle activity after weaning and on the piglet gain. Livestock Science 124, 107–111.Google Scholar
Sun, C, Wang, L, Jiang, DF, Zhang, B 2009. Missense mutations in exon 2 of the porcine leptin receptor gene and their associations with litter size and body weight. Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, 210–216.Google Scholar
Suzuki, K, Inomata, K, Katoh, K, Kadowaki, H, Shibata, T 2009. Genetic correlations among carcass cross-sectional fat area ratios, production traits, intramuscular fat, and serum leptin concentration in Duroc pigs. Journal of Animal Science 87, 2209–2215.Google Scholar
Taouis, M, Chen, JW, Davidaud, C, Dupont, J, Derouet, M, Simon, J 1998. Cloning the chicken leptin gene. Gene 208, 239–242.Google Scholar
Tartaglia, LA 1997. The leptin receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 6093–6096.Google Scholar
Tartaglia, LA, Dembski, M, Weng, X, Deng, N, Culpepper, J, Devos, R, Richards, GJ, Campfield, LA, Clark, FT, Deeds, J, Muir, C, Sanker, S, Moriarty, A, Moore, KJ, Smutko, JS, Mays, GG, Woolf, EA, Monroe, CA, Tepper, RI 1995. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 83, 1263–1271.Google Scholar
Thomas, L, Wallace, JM, Aitken, RP, Mercer, JG, Trayhurn, P, Hoggard, N 2001. Circulating leptin during ovine pregnancy in relation to maternal nutrition, body composition and pregnancy outcome. Journal of Endocrinology 169, 465–476.Google Scholar
Thorn, SR, Meyer, MJ, Van Amburgh, ME, Boisclair, YR 2007. Effect of estrogen on leptin and expression of leptin receptor transcripts in prepubertal dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3742–3750.Google Scholar
Thorn, SR, Purup, S, Cohick, WS, Vestergaard, M, Sejrsen, K, Boisclair, YR 2006. Leptin does not act directly on mammary epithelial cells in prepubertal dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1467–1477.Google Scholar
Tokuda, T, Matsui, T, Yano, H 2000. Effects of light and food on plasma leptin concentrations in ewes. Animal Science 71, 235–242.Google Scholar
Tokuda, T, Kono, S, Fujihara, T 2001. The relationships between leptin and vitamin A levels in plasma of fattening cattle supplemented with vitamin A. Animal Science 73, 433–441.Google Scholar
Tokuda, T, Delavaud, C, Chilliard, Y 2003. Plasma leptin concentration in pre-and post-weaning lambs. Animal Science 76, 221–227.Google Scholar
Treacher, RJ, Reid, IM, Roberts, CJ 1986. Effect of body condition at calving on the health and performance of dairy cows. Animal Production 43, 1–6.Google Scholar
Tu, H, Kastin, AJ, Hsuchou, H, Pan, W 2008. Soluble receptor Inhibits leptin transport. Journal of Cell Physiology 9999, 1–5.Google Scholar
Uotani, S, Bjørbaek, C, Tornøe, J, Flier, JS 1999. Functional properties of leptin receptor isoforms: internalization and degradation of leptin and ligand-induced receptor downregulation. Diabetes 48, 279–286.Google Scholar
Valderrabano, J, Gomez-Rincon, C, Uriarte, J 2006. Effect of nutritional status and fat reserves on the periparturient immune response to Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 141, 122–131.Google Scholar
Van der Lende, T, Te Pas, MFW, Veerkamp, RF, Liefers, SC 2005. Leptin gene polymorphisms and their phenotypic associations. Vitamins and Hormones 71, 373–404.Google Scholar
Vickers, MH, Gluckman, PD, Coveny, AH, Hofman, PL, Cutfield, WS, Gertler, A, Breier, BH, Harris, M 2005. Neonatal leptin treatment reverses developmental programming. Endocrinology 146, 4211–4216.Google Scholar
Villalba, D, Tor, M, Vidal, O, Bosch, L, Reixach, J, Amills, M, Sanchez, A, Estany, J 2009. An age-dependent association between a leptin C3469T SNP and intramuscular fat content in pigs. Livestock Science 121, 335–338.Google Scholar
Vincent, AL, Wang, L, Rothschild, MF 1997. Rapid communication: a restriction fragment length polymorphism in the porcine leptin receptor (LEPR) gene. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2287.Google Scholar
Wabitsch, M, Blum, WF, Muche, R, Braun, M, Hube, F, Rascher, W, Heinze, E, Teller, W, Hauner, H 1997. Contribution of androgens to the gender difference in leptin production in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100, 808–813.Google Scholar
Wang, Y, Li, H, Zhang, YD, Gu, Z-L, Li, ZH, Wang, Q-G 2006. Analysis on association of a SNP in the chicken OBR gene with growth and body composition traits. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19, 1706–1710.Google Scholar
Wegner, J, Huff, P, Xie, CP, Schneider, F, Teuscher, F, Mir, PS, Mir, Z, Kazala, EC, Weselake, RJ, Ender, K 2001. Relationship of plasma leptin concentration to intramuscular fat content in beef from crossbred Wagyu cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, 451–457.Google Scholar
Weigle, DS 1994. Appetite and the regulation of body composition. FASEB Journal 8, 302–310.Google Scholar
Whisnant, CS, Harrell, RJ 2002. Effect of short-term feed restriction and refeeding on serum concentrations of leptin, luteinizing hormone and insulin in ovariectomized gilts. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 22, 73–80.Google Scholar
Whitley, NC, O’Brien, DJ, Quinn, RW, Keisler, DH, Walker, EL, Brown, MA 2009. Milk leptin in sows and blood leptin and growth of their offspring. Journal of Animal Science 87, 1659–1663.Google Scholar
Williams, GL, Amstalden, M, Garcia, MR, Stanko, RL, Nizielski, SE, Morrison, CD, Kiesler, DH 2002. Leptin and its role in the central regulation of reproduction in cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23, 339–349.Google Scholar
Wójcik-Gładysz, A, Wańkowska, M, Misztal, T, Romanowicz, K, Polkowska, J 2009. Effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin on the secretory activity of the GnRH/LH axis in fasted prepubertal lambs. Animal Reproduction Science 114, 370–383.Google Scholar
Wolinski, J, Biernat, M, Guilloteau, P, Westrom, BR, Zabielski, R 2003. Exogenous leptin controls the development of the small intestine in neonatal piglets. Journal of Endocrinology 177, 215–222.Google Scholar
Wuethrich, AJ, Hancock, DL, Long, HB, Manetta, J, Roth, JL, Anderson, DB 1998. The effect of leptin immunization on feed intake in finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 76 (Suppl 1), 129.Google Scholar
Wylie, ARG 2004. Association of plasma leptin concentrations with fat depot accumulation in growing sheep. British Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting, York, UK. Abstract 129.Google Scholar
Wylie, ARG, Devlin, DJ, Bjourson, AJ 2002. Profiles of leptin and IGF-1 and inter-relationships between energy-related metabolites and hormones in fed and fasted sheep. British Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting, York, UK. Abstract 87.Google Scholar
Wylie, ARG, Mackey, DR, Devlin, DJ, Bjourson, AJ, Diskin, MG 2001. Plasma leptin in intact and ovariectomised beef heifers on low and high planes of nutrition. Proceedings of Agricultural Research Forum at Tullamore, 43pp. Teagasc, Dublin, Ireland.Google Scholar
Wylie, ARG, Woods, SM, Carson, AF, McCoy, MA 2008. Periprandial changes in metabolite and metabolic hormone concentrations in high genetic merit dairy heifers and their relationship to energy balance in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 577–586.Google Scholar
Xu, S-Y, Wu, D, Guo, H-Y, Zheng, A-R, Zhang, G 2009. The level of feed intake affects embryo survival and gene expression during early pregnancy in gilts. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 45, 685–693.Google Scholar
Yacobovitz, M, Solomon, G, Gusakovsky, EE, Levavi-Sivan, B, Gertler, A 2008. Purification and characterization of recombinant pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) leptin. General and Comparative Endocrinology 156, 83–90.Google Scholar
Yamada, T, Kawakami, S-I, Nakanishi, N 2003. The relationship between plasma leptin concentrations and the distribution of body fat in crossbred steers. Animal Science Journal 74, 95–100.Google Scholar
Yan, T, Mayne, CS, Keady, TWJ, Agnew, RE 2006. Effects of dairy cow genotype with two planes of nutrition on energy partitioning between milk and body tissue. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1031–1042.Google Scholar
Yang, SH, Kawachi, H, Khan, MA, Lee, SY, Kim, HS, Ha Jong, K, Lee, WS, Lee, HJ, Ki, KS, Kim, SB, Sakaguchi, S, Maruyama, S, Yano, H 2008. Development of bovine specific leptin radioimmunoassay and relationship of plasma leptin with vitamin A and age of Wagyu. Asian – Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21, 1286–1295.Google Scholar
Yonekura, S, Oka, A, Noda, M, Uozumi, N, Yonezawa, T, Katoh, K, Obara, Y 2002. Relationship between serum leptin concentrations and the marbling scores in Japanese Black cattle. Animal Science Journal 73, 51–57.Google Scholar
Yu, WH, Kimura, M, Walczewska, A, Karanth, S, McCann, SM 1997. Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 1023–1028.Google Scholar
Yu, T, Luo, G, Zhang, L, Wu, J, Zhang, H, Yang, G 2008. Leptin promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation in porcine skeletal myoblasts. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72, 13–21.Google Scholar
Zaralis, K, Tolkamp, BJ, Houdijk, JGM, Wylie, ARG, Kyriazakis, I 2008. Changes in food intake and circulating leptin due to gastrointestinal parasitism in lambs of two breeds. Journal of Animal Science 86, 1891–1903.Google Scholar
Zaralis, K, Tolkamp, BJ, Houdijk, JGM, Wylie, ARG, Kyriazakis, I 2009. Consequences of protein supplementation on anorexia, expression of immunity and plasma leptin concentrations in parasitised ewes of two breeds. British Journal of Nutrition 101, 499–509.Google Scholar
Zembayashi, M, Nishimura, K, Lunt, DK, Smith, SB 1995. Effect of breed type and sex on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous and intramuscular lipids of finishing steers and heifers. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3322–3325.Google Scholar
Zhang, S, Blache, D, Blackberry, MA, Martin, GB 2005. Body reserves affect the reproductive endocrine responses to an acute change in nutrition in mature male sheep. Animal Reproduction Science 88, 257–269.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Proenca, R, Maffei, M, Barone, M, Leopold, L, Friedman, JM 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425–432.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Basinski, MB, Beals, JM, Briggs, SL, Churgay, LM, Clawson, DK, DiMarchi, RD, Furman, TC, Hale, JE, Hsiung, HM, Schoner, BE, Smith, DP, Zhang, XY, Wery, J-P, Schweitz, RW 1997. Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100. Nature 387, 206–209.Google Scholar
Zhao, FQ, Keating, AF 2007. Expression and regulation of glucose transporters in the bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 90, E76–E86.Google Scholar
Zhou, H, Hickford, JGH, Gong, H 2009. Identification of allelic polymorphism in the ovine leptin gene. Molecular Biotechnology 41, 22–25.Google Scholar
Zieba, DA, Amstalden, M, Williams, GL 2005. Regulatory roles of leptin in reproduction and metabolism: a comparative review. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 166–185.Google Scholar