Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T05:40:37.578Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of non-nutritive sorbent materials as binding agents for boar taint compounds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2011

K. Jen  and
E. J. Squires
K. Jen
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
E. J. Squires*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Boar taint, an off-odor and an off-flavor in the meat from some uncastrated male pigs, is due to high levels of the testicular steroid hormone, androstenone, and the indole, skatole. Thus far, there are no known methods for controlling both androstenone and skatole through dietary means. We tested the adsorbent agents, cholestyramine (CH), activated carbon (AC), tween-60 (Tween), bentonite (BNT) and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) for binding androstenone, estrone (E1), estrone sulfate (E1S) and skatole from buffer solutions in an in vitro system. The goal was to determine the potential utility of these binding agents as feed additives to control boar taint. Michaelis–Menten analysis was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the adsorbents. At pH 7.4, E1S was bound to AC and CH with the highest Bmax (maximum binding), whereas Tween and AC had the greatest Bmax for E1. The Bmax for skatole at pH 7.4 was highest for AC, CH and PVPP. AC had a higher Bmax for androstenone than CH and Tween. The Bmax values at pH 3.0 with E1S for AC and CH were essentially 100%, whereas the binding of Tween to E1S at pH 3.0 decreased by 49.5% from binding at pH 7.4 (P < 0.05). The Adint values, which represent efficiency of binding, illustrated that AC bound E1, androstenone and skatole with greater efficiency than the other binding agents at pH 7.4, whereas AC bound E1S as efficiently as CH. We conclude that AC was the most effective adsorbent agent for binding E1, E1S, androstenone and skatole in vitro, followed by CH, Tween, PVPP and lastly BNT. These adsorbent agents may be useful for binding boar taint compounds in in vivo studies to decrease the risk of boar taint.

Keywords

boar taintandrostenoneskatoleactivated carbontween-60
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 5 , Issue 11 , 26 September 2011 , pp. 1821 - 1828
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agergaard, N, Laue, A 1993. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and liver turnover of skatole. In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in intact male pigs (ed. M Bonneau), pp. 107–111. INRA, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Avantaggiato, G, Havenaar, R, Visconti, A 2003. Assessing the zearalenone-binding activity of adsorbent materials during passage through a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41, 1283–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, DA, Berry, DA, Spendel, VA, King, D, Kiorpes, AL, Peters, JC 1997. Olestra dose response on fat-soluble and water-soluble nutrients in the pig. The Journal of Nutrition 127, 1573S–1588S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dabrowski, A, Podkoscielny, P, Hubicki, Z, Barczak, M 2005. Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon – a critical review. Chemosphere 58, 1049–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dale, J, Kowalska, M, Cocke, DL 1991. Interactions of montmorillonite with organic compounds – adsorptive and catalytic properties. Chemosphere 22, 769–798.Google Scholar
Diaz, DE, Hagler, WM Jr, Hopkins, BA, Whitlow, LW 2003. Aflatoxin binders I: In vitro binding assay for aflatoxin B1 by several potential sequestering agents. Mycopathologia 156, 223–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Döll, S, Dänicke, S, Valenta, H, Flachowsky, G 2004. In vitro studies on the evaluation of mycotoxin detoxifying agents for their efficacy on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Archives of Animal Nutrition 58, 311–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friend, DW, Trenholm, HL, Young, JC, Thompson, BK, Hartin, KE 1984. Effect of adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) detoxicants or a F. graminearum inoculated corn supplement to wheat diets fed to pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64, 733–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galvano, F, Pietri, A, Bertuzzi, T, Bognanno, M, Chies, L, Angelis, A, Galvano, M 1997. Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for fumonisin B1 and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameter. Journal of Food Protection 60, 985–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guengerich, FP, Shimada, T 1998. Activation of procarcinogens by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 400, 201–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, V, Lau, KS, Gottlieb, CW, Bleicher, SJ 1965. Coated charcoal immunoassay of insulin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 25, 1375–1384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, MT, Cox, RP, Jensen, BB 1995. Microbial production of skatole in the hindgut of pigs given different diets and its relation to skatole deposition in backfat. Animal Science 61, 293–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malekinejad, H, Maas-Bakker, R, Fink-Gremmels, J 2006. Species differences in the hepatic biotransformation of zearalenone. Veterinary Journal 172, 96–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrindle, BW 2003. Drug therapy of hyperlipidemia. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology 17, 141–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijer, L, Hafkamp, AM, Bosman, WE, Havinga, R, Bergman, Å, Sauer, PJJ, Verkade, HJ 2006. Non-absorbable dietary fat enhances disposal of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in rats through interruption of enterohepatic circulation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 6440–6444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miksicek, RJ 1994. Interaction of naturally occurring non-steroidal estrogens with expressed recombinant human estrogen receptor. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 49, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oser, BL, Oser, M 1956. Nutritional studies on rats on diets containing high levels of partial ester emulsifiers: I. General plan and procedures; growth and food utilization. Journal of Nutrition 60, 367–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prunier, A, Mounier, AM, Hay, M 2005. Effects of castration, tooth resection, or tail docking on plasma metabolites and stress hormones in young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 216–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramos, AJ, Hernández, E 1996. In vitro aflatoxins adsorption by means of a montmorillonite silicate. A study of adsorption isotherms. Animal Feed Science Technology (Netherlands) 62, 263–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, AJ, Hernández, E, Pla-Delfina, JM, Merino, M 1996. Intestinal absorption of zearalenone and in vitro study of non-nutritive sorbent materials. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 128, 129–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, MS, Magnusson, BM, Burczynski, FJ, Weiss, M 2002. Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implications. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 41, 751–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruoff, WL, Dziuk, PJ 1994. Absorption and metabolism of estrogens from the stomach and duodenum of pigs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 11, 197–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, PA, Hancock, S, Gilmore, WJ, Squires, EJ 2005. Metabolism of the 16-androstene steroids in primary cultured porcine hepatocytes. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 96, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solfrizzo, M, Visconti, A, Avantaggiato, G, Torres, A, Chulze, S 2000. In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins. Mycopathologia 151, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solfrizzo, M, Carratu’, MR, Avantaggiato, G, Galvano, F, Pietri, A, Visconti, A 2001. Ineffectiveness of activated carbon in reducing the alteration of sphingolipid metabolism in rats exposed to fumonisin-contaminated diets. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39, 507–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoelstra, SF 1977. Simple phenols and indoles in anaerobically stored piggery wastes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 25, 415–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tora, L, Mullick, A, Metzger, D, Ponglikitmongkol, M, Park, I, Chambon, P 1989. The cloned human oestrogen receptor contains a mutation which alters its hormone binding properties. The EMBO Journal 8, 1981–1986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, KA, Cook, RM 1970. Metabolism of xenobiotics in ruminants. Use of activated carbon as an antidote for pesticide poisoning in ruminants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 18, 437–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, JH, Thakker, KM 1982. Michaelis–Menten absorption kinetics in drugs: examples and implications. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23, 183–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, MT, Carlson, JR 1979. Microbial metabolites of tryptophan in the intestinal tract with special reference to skatole. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamaratskaia, G, Squires, EJ 2009. Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs. Animal 3, 1508–1521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamaratskaia, G, Babol, J, Andersson, HK, Andersson, K, Lundström, K 2005. Effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pig. Livestock Production Science 93, 235–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar