Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T22:17:21.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Feed ingredients differing in fermentable fibre and indigestible protein content affect fermentation metabolites and faecal nitrogen excretion in growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2011

R. Jha  and
P. Leterme
R. Jha
Affiliation:
Prairie Swine Centre Inc., 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9 Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
P. Leterme*
Affiliation:
Prairie Swine Centre Inc., 2105 8th Street East, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7H 5N9
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

To study the fermentation characteristics of different non-conventional dietary fibre (DF) sources with varying levels of indigestible CP content and their effects on the production of fermentation metabolites and on faecal nitrogen (N) excretion, an experiment was conducted with 40 growing pigs (initial BW 23 kg) using wheat bran (WB), pea hulls (PH), pea inner fibres (PIF), sugar beet pulp (SBP) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The diets also contained soya protein isolate, pea starch and sucrose, and were supplemented with vitamin–mineral premix. Faecal samples were collected for 3 consecutive days from day 10, fed with added indigestible marker (chromic oxide) for 3 days from day 13 and pigs were slaughtered on day 16 from the beginning of the experiment. Digesta from the ileum and colon were collected and analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia (NH3) content. The apparent total tract N digestibility was the lowest (P < 0.001) in diets based on DDGS (74%), medium in diets with WB and SBP (76% each) and highest in those with PIF and PH (79% and 81%, respectively). Expressed per kg fermented non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), faecal N excretion was higher with DDGS and WB diets (130 and 113 g/kg NSP fermented, respectively) and lower with PIF, PH and SBP diets (42, 52 and 55 g/kg NSP fermented, respectively). The PH-based diets had the highest (P < 0.05) SCFA concentrations, both in the ileum and the colon (27 and 122 mMol/kg digesta, respectively). The highest NH3 concentration was also found in the colon of pigs fed with PH (132 mMol/kg digesta). Loading plot of principle component analysis revealed that the CP : NSP ratio was positively related with faecal N excretion and NH3 concentration in colon contents, whereas negatively related with SCFA concentration in colon contents. In conclusion, pea fibres and SBP increased SCFA and reduced NH3 concentration in the pig's intestine and reduced faecal N excretion, which makes pea fibres and SBP an interesting ingredient to use in pig diet to improve the positive effect of DF fermentation on the gastrointestinal tract and reduce faecal N excretion.

Keywords

dietary fibreindigestible CPfaecal nitrogen excretionfermentationpig
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 6 , Issue 4 , April 2012 , pp. 603 - 611
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 2007. Official methods of analysis, 18th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Awati, A, Williams, BA, Bosch, MW, Gerrits, WJJ, Verstegen, MWA 2006. Effect of inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates in the diet on fermentation end-product profile in feces of weanling piglets. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2133–2140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach Knudsen, KE 2001. The nutritional significance of “dietary fibre” analysis. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90, 3–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE, Canibe, N 2000. Breakdown of plant carbohydrates in the digestive tract of pigs fed on wheat- or oat-based rolls. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80, 1253–1261.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach Knudsen, KE, Hansen, I 1991. Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions 1. Digestibility and bulking properties of polysaccharides and other major constituents. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 217–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindelle, J, Buldgen, A, Delacollette, M, Wavreille, J, Agneessens, R, Destain, JP, Leterme, P 2009. Influence of source and concentrations of dietary fiber on in vivo nitrogen excretion pathways in pigs reflected by in vitro fermentation and N incorporation by fecal bacteria. Journal of Animal Science 87, 583–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) 1993. Guide to the care and use of experimental animalsvol. 1 2nd edition. CCAC, Ottawa, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Canh, TT, Verstegen, MWA, Aarnink, AJA, Schrama, JW 1997. Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 700–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cone, JW, Jongbloed, AW, Gelder, AHV, de Lange, L 2005. Estimation of protein fermentation in the large intestine of pigs using a gas production technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123–124, 463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lange, CFM, Sauer, WC, Mosenthin, R, Souffrant, WB 1989. The effect of feeding different protein-free diets on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein collected from the distal ileum and feces in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 67, 746–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furukawa, A, Tsukahara, H 1966. On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish fed. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 32, 502–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glitsø, LV, Brunsgaard, G, Højsgaard, S, Sandström, B, Bach Knudsen, KE 1998. Intestinal degradation in pigs of rye dietary fibre with different structural characteristics. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 457–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodlad, JS, Mathers, JC 1990. Large bowel fermentation in rats given diets containing raw peas (Pisum sativum). British Journal of Nutrition 64, 569–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, MJ, Chwalibog, A, Tauson, AH, Sawosz, E 2006. Influence of different fibre sources on digestibility and nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 60, 390–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houdijk, JGM, Bosch, MW, Verstegen, MWA, Berenpas, HJ 1998. Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on the growth performance and faecal characteristics of young growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 71, 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houdijk, JGM, Verstegen, MWA, Bosch, MW, van Laere, KJM 2002. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and trans-galactooligosaccharides can affect fermentation characteristics in gut contents and portal plasma of growing pigs. Livestock Production Science 73, 175–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htoo, JK, Araiza, BA, Sauer, WC, Rademacher, M, Zhang, Y, Cervantes, M, Zijlstra, RT 2007. Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 85, 3303–3312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huisman, J, Heinz, T, van der Poel, AFB, van Leeuwen, P, Souffrant, WB, Verstegen, MWA 1992. True protein digestibility and amounts of endogenous protein measured with the 15N-dilution technique in piglets fed on peas (Pisum sativum) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). British Journal of Nutrition 68, 101–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jha, R, Rossnagel, B, Pieper, R, Van Kessel, AG, Leterme, P 2010. Barley and oat cultivars with diverse carbohydrate composition alter ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility and fermentation metabolites in weaned piglets. Animal 4, 724–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jha, R, Bindelle, J, Rossnagel, B, Van Kessel, AG, Leterme, P 2011a. In vitro evaluation of the fermentation characteristics of the carbohydrate fractions of hulless barley and other cereals in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 163, 185–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jha, R, Bindelle, J, Van Kessel, AG, Leterme, P 2011b. In vitro fibre fermentation of feed ingredients with varying fermentable carbohydrate and protein levels and protein synthesis by colonic bacteria isolated from pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 165, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, H, Zhao, XQ, Eggum, BO 1996. The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 365–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreuzer, M, Heindl, U, Roth-Maier, DA, Kirchgessner, M 1991. Cellulose fermentation capacity of the hindgut and nitrogen turnover in the hindgut of sows as evaluated by oral and intracecal supply of purified cellulose. Archives of Animal Nutrition 41, 359–372.Google ScholarPubMed
Le, PD, Aarnink, AJA, Ogink, NWM, Becker, PM, Verstegen, MWA 2005. Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to diet. Nutrition Research Reviews 18, 3–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le, PD, Aarnink, AJA, Jongbloed, AW, van der Peet-Schwering, CMC, Ogink, NWM, Verstegen, MWA 2008. Interactive effects of dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate levels on odour from pig manure. Livestock Science 114, 48–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leterme, P, Souffrant, WB, Thewis, A 2000. Effect of barley fibres and barley intake on the ileal endogenous nitrogen losses in piglets. Journal of Cereal Science 31, 229–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, B, Callan, JJ, O'Doherty, JV 2009. The interaction between dietary crude protein and fermentable carbohydrate source on piglet post weaning performance, diet digestibility and selected faecal microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentration. Livestock Science 124, 93–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macfarlane, GT, Gibson, GR, Beatty, E, Cummings, JH 1992. Estimation of short-chain fatty acid production from protein by human intestinal bacteria based on branched-chain fatty acid measurements. FEMS Microbiology Letters 101, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariotti, F, Mahe, S, Benamouzig, R, Luengo, C, Dare, S, Gaudichon, C, Tome, D 1999. Nutritional value of [15N]-soy protein isolate assessed from ileal digestibility and postprandial protein utilization in humans. The Journal of Nutrition 129, 1992–1997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mroz, Z, Moeser, AJ, Vreman, K, van Diepen, JT, van Kempen, T, Canh, TT, Jongbloed, AW 2000. Effects of dietary carbohydrates and buffering capacity on nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 78, 3096–3106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahm, KH 2003. Influences of fermentable carbohydrates on shifting nitrogen excretion and reducing ammonia emission of pigs. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 30, 165–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nollet, H, Deprez, P, Van Driessche, E, Muylle, E 1999. Protection of just weaned pigs against infection with F18+ Escherichia coli by non-immune plasma powder. Veterinary Microbiology 65, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nousiainen, JT 1991. Comparative observations on selected probiotics and olaquindox as feed additives for piglets around weaning. 2. Effect on villus length and crypt depth in the jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 66, 224–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novozamsky, I, van Eck, R, van Schouwenburg, JC, Walinga, I 1974. Total nitrogen determination in plant material by means of the indophenol blue method. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 22, 3–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connell, JM, Callan, JJ, O'Doherty, JV 2006. The effect of dietary crude protein level, cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and ammonia emission from pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 127, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connell, JM, Sweeney, T, Callan, JJ, O'Doherty, JV 2005. The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emission from finisher pigs. Animal Science 81, 357–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieper, R, Jha, R, Rossnagel, B, Van Kessel, AG, Souffrant, WB, Leterme, P 2008. Effect of barley and oat cultivars with different carbohydrate compositions on the intestinal bacterial communities in weaned piglets. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 66, 556–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piva, A, Panciroli, A, Meola, E, Formigoni, A 1996. Lactitol enhances short-chain fatty acid and gas production by swine cecal microflora to a greater extent when fermenting low rather than high fiber diets. The Journal of Nutrition 126, 280–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, HS, Holtug, K, Mortensen, PB 1988. Degradation of amino acids to short-chain fatty acids in humans: an in vitro study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, 178–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, CA, Hillman, K 1999. The effects of retrogradation and amylose/amylopectin ratio of starches on carbohydrate fermentation and microbial populations in the porcine colon. Animal Science 68, 503–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS Institute 2003. SAS user's guide: statistics, version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
SAS Institute 2009. JMP® version 8, statistics and graphics guide, 2nd edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.Google Scholar
Stark, AH, Madar, Z 1993. In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber compared with effects of those fibers on hepatic sterol synthesis in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 123, 2166–2173.Google ScholarPubMed
Theander, O, Aman, P, Westerlund, E, Andersson, R, Pettersson, D 1995. Total dietary fiber determined as neutral sugar residues, uronic acid residues, and Klason lignin (the Uppsala method): collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 78, 1030–1044.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Leeuwen, P, Veldman, A, Boisen, S, Deuring, K, Van Kempen, GJM, Derksen, GB, Verstegen, MWA, Schaafsma, G 1996. Apparent ileal dry matter and crude protein digestibility of rations fed to pigs and determined with the use of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and acid-insoluble ash as digestive markers. British Journal of Nutrition 76, 551–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Nevel, CJ, Dierick, NA, Decuypere, JA, De Smet, SM 2006. In vitro fermentability and physicochemical properties of fibre substrates and their effect on bacteriological and morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of newly weaned piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 60, 477–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Visek, WJ 1984. Ammonia: ts effects on biological systems, metabolic hormones, and reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 481–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zervas, S, Zijlstra, RT 2002. Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and plasma urea in grower pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 3247–3256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed