Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:13:12.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

I. Vervuert ,
S. Klein  and
M. Coenen
I. Vervuert*
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
S. Klein
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
M. Coenen
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets. One important question is what feeding status is optimal to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the respective starchy diet. Four horses were fed, in a randomised order, four different feeding protocols relative to offering hay before or after cracked corn (CC): (i) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC+), (ii) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (+CC−), (iii) feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (−CC+) and (iv) 1.2 kg hay/100 kg body weight (BW) per day, divided into two equal portions and offered at 0900 h and 1900 h, feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (−CC−). CC intake was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg BW. The different hay offerings did not affect basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. A significant rise in plasma glucose and insulin was found after CC intake for all diets. The highest peak glucose levels were analysed for −CC+, and the lowest glucose peaks were found for +CC− (diet P < 0.05). The highest insulin peaks were monitored for −CC+ (31.27 ± 18.19 μU/ml) and lower peaks for +CC− (13.36 ± 2.93 μU/ml) (diet P < 0.05). Insulin for −CC− and +CC− returned to resting values about 300 min after CC feeding. For +CC+ and −CC+, insulin levels were still above resting levels 510 min after CC intake (diet P < 0.05). The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further roughage intake during blood sampling period provide the best-defined conditions.

Keywords

feed restrictionstarch intakeglucoseinsulinhorses
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 3 , Issue 9 , September 2009 , pp. 1246 - 1253
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Argenzio, RA, Hintz, HF 1971. Volatile fatty acid tolerance and effect of glucose and VFA on plasma insulin levels in ponies. The Journal of Nutrition 101, 723–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, EN 1990. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiological Reviews 70, 567–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bochnia, M, Vervuert, I, Coenen, M 2008. The impact of different feeding orders of hay or hay chaff combined with a concentrate meal on feed intake pattern in horses. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, Göttingen, vol. 17, p. 91.Google Scholar
Brouns, F, Bjorck, I, Frayn, KN, Gibbs, AL, Lang, V, Slama, G, Wolever, TMS 2005. Glycaemic index methodology. Nutrition Research Reviews 18, 145–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buff, PR, Spader, BR, Morrison, CD, Keisler, DH 2006. Endocrine responses in mares undergoing abrupt changes in nutritional management. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2700–2707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coenen, M, Moesseler, A, Vervuert, I 2006. Fermentative gases in breath indicate that inulin and starch to be degraded by microbial fermentation in the stomach and small intestine of the horse in contrast to pectin and cellulose. The Journal of Nutrition 136, 2108S–2110S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottrell, E, Watts, K, Duarte, S, Ralston, S 2005. Soluble sugar content and glycaemic index of high sugar hay can be reduced by soaking. Proceedings of Equine Science Society, Tucson Arizona, vol. 19, pp. 293–298.Google Scholar
Cuddeford, D 2002. Equine nutrition: some unique features, functions and failures of the digestive system of the horse. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. PC Garnsworthy and J Wiseman), pp. 269–318. Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
De Fombelle, A, Veiga, L, Drogoul, C, Julliand, V 2004. Effect of diet composition and feeding pattern on the prececal digestibility of starches from diverse botanical origins measured with the mobile nylon bag technique in horses. Journal of Animal Science 82, 3625–3634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delobel, A, Schoonheere, N, Hornick, JL, Istasse, L 2006. Linseed oil, a supplement in horses diet. 1. Effects on plasma metabolites and insulin. Proceedings of the 10th ESVCN Congress, Nantes, France, p. 129.Google Scholar
DePew, CL, Thompson, DL, Fernandez, JM, Sticker, LS, Burleigh, DW 1994. Changes in concentrations of hormones, metabolites, and amino acids in plasma of adult horses relative to overnight feed deprivation followed by a pellet-hay meal fed at noon. Journal of Animal Science 72, 1530–1539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forhead, AJ, Dobson, H 1997. Plasma glucose and cortisol responses to exogenous insulin in fasted donkeys. Research in Veterinary Science 62, 265–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, P, Sillence, M, Inglis, R, Siever-Kelly, C, Friend, M, Munn, K, Davidson, H 2005. Effect of short lucerne chaff on the rate of intake and glycaemic response to an oat diet. Proceedings of the 19th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium, pp. 151, 152.Google Scholar
Hoffman, RM, Boston, RC, Stefanovski, D, Kronfeld, DS, Harris, PA 2003. Obesity and diet affect glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2333–2342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holley, DC, Evans, JW 1979. Secretion of insulin by the nonruminant herbivore (pony) pancreas perfused in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 49, 1021–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussein, HS, Vogedes, LA, Fernandez, GCJ, Frankeny, RL 2004. Effects of cereal grain supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients and concentrations of fermentation end-products in the feces and serum of horses consuming alfalfa cubes. Journal of Animal Science 82, 1986–1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jose-Cunilleras, E, Taylo, LE, Hinchcliff, KW 2004. Glycemic index of cracked corn, oat groats and rolled barley in horses. Journal of Animal Science 82, 2623–2629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenzo-Figueras, M, Morisset, SM, Morisset, J, Lainé, J, Merritt, AM 2007. Digestive enzyme concentrations and activities in healthy pancreatic tissue of horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 68, 1070–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malinowski, K, Shock, EJ, Rochelle, P, Kearns, CF, Guirnalda, PD, McKeever, KH 2006. Plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 36, 267–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin-Rosset, W, Doreau, M, Boulot, S, Miraglia, N 1990. Influence of level of feeding and physiological state on diet digestibility in light and heavy breed horses. Livestock Production Science 25, 257–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matissek, R, Schnepel, FM, Steiner, G 1992. Lebensmittelanalytik-Grundzüge, Methoden, Anwendungen. Springer, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Matsunaga, N, Arakawa, NT, Goka, T, Nam, KT, Ohneda, A, Sasaki, Y, Katoh, K 1999. Effects of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on plasma concentration of growth hormone and insulin in sheep. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, BML, Hyslop, JJ, Longland, AC, Cuddeford, D, Hollands, T 2000. Physical processing of barley and its effects on intra-caecal fermentation patterns in ponies. Animal Feed Science and Technology 85, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, H, Coenen, M 2002. Pferdefütterung, pp. 13–35. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Miraglia, N, Poncet, C, Martin-Rosset, W 1992. Effect of feeding level, physilogical state and breed on the rate of passage of particualte matter through the gastrointestinal tract of the horse. In 6th Conference on Nutrition and feeding of herbivores. Annales de Zootechnie, vol. 41, p. 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naumann, C, Bassler, R 1999. Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, vol. 3. VDLUFA, Darmstadt, Germany.Google Scholar
Owsley, WF, Orr, DE, Tribble, LF 1986. Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig. Journal of Animal Science 63, 497–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagan, JD, Harris, PA 1999. The effects of timing and amount of forage and grain on exercise response in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30, 451–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, RA, Archibald, RF, Muirhead, RH 2001. The effect of forage quality and level of feeding on digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time of oat straw and alfalfa given to ponies and donkeys. The British Journal of Nutrition 85, 599–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, GD, Arnold, FF, Householder, DD, Hansen, DH, Brown, KM 1992. Digestion of starch in the small or large intestine of the equine. In 1. European Conference of Horse Nutrition, Pferdeheilkunde Supplement, pp. 107–111.Google Scholar
Radicke, S, Kienzle, E, Meyer, H 1993. Preileal apparent digestibility of oats and corn starch and consequences for cecal metabolism. Proceedings of the 13th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium, pp. 43–48.Google Scholar
Radicke, S, Landes, E, Kienzle, E, Meyer, H 1992. Aktivität der Amylase im Darmkanal des Pferdes in Abhängigkeit von der Futterart. In 1. European Conference of Horse Nutrition, Pferdeheilkunde Supplement, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar
Radicke, S, Meyer, H, Kienzle, E 1994. Über den Einfluß von Futterart und Fütterungszeitpunkt auf den Blutglucosespiegel bei Pferden. Pferdeheilkunde 10, 187–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ralston, S 2005. Factors affecting glucose and insulin metabolism in young horses. Proceedings of the Equine Nutrition Conference, Hannover, Lower Saxony, pp. 83–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ralston, SL, Nockels, CF, Squires, EL 1988. Differences in diagnostic test result and hematologic data between aged and young horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49, 1387–1392.Google ScholarPubMed
Richards, N, Hinch, GN, Rowe, JB 2006. The effect of current grain feeding practices on hindgut fermentation and acidosis in the Australian racing Thoroughbred. Australian Veterinary Journal 84, 402–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodiek, A, Stull, C 2007. Glycemic index of ten common horse feeds. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, RJ, Sampson, D 1982. Changes in certain metabolic parameters in horses associated with food deprivation and endurance exercise. Research in Veterinary Science 32, 198–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sano, H, Tano, S, Takahashi, H, Terashima, Y 1995. Dose response of plasma insulin and glucagon to intravenous n-butyrate infusion in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3038–3043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwabenbauer, K, Meyer, H, Lindemann, G 1982. Gehalt an flüchtigen Fettsäuren und Ammoniak im Caecuminhalt des Pferdes in Abhängigkeit von Futterart, Futterreihenfolge und Fütterungszeitpunkt. Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 13, 24–31.Google Scholar
Sticker, LS, Thompson, DL, Bunting, LD, Fernandez, JM, DePew, CL, Nadal, MR 1995. Feed deprivation of mares: plasma metabolite and hormonal concentrations and responses to exercise. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3696–3704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stull, CL, Rodiek, AV 1988. Responses of blood glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations to common equine diets. The Journal of Nutrition 118, 206–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treiber, KH, Boston, RC, Kronfeld, DS, Staniar, WB, Harris, PA 2005. Insulin resistance and compensation in Thoroughbred weanlings adapted to high-glycemic meals. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2357–2364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varloud, M, Fonty, G, Roussel, A, Guyonvarch, A, Julliand, V 2007. Postprandial kinetics of some biotic and abiotic characteristics of the gastric ecosystem of horses fed a pelleted concentrate meal. Journal of Animal Science 85, 2508–2516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervuert, I, Bothe, C, Coenen, M 2007. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to mechanical or thermal processed barley in horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 91, 263–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervuert, I, Coenen, M 2005. Glycaemic index of feeds for horses. Proceedings of Equine Nutrition Conference, Hannover, Lower Saxony, pp. 79–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vervuert, I, Coenen, M, Bothe, C 2003. Effects of oat processing on the glycaemic and insulin responses in horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 87, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervuert, I, Coenen, M, Bothe, C 2004. Effects of corn processing on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 88, 348–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervuert, I, Voigt, K, Hollands, T, Cuddeford, D, Coenen, M 2008a. The effect of processing barley on its digestion by horses. The Veterinary Record 162, 684–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervuert, I, Klein, S, Coenen, M 2008b. Effect of mixing dietary fiber (purified lignocellulose or purified pectin) and a corn meal on glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (in press).Google Scholar
Vervuert, I, Voigt, K, Hollands, T, Cuddeford, D, Coenen, M 2008c. The effect of mixing and changing the order of feeding oats and chopped alfalfa to horses on: (1) glycaemic and insulinaemic responses (2) breath hydrogen and methane production. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (in press).Google Scholar
Wicker, C, Puigserver, A, Scheele, G 1984. Dietary regulation of levels of active mRNA coding for amylase and serine zymogens in the rat pancreas. European Journal of Biochemistry 139, 381–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeyner, A, Hoffmeister, C, Einspanier, A, Gottschalk, J, Lengwenat, O, Illies, M 2006. Glycaemic and insulinaemic response of quarter horses to concentrates high in fat and low in soluble carbohydrates. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 36, 643–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar