Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:31:24.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of increasing inclusion rates of tofu by-product in diets of growing pigs on nitrogen balance and ammonia emission from manure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2020

Q. H. Nguyen Open the ORCID record for Q. H. Nguyen [Opens in a new window] ,
T. T. T. Than ,
N. D. Le ,
P. D. Le  and
V. Fievez
Q. H. Nguyen
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure BW13, Block F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue530000, Vietnam
T. T. T. Than
Affiliation:
Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue530000, Vietnam
N. D. Le
Affiliation:
Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue530000, Vietnam
P. D. Le*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung Street, Hue530000, Vietnam
V. Fievez
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure BW13, Block F, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

To reduce competition with human-edible feed resources, it is of interest to incorporate by-products from the food industry in animal feeds. The current research investigated the effect of including increasing amounts of tofu by-product (TF) in practical pig diets on animal performance, nitrogen balance and ammonia emissions from manure. Two experiments were conducted including a control diet without TF, containing 160 g/kg dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and three diets including 122, 246 and 360 g TF/kg DM (TF122, TF246 and TF360, respectively) to reach 220, 280 and 360 g/kg NSP. All diets had the same level of CP and protein digestible in the small intestine which particularly was realized by replacing rice bran with TF. Animal performance was assessed in a first experiment with 40 growing barrows with initial BW of 26.6 ± 1.80 kg (M ± SD) being allocated to the 4 treatments, during 2 growth phases (i.e. until 50 kg BW and from 50 to 80 kg BW). In the growth phase until 50 kg, feed intake and average daily gain (ADG) were linearly reduced by dietary TF inclusion, while this negative impact disappeared during the second growth phase (50 to 80 kg BW). Tofu by-product inclusion even positively affected the feed conversion ratio during this second growth phase (3.4 to 2.7 kg feed/kg ADG for 0 to 360 g/kg dietary TF). Over the entire growth period, performance and feed intake were negatively affected at the highest dietary TF level. Experiment 2 was conducted to assess digestibility, nitrogen balance and ammonia emission from manure. For this purpose, 16 pigs with BW of 62.8 ± 3.6 kg (M ± SD) were assigned to either 1 of the 4 treatments. There was no difference in total tract apparent digestibility of dietary organic matter or CP, while NDF digestibility increased with increasing TF level, suggesting increasing importance of the hindgut fermentation when digesting diets with increasing TF levels. Nevertheless, this was not reflected in increasing levels of faecal volatile fatty acids or purines, nor in reduced manure pH. As a result, ammonia emission from slurry was not reduced through dietary TF inclusion, despite the linear decrease in urinary nitrogen. In conclusion, TF can be included in pigs’ diets up to an inclusion rate of 25% without risk of impaired animal performance; however, this dietary strategy fails to mitigate ammonia emission from slurry.

Keywords

volatile fatty acidsnitrogen excretionnon-starch polysaccharidesswine productionslurry
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 14 , Issue 6 , June 2020 , pp. 1167 - 1175
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agyekum, AK and Nyachoti, CM 2017. Nutritional and metabolic consequences of feeding high-fiber diets to swine: a review. Engineering 3, 716–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990. Official methods of analysis, volume 1, 15th edition. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.Google Scholar
Backes, A, Aulinger, A, Bieser, J, Matthias, V and Quante, M 2016. Ammonia emissions in Europe, part I: development of a dynamical ammonia emission inventory. Atmospheric Environment 131, 55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beccaccia, A, Cerisuelo, A, Calvet, S, Ferrer, P, Estellés, F, De Blas, C and Garcia-Rebollar, P 2015. Effects of nutrition on digestion efficiency and gaseous emissions from slurry in growing pigs: II. Effect of protein source in practical diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 209, 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindelle, J, Buldgen, A, Delacollette, M, Wavreille, J, Agneessens, R, Destain, JP and Leterme, P 2009. Influence of source and concentrations of dietary fiber on in vivo nitrogen excretion pathways in pigs as reflected by in vitro fermentation and nitrogen incorporation by fecal bacteria. Journal of Animal Science 87, 583–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindelle, J, Leterme, P and Buldgen, A 2008. Nutritional and environmental consequences of dietary fibre in pig nutrition: a review. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment 12, 69–80.Google Scholar
Canh, TT 1998. Ammonia emission from excreta of growing-finishing pigs as affected by dietary composition. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Canh, TT, Aarnink, AJ, Verstegen, MW and Schrama, JW 1998a. Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1123–1130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canh, TT, Sutton, AL, Aarnink, AJA, Verstegen, MW, Schrama, JW and Bakker, GC 1998b. Dietary carbohydrates alter the fecal composition and pH and the ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1887–1895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canh, TT, Verstegen, MW, Aarnink, AJ and Schrama, JW 1997. Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and faeces of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 700–706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaney, AL and Marbach, EP 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical Chemistry 8, 130–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, PS and Landhausser, SM 2004. A method for routine measurements of total sugar and starch content in woody plant tissues. Tree Physiology 24, 1129–1136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dai, X and Karring, H 2014. A determination and comparison of urease activity in feces and fresh manure from pig and cattle in relation to ammonia production and pH changes. PLoS One, 9, e110402. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Schrijver, R, Vanhoof, K and Vande Ginste, J 1999. Effect of enzyme resistant starch on large bowel fermentation in rats and pigs. Nutrition Research 19, 927–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dikeman, CL and Fahey, GC 2006. Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 46, 649–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadeyne, F, De Ruyck, K, Van Ranst, G, De Neve, N, Vlaeminck, B and Fievez, V 2016. Effect of changes in lipid classes during wilting and ensiling of red clover using two silage additives on in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation. Journal of Agricultural Science 154, 553–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuzé, V, Tran, G, Archimède, H, Régnier, C, Bastianelli, D and Lebas, F 2016. Cassava roots. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Retrieved on 20 November 2018 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/527.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, H, Larsen, T, Zhao, XQ and Eggum, BO 1997. The energy value of short-chain fatty acids infused into the caecum of pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 745–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krupa, SV 2003. Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: a review. Environmental Pollution 124, 179–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindberg, JE 2014. Fiber effect in nutrition and gut health in pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 5, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez-Puig, D, Pérez, JF, Castillo, M, Andaluz, A, Anguita, M, Morales, J and Gasa, J 2003. Consumption of raw potato starch increase colon length and fecal excretion of purine bases in growing pigs. Journal of Nutrition 133, 134–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Ngoc, TTB, Len, NT, Ogle, B and Lindberg, JE 2011. Influence of particle size and multi-enzyme supplementation of fibrous diets on total tract digestibility and performance of weaning (8–20 kg) and growing (20–40 kg) pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 169, 86–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, QH, Le, ND, Le, PD and Fievez, V 2019a. Effect of increasing inclusion rates of tofu by-product in diets of growing pigs on nitrogen balance and ammonia emission from manure. In Proceeding of the Third International Conference and DAAD Alumni Workshop, 4–5 April 2019, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, pp. 38–39.Google Scholar
Nguyen, QH, Le, PD, Chim, C, Le, ND and Fievez, V 2019b. Potential to mitigate ammonia emission from pig slurry by increasing dietary fermentable fiber through inclusion of tropical byproducts in practical diets for growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 32, 754–584.Google ScholarPubMed
Noblet, J and Le Goff, G 2001. Effect of dietary fibre on the energy value of feeds for pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90, 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prosky, L, Asp, NG, Schweizer, TF, Devries, JW and Furda, I 1988. Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. Journal-Association of Official Analytical Chemists 71, 1017–1023.Google ScholarPubMed
Reid, CA and Hillman, K 1999. The effect of retrogradation and amylose/amylopectin ratio of starches on carbohydrate fermentation and microbial populations in the porcine colon. Animal Science 69, 503–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sappok, MA, Pellikaan, WF, Verstegen, MW, Bosch, G, Sundrum, A and Hendriks, WH 2013. Large intestinal fermentation capacity of fattening pigs on organic farms as measured in vitro using contrasting substrates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93, 2402–2409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RH and McAllan, AB 1970. Nucleic acid metabolism in the ruminant. 2. Formation of microbial nucleic acids in the rumen in relation to the digestion of food nitrogen, and the fate of dietary nucleic acids. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommer, SG and Husted, S 1995. The chemical buffer system in raw and digested animal slurry. The Journal of Agricultural Science 124, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanghe, S, De Boever, J, Ampe, B, De Brabander, D, De Campeneere, S and Millet, S 2015. Nutrient composition, digestibility and energy value of distillers grains with solubles and condensed distillers solubles fed to growing pigs and evaluation of prediction methods. Animal Feed Science and Technology 210, 263–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Nevel, CJ, Dierick, NA, Decuypere, JA and De smet, SM 2006. In vitro fermentability and physicochemical properties of fibre substrates and their effect on bacteriological and morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of newly weaned piglets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 60, 477–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vervaeke, IJ, Dierick, NA, Demeyer, DI and Decuypere, JA 1989. Approach to the energetic importance of fibre digestion in pigs. II. An experimental approach to hindgut digestion. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23, 169–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlaeminck, B, Dufour, C, Van Vuuren, AM, Cabrita, ARJ, Dewhurst, RJ, Demeyer, D and Fievez, V 2005. Use of odd and branched-chain fatty acids in rumen contents and milk as a potential microbial marker. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1031–1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wambacq, W, Rybachuk, G, Jeusette, I, Rochus, K, Wuyts, B, Fievez, V, Nguyen, P and Hesta, M 2016. Fermentable soluble fibres spare amino acids in healthy dogs fed a low-protein diet. BMC Veterinary Research 12, 130. doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0752-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenk, C 2001. The role of dietary fibre in the digestive physiology of the pig. Animal Feed Science and Technology 90, 21–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar