Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T03:00:39.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of dietary supplementation of different oils during the first or second half of pregnancy on the glucose tolerance of the sow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2008

A. M. Corson ,
J. Laws ,
J. C. Litten ,
P. F. Dodds ,
I. J. Lean  and
L. Clarke
A. M. Corson
Affiliation:
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK
J. Laws
Affiliation:
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK
J. C. Litten
Affiliation:
Department of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, P.O. Box 237, UK
P. F. Dodds
Affiliation:
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK
I. J. Lean
Affiliation:
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK
L. Clarke*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Wye, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Poor glucose tolerance may be an under-researched contributory factor in the high (10% to 20%) pre-weaning mortality rate observed in pigs. Insulin resistance commences at around week 12 of gestation in the sow, although there are conflicting reports in the literature about the extent to which insulin resistance is modulated by maternal diet. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of supplementing the maternal diet with different dietary oils during either the first half or the second half of gestation on the glucose tolerance of the sow. Sows were offered the control (C: n = 5) diet as pellets or the C diet plus 10% extra energy (n = 16 per group) derived from either: (i) extra pellets; (ii) palm oil; (iii) olive oil; (iv) sunflower oil; or (v) fish oil. Experimental diets were fed during either the first (G1) or second (G2) half of gestation. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on day 108 of gestation by administering 0.5 g/kg glucose i.v. Blood samples were taken every 5 to 10 min for 90 min post administration. The change in body weight and backfat thickness during gestation was similar but both type and timing of dietary supplementation influenced litter size and weight. With the exception of the sunflower oil group, supplementing the maternal diet in G1 resulted in larger and heavier litters, particularly in mothers offered palm oil. Basal blood glucose concentrations tended to be more elevated in G1 than G2 groups, whilst plasma insulin concentrations were similar. Following a GTT, the adjusted area under the curve was greater in G1 compared to G2 sows, despite no differences in glucose clearance. Maternal diet appeared to influence the relationship between glucose curve characteristics following a GTT and litter outcome. In conclusion, the degree of insulin sensitivity can be altered by both the period during which maternal nutritional supplementation is offered and the fatty acid profile of the diet.

Keywords

dietary lipidsgestationglucose tolerancepigs
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 2 , Issue 7 , July 2008 , pp. 1045 - 1054
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, DM, Elsley, FWH, McDonald, P, MacPherson, RM 1971. A study of the relationship between glucose tolerance of sows and the mean birthweight of their offspring. Journal of Agricultural Science 76, 179–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Averette, LA, Odle, J, Monaco, MH, Donovan, SM 1999. Dietary fat during pregnancy and lactation increases milk fat and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations and improves neonatal growth rates on swine. Journal of Nutrition 129, 2123–2129.Google Scholar
Battaglia, FC, Meschia, G 1978. Principal substrates of fetal metabolism. Physiological Reviews 58, 499–527.Google Scholar
Bellinger, DA, Merricks, EP, Nichols, TC 2006. Swine models of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, and cardiovascular complications. ILAR Journal 47, 243–258.Google Scholar
Bouillon-Hausman, D, Kasser, TR, Seerley, RW, Martin, RJ 1986. Studies of gestational diabetes using the pig as a model. In Swine in Biomedical Research (ed. ME Tumbleson), vol 1, p. 561. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bunding, IM, Davenport, ME, Schooley, MA 1956. The glucose tolerance test in swine and its implications. Journal of Animal Science 15, 234–241.Google Scholar
DEFRA 2003. Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock. [online]. Available online: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/farmed/pigs/pigcode.pdf. Accessed 14.02.2005.Google Scholar
Edwards, SA 2002. Perinatal mortality in the pig: environmental or physiological solutions? Livestock Production Science 78, 3–12.Google Scholar
Elsley, FW, Bathurst, EVJ, Bracewell, AG, Cunningham, JMM, Dent, JB, Dodsworth, TL, MacPherson, RM, Walker, N 1971. The effect of pattern of food intake in pregnancy upon sow productivity. Animal Production 13, 257–270.Google Scholar
Ezekwe, MO, Martin, RJ 1978. Influence of maternal alloxan diabetes or insulin injections on fetal glycogen reserves, muscle and liver development of pigs (Sus domesticus). Journal of Animal Science 47, 1121–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, PB, England, DC, Siers, DG, Stanton, HC 1978. Diabetogenic effects of pregnancy in sows on plasma glucose and insulin release. Journal of Animal Science 46, 1694–1706.Google Scholar
Guan, X, Matte, JJ, Ku, PK, Snow, JL, Burton, JL 2000. High chromium yeast supplementation improves glucose tolerance in pigs by decreasing hepatic extraction of insulin. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1274–1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jean, KB, Chiang, SH 1999. Increased survival of neonatal pigs by supplementing medium-chain triglycerides in late-gestating sow diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 76, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasser, TR, Coffery, MT, Seerley, RW, Martin, RJ 1981. Glucose clearance rates in fat fed sows. Journal of Animal Science 53, 250–253.Google Scholar
Kemp, B, Soede, NM, Vesseur, PC, Helmond, FA, Spoorenberg, JH, Frankena, K 1996. Glucose tolerance of pregnant sows is related to postnatal pig mortality. Journal of Animal Science 74, 879–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kingsbury DL 1992. Studies on the timing and the mechanism of boar induced first estrus in the pre-pubertal gilt, Development, validation and Application of a non surgical catherterization procedure. PhD Thesis, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, pp. 57–61.Google Scholar
Laws J 2006. Effects of maternal dietary lipid supplementation on the performance of the sow and her offspring. PhD Thesis, University of London, UK.Google Scholar
Mostyn, A, Litten, JC, Perkins, KS, Euden, PJ, Corson, AM, Symonds, ME, Clarke, L 2004. Influence of size at birth on the endocrine profiles and expression of uncoupling proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue, lung, and muscle of neonatal pigs. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology 288, R1536–R1542.Google Scholar
Pere, MC, Etienne, M, Dourmad, JY 2000. Adaptations of glucose metabolism in the multiparous sows: Effects of pregnancy and feeding level. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2933–2941.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, JE 1981. Supplemental dietary fat for peripartal sows: a review. Journal of Animal Science 53, 107–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RW, Panepinto, LM 1986. Swine as a model for human diabetes. In Swine in Biomedical Research (ed. ME Tumbleson), vol 1, pp. 549–560. New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, RW, Panepinto, LM, Spangler, R, Westmoreland, N 1982. Yucatan miniature swine as a model for the study of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, LP, Ford, SP, Ferrell, CL 1985. Blood flow and steroid and nutrient uptake of the gravid uterus and fetus of sows. Journal of Animal Science 61, 968–974.Google Scholar
Schaefer, AL, Tong, AKW, Sather, AP, Beltranena, E, Pharazyn, A, Aherne, FX 1991. Preparturient diabetogenesis in primiparous gilts. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, 69–77.Google Scholar
Steele, NC, McMurtry, JP 1985. Endocrine adaptations of periparturient swine to alteration of dietary energy source. Journal of Animal Science 60, 1260–1271.Google Scholar
Steele, NC, McMurtry, JP, Rosebrough, RW 1985. Endocrine adaptations of periparturient swine to alteration of dietary energy source. Journal of Animal Science 60, 1260–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed