Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:16:04.054Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An observational study investigating the association of ultrasonographically assessed machine milking-induced changes in teat condition and teat-end shape in dairy cows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2018

M. Wieland Open the ORCID record for M. Wieland [Opens in a new window] ,
P. D. Virkler ,
A. H. Borkowski ,
N. Älveby ,
P. Wood  and
D. V. Nydam
M. Wieland*
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
P. D. Virkler
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
A. H. Borkowski
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
N. Älveby
Affiliation:
DeLaval International AB, Tumba 14 741, Sweden
P. Wood
Affiliation:
DeLaval International AB, Tumba 14 741, Sweden
D. V. Nydam
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14 853, USA
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Mechanical forces during machine milking induce changes in teat condition which can be differentiated into short-term and long-term changes. Machine milking-induced short-term changes in teat condition (STC) are defined as tissue responses to a single milking and have been associated with the risk of new intramammary infection. Albeit, their association with teat characteristics, such as teat-end shape, has not been investigated by rigorous methods. The primary objective was to determine the association of STC, as measured by ultrasonography, with teat-end shape. The second objective was to describe possible differences in the recovery time of teat tissue after machine milking among teats with different teat-end shapes. Holstein cows (n=128) were enrolled in an observational study, housed in free-stall pens with sand bedding and milked three times a day. Ultrasonography of the left front and right hind teat was performed after teat preparation before milking (t−1), immediately after milking (t0) and 1, 3, 5 and 7 h after milking (t1, t3, t5, t7). The teat tissue parameters measured from ultrasound scans were teat canal length, teat-end diameter, teat-end diameter at the midpoint between the distal and proximal end of the teat canal, teat wall thickness, and teat cistern width. Teat-end shape was assessed visually and classified into three categories: pointed, flat and round. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed differences in the relative change of teat tissue parameters (compared with t−1) at t0 among teats with different teat-end shapes, with most parameters showing the largest change for round teats. The premilking values were reached (recovery time) after 7 h in teats with a pointed teat-end shape, whereas recovery time was greater than 7 h in teats with flat and round teat-end shapes. Under the same liner and milking machine conditions, teats with a round teat-end shape had the most severe short-term changes. The results of this observational study indicated that teat-end shape may be one of the factors that contribute to the severity of STC.

Keywords

cattlemilking machineteat characteristicsteat tissueultrasound
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , February 2019 , pp. 341 - 348
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bade, RD, Reinemann, DJ, Zucali, M, Ruegg, PL and Thompson, PD 2009. Interactions of vacuum, b-phase duration, and liner compression on milk flow rates in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 913–921.Google Scholar
Borkhus, M and Rønningen, O 2003. Factors affecting mouthpiece chamber vacuum in machine milking. Journal of Dairy Research 70, 283–288.Google Scholar
Bruckmaier, RM and Blum, JW 1992. B-mode ultrasonography of mammary glands of cows, goats and sheep during alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist and oxytocin administration. Journal of Dairy Research 59, 151–159.Google Scholar
Chrystal, MA, Seykora, AJ and Hansen, LB 1999. Heritabilities of teat end shape and teat diameter and their relationships with somatic cell score. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 2017–2022.Google Scholar
Gleeson, DE, O’Callaghan, EJ and Rath, M 2002. Effect of milking on bovine teat tissue as measured by ultrasonography. Irish Veterinary Journal 55, 628–632.Google Scholar
Gleeson, DE, O’Callaghan, EJ and Rath, MV 2004. Effect of liner design, pulsator setting, and vacuum level on bovine teat tissue changes and milking characteristics as measured by ultrasonography. Irish Veterinary Journal 57, 289–296.Google Scholar
Guarín, JF and Ruegg, PL 2016. Short communication: pre- and postmilking anatomical characteristics of teats and their associations with risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 8323–8329.Google Scholar
Guarín, JF, Paixão, MG and Ruegg, PL 2017. Association of anatomical characteristics of teats with quarter-level somatic cell count. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 643–652.Google Scholar
Hamann, J and Mein, GA 1990. Measurement of machine-induced changes in thickness of the bovine teat. Journal of Dairy Research 57, 495–505.Google Scholar
Ipema, AH and Benders, E 1992. Production, duration of machine milking and teat quality of dairy cows milked 2, 3 or 4 times daily with variable intervals. In Proceedings of the International Symposium Prospects for Automatic Milking, 23–25 November 1992, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 244–252.Google Scholar
McDonald, JS 1975. Radiographic method for anatomic study of the teat canal: changes between milking periods. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36, 1241–1242.Google Scholar
Mein, GA 2012. The role of the milking machine in mastitis control. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 28, 307–320.Google Scholar
Mein, GA, Neijenhuis, F, Morgan, WF, Reinemann, DJ, Hillerton, JE, Baines, JR, Ohnstad, I, Rasmussen, MD, Timms, L, Britt, JS, Farnsworth, R, Cook, N and Hemling, T 2001. Evaluation of bovine teat condition in commercial dairy herds: 1. non-infectious factors. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Mastitis and Milk Quality, 13–15 September 2001, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 347–351.Google Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Neijenhuis, F, Barkema, HW, Hogeveen, H and Noordhuizen, JP 2000. Classification and longitudinal examination of callused teat ends in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2795–2804.Google Scholar
Neijenhuis, F, Barkema, HW, Hogeveen, H and Noordhuizen, JP 2001b. Relationship between teat-end callosity and occurrence of clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2664–2672.Google Scholar
Neijenhuis, F, Klungel, GH and Hogeveen, H 2001a. Recovery of cow teats after milking as determined by ultrasonographic scanning. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2599–2606.Google Scholar
Paulrud, CO, Clausen, S, Andersen, PE and Rasmussen, MD 2005. Infrared thermography and ultrasonography to indirectly monitor the influence of liner type and overmilking on teat tissue recovery. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 46, 137–147.Google Scholar
Penry, JF, Upton, J, Mein, GA, Rasmussen, MD, Ohnstad, I, Thompson, PD and Reinemann, DJ 2017. Estimating teat canal cross-sectional area to determine the effects of teat-end and mouthpiece chamber vacuum on teat congestion. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 821–827.Google Scholar
Pol, M and Ruegg, PL 2007. Relationship between antimicrobial drug usage and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 262–273.Google Scholar
Ruegg, PL 2012. Mastitis in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 28, xi–xii.Google Scholar
Seykora, AJ and McDaniel, BT 1985. Heritabilities of teat traits and their relationships with milk yield, somatic cell count, and percent two-minute milk. Journal of Dairy Science 68, 2670–2683.Google Scholar
Stelwagen, K, Phyn, CV, Davis, SR, Guinard-Flament, J, Pomies, D, Roche, JR and Kay, JK 2013. Invited review: reduced milking frequency: milk production and management implications. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 3401–3413.Google Scholar
Tančin, V, Ipema, B, Hogewerf, P and Mačuhová, J 2006. Sources of variation in milk flow characteristics at udder and quarter levels. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 978–988.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2016. Dairy 2014, dairy cattle management practices in the United States, 2014. USDA, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Wieland, M, Nydam, DV and Virkler, PD 2017. A longitudinal field study investigating the association between teat-end shape and two minute milk yield, milking unit-on time, and time in low flow rate. Livestock Science 205, 88–97.Google Scholar
Williams, DM and Mein, GA 1982. Review: physical and physiological factors affecting milk flow rate from the bovine teat during machine milking. In Dairy production from pasture (ed. KL Macmillan and VK Taufa), pp. 42–74. Clark and Matheson, Hamilton, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Zecconi, A, Bronzo, V, Piccinini, R, Moroni, P and Ruffo, G 1996. Field study on the relationship between teat thickness changes and intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Research 63, 361–368.Google Scholar
Zecconi, A, Hamann, J, Bronzo, V and Ruffo, G 1992. Machine-induced teat tissue reactions and infection risk in a dairy herd free from contagious mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Research 59, 265–271.Google Scholar
Zwertvaegher, I, De Vliegher, S, Verbist, B, Van Nuffel, A, Baert, J and Van Weyenberg, S 2013. Short communication: associations between teat dimensions and milking-induced changes in teat dimensions and quarter milk somatic cell counts in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 1075–1080.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Wieland et al. supplementary material

Wieland et al. supplementary material 1

Download Wieland et al. supplementary material(File)
File 421.9 KB