Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:35:00.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Low doses of microencapsulated zinc oxide improve performance and modulate the ileum architecture, inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions expression of weaned pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2015

E. Grilli*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
B. Tugnoli
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
F. Vitari
Affiliation:
Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, I-20133, Milan, Italy
C. Domeneghini
Affiliation:
Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, I-20133, Milan, Italy
M. Morlacchini
Affiliation:
Centro Ricerche per la Zootecnia e l’Ambiente, Cascina Possione di Fondo, 29100, San Bonico, PC, Italy
A. Piva
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
A. Prandini
Affiliation:
ISAN, Feed & Food Science and Nutrition Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100, Piacenza, Italy
*
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare low doses of microencapsulated v. pharmacological ZnO in the diet of piglets on growth performance, ileum health status and architecture. One hundred and forty-four piglets weaned at 28 days and divided in 36 pens (two males and two females per pen), received a basal diet (control, Zn at 50 mg/kg) or the basal diet with ZnO at 3000 mg/kg (pZnO), or with lipid microencapsulated ZnO at 150 or 400 mg/kg (mZnO-300 and mZnO-800, respectively). After 14 and 42 days, three pigs per sex per treatment were euthanized to collect the ileum mucosa for immunohistochemistry, histomorphology, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction components gene expression. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. At 0 to 14 days, the pZnO and mZnO-800 groups had greater average daily gain compared with control (P<0.05). Gain to feed ratio (G:F) in the same time interval was higher in pZnO group compared with control thus resulting in higher BW (P<0.05). At day 14, ileum villi height in mZnO-800 pigs was 343 µm v. 309 and 317 µm in control and pZnO, respectively (P<0.01) and villi:crypts ratio (V:C), as well as cells positive to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), were greater in all treated groups compared with control (P<0.01). In mZnO-800 group, interferon-γ mRNA was the lowest (P=0.02), and both pharmacological ZnO and mZnO reduced tumor necrosis factor-α protein level (P<0.0001). Compared with pZnO group, mZnO-800 increased occludin and zonula occludens-1 protein level (1.6-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively; P<0.001). At day 42, both groups receiving microencapsulated ZnO had 1.7 kg greater BW than control and did not differ from pZnO group (P=0.01); ileum villi height and V:C ratio were the greatest for pZnO compared with the other groups, whereas PCNA-positive cells were the most numerous in mZnO-800 group (P<0.001). In conclusion, pigs receiving low doses of microencapsulated ZnO had G:F comparable with those receiving pharmacological level of ZnO in the overall post-weaning phase. Moreover, in the first 2 weeks post-weaning, microencapsulated ZnO effect on inflammatory status and ileum structure and integrity was comparable with pharmacological ZnO.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Sadi, R, Boivin, M and Ma, T 2009. Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier. Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark edition) 14, 27652778.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 2000. Official methods of analysis, 17th edition. AOAC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Bruewer, M, Utech, M, Ivanov, AI, Hopkins, AM, Parkos, CA and Nusrat, A 2005. Interferon-gamma induces internalization of epithelial tight junction proteins via a macropinocytosis-like process. FASEB Journal 19, 923933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, MS, Hill, GM and Link, JE 1999. Early- and traditionally weaned nursery pigs benefit from phase-feeding pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide: effect on metallothionein and mineral concentrations. Journal of Animal Science 77, 11991207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, CL and Carlson, MS 2002. Effect of feeding organic and inorganic sources of additional zinc on growth performance and zinc balance in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 19171924.Google Scholar
European Commission 2003. Regulation (EC) No. 134/2003 of the European Commission of 25 July 2003. Official Journal of the European Union L187, 11.Google Scholar
Faa, G, Nurchi, VM, Ravarino, A, Fanni, D, Nemolato, S, Gerosa, C, Van Eyken, P and Geboes, K 2008. Zinc in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Coordination Chemestry Reviews 252, 12571269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanning, AS, Jameson, BJ, Jesaitis, LA and Anderson, JM 1998. The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 2974529753.Google Scholar
Hahn, JD and Baker, DH 1993. Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic levels of zinc. Journal of Animal Science 71, 30203024.Google Scholar
Herfel, TM, Jacobi, SK, Lin, X, Fellner, V, Walker, DC, Jouni, ZE and Odle, J 2011. Polydextrose enrichment of infant formula demonstrates prebiotic characteristics by altering intestinal microbiota, organic acid concentrations, and cytokine expression in suckling piglets. Journal of Nutrition 14, 21394215.Google Scholar
Hill, GM, Mahan, DC, Carter, SD, Cromwell, GL, Ewan, RC, Harrold, RL, Lewis, AJ, Miller, PS, Shurson, GC and Veum, TL 2001. Effect of pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 79, 934941.Google Scholar
Hu, C, Song, J, Li, Y, Luan, Z and Zhu, K 2013. Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier function, modulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein in early weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 110, 681688.Google Scholar
Kim, JC, Hansen, CF, Mullan, BP and Pluske, JR 2012. Nutrition and pathology of weaner pigs: nutritional strategies to support barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173, 316.Google Scholar
Krebs, NF 2000. Overview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Nutrition 130 (5S suppl.), 1374S1377S.Google Scholar
Lallès, JP 2010. Basis and regulation of gut barrier function and epithelial cell protection: application to the weaned pig. In Dynamics in animal nutrition, 1st edition, (ed. J Doppenberg and P van der Aar), pp. 3151. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Li, X, Yin, J, Li, D, Chen, X, Zang, J and Zhou, X 2006. Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide increases IGF-I and IGF-I receptor gene expression in the small intestine of weanling piglets. Journal of Nutrition 136, 17861791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livak, KJ and Schmittgen, TD 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25, 402408.Google Scholar
Mavromichalis, I, Peter, CM, Parr, TM, Ganessunker, D and Baker, DH 2000. Growth-promoting efficacy in young pigs of two sources of zinc oxide having either a high or a low bioavailability of zinc. Journal of Animal Science 78, 28962902.Google Scholar
National Research Council 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Noblet, J, Fortune, H, Shi, XS and Dubois, S 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 344354.Google Scholar
Ou, D, Li, D, Cao, Y, Li, X, Yin, J, Qiao, S and Wu, G 2007. Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide decreases expression of the stem cell factor in the small intestine of weanling pigs. Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry 18, 820826.Google Scholar
Peace, RM, Campbell, J, Polo, J, Crenshaw, J, Russell, L and Moeser, A 2011. Spray-dried porcine plasma influences intestinal barrier function, inflammation, and diarrhea in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition 141, 13121317.Google Scholar
Perry, DK, Smyth, MJ, Stennicke, HR, Salvesen, GS, Duriez, P, Poirier, GG and Hannun, YA 1997. Zinc is a potent inhibitor of the apoptotic protease, caspase-3. A novel target for zinc in the inhibition of apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 1853018533.Google Scholar
Pié, S, Lallès, JP, Blazy, F, Laffitte, J, Sève, B and Oswald, IP 2004. Weaning is associated with an upregulation of expression of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of piglets. Journal of Nutrition 134, 641647.Google Scholar
Piva, A, Pizzamiglio, V, Morlacchini, M, Tedeschi, M and Piva, G 2007. Lipid microencapsulation allows slow release of organic acids and natural identical flavors along the swine intestine. Journal of Animal Science 85, 486493.Google Scholar
Poulsen, HD 1989. Zinc oxide for weaned pigs. In Proceedings of 40th Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar
Poulsen, HD and Larsen, T 1995. Zinc excretion and retention in growing pigs fed increasing levels of zinc oxide. Livestock Production Science 42, 235242.Google Scholar
Rincker, MJ, Hill, GM, Link, JE, Meyer, AM and Rowntree, JE 2005. Effects of dietary zinc and iron supplementation on mineral excretion, body composition, and mineral status of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 83, 27622774.Google Scholar
Sargeant, HR, Miller, HM and Shaw, MA 2011. Inflammatory response of porcine epithelial IPEC J2 cells to enterotoxigenic E. coli infection is modulated by zinc supplementation. Molecular Immunology 48, 21132121.Google Scholar
Vitari, F, Di Giancamillo, A, Deponti, D, Carollo, V and Domeneghini, C 2012. Distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs at different ages. Veterinary Research Communication 36, 7180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, CT 1987. Elements of pig science. Longman handbooks in agriculture. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.Google Scholar
Yin, J, Li, X, Li, D, Yue, T, Fang, Q, Ni, J, Zhou, X and Wu, G 2009. Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide stimulates ghrelin secretion from the stomach of young pigs. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 20, 783790.Google Scholar
Zhang, B and Guo, Y 2009. Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets. British Journal of Nutrition 102, 687693.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Grilli supplementary material

Table S1

Download Grilli supplementary material(File)
File 17.3 KB