Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-17T06:38:49.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2008

M. R. F. Lee ,
K. J. Shingfield ,
J. K. S. Tweed ,
V. Toivonen ,
S. A. Huws  and
N. D. Scollan
M. R. F. Lee*
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
K. J. Shingfield
Affiliation:
MTT Agrifood Research, Animal Production Research, Jokioinen, FIN 31600, Finland
J. K. S. Tweed
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
V. Toivonen
Affiliation:
MTT Agrifood Research, Animal Production Research, Jokioinen, FIN 31600, Finland
S. A. Huws
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
N. D. Scollan
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Red clover and fish oil (FO) are known to alter ruminal lipid biohydrogenation leading to an increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of ruminant-derived foods, respectively. The potential to exploit these beneficial effects were examined using eight Hereford × Friesian steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Treatments consisted of grass silage or red clover silage fed at 90% of ad libitum intake and FO supplementation at 0, 10, 20 or 30 g/kg diet dry matter (DM). The experiment was conducted with two animals per FO level and treatments formed extra-period Latin squares. Flows of fatty acids at the duodenum were assessed using ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid as indigestible markers. Intakes of DM were higher (P < 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (5.98 v. 5.09 kg/day). There was a linear interaction effect (P = 0.004) to FO with a reduction in DM intake in steers fed red clover silage supplemented with 30 g FO/kg diet DM. Apparent ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were lower (P < 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (0.83 and 0.79 v. 0.87 and 0.87, respectively), whilst FO increased the extent of biohydrogenation on both diets. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was extensive on both silage diets, averaging 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. Inclusion of FO in the diet enhanced the flow of total CLA leaving the rumen with an average across silages of 0.22, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.44 g/day for 0, 10, 20 or 30 g FO/kg, respectively, with a linear interaction effect between the two silages (P = 0.03). FO also showed a dose-dependent increase in the flow of trans-C18:1 intermediates at the duodenum from 4.6 to 15.0 g/day on grass silage and from 9.4 to 22.5 g/day for red clover silage. Concentrations of trans-C18:1 with double bonds from Δ4–16 in duodenal digesta were all elevated in response to FO in both diets, with trans-11 being the predominant isomer. FO inhibited the complete biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA on both diets, whilst red clover increased the flow of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 compared with grass silage. In conclusion, supplementing red clover silage-based diets with FO represents a novel nutritional strategy for enhancing the concentrations of beneficial fatty acids in ruminant milk and meat.

Keywords

fish oilred cloverruminal biohydrogenationtrans fatty acidsconjugated linoleic acid
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 2 , Issue 12 , December 2008 , pp. 1859 - 1869
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AbuGhazaleh, AA, Jacobson, BN 2007. Production of trans C18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid in continuous culture fermenters fed diets containing fish oil and sunflower oil with decreasing levels of forage. Animal 1, 660–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AbuGhazaleh, AA, Jenkins, TC 2004. Disappearance of docosahexanenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids from cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 645–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashes, JR, Siebert, BD, Gulati, SK, Cuthbertson, AZ, Scott, TW 1992. Incorporation of n-3 fatty acid of fish oil into tissues and serum lipids of ruminants. Lipids 27, 629–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bas, P, Archimede, H, Rouzea, A, Sauvant, D 2003. Fatty acid composition of mixed-rumen bacteria: effect of concentration and type of forage. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2940–2948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boggs, DL, Bergen, WG, Hawkins, DR 1987. Effects of tallow supplementation and protein withdrawal on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis and site of digestion. Journal of Animal Science 64, 907–914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdge, GC, Calder, PC 2005. Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans: the effects of gender and age on conversion to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107, 426–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilliard, YA, Ferlay, A, Doreau, M 2000. Effect of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow’s diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Livestock Production Science 70, 31–48.Google Scholar
Chow, TT, Fievez, V, Moloney, AP, Raes, K, Demeyer, D, De Smet, S 2004. Effect of fish oil on in vitro rumen lipolysis, apparent biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid and accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117, 1–12.Google Scholar
Collomb, M, Sieber, R, Butikofer, U 2004. CLA isomers in milk fat from cows fed diets with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 39, 355–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cozzi, G, Bittante, G, Polan, CE 1993. Comparison of fibrous materials as modifiers of in-situ ruminal degradation of corn gluten meal. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 1106–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewhurst, RJ, Evans, RT, Scollan, ND, Moorby, JM, Merry, RJ, Wilkins, RJ 2003. Comparisons of grass and legume silages for milk production. 2. In vivo and in sacco evaluations of rumen function. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2612–2621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohme, F, Fievez, V, Raes, K, Demeyer, DI 2003. Increasing levels of two different fish oils lower ruminal biohydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexanenoic acid in vitro. Animal Research 52, 309–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doreau, M, Ferlay, A 1994. Digestion and utilisation of fatty acids by ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 45, 379–396.Google Scholar
Doreau, M, Chilliard, Y 1997. Effects of ruminal or postruminal fish oil supplementation on intake and digestion in dairy cows. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 37, 113–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doreau, M, Ferlay, A 1995. Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a review. Livestock Production Science 43, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, JP, Overton, TR, Drackley, JK 1994. Digestibility and effects of three forms of mostly saturated fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 789–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faichney, GJ 1975. The use of markers to partition digestion within the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants. In Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant (ed. IW McDonald and ACI Warner), pp. 277–291. University of New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, NSW.Google Scholar
Griinari, JM, Corl, BA, Lacy, SH, Chouinard, PY, Nurmela, KVV, Bauman, DE 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by delta-9-desaturase. Journal of Nutrition 130, 2285–2291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulati, SK, Ashes, JR, Scott, TW 1999. Hydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexanenoic acids and their incorporation into milk fat. Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harfoot, CG, Hazlewood, GP 1997. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In The rumen microbial ecosystem (ed. PN Hobson and CS Stewart), 2nd edition, p. 382. Blackie Academic and Professional, New York.Google Scholar
Huhtanen, P, Kukkonen, U 1995. Comparison of methods, markers, sampling sites and models for estimating digesta passage kinetics in cattle fed at two levels of intake. Animal Feed Science and Technology 52, 141–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igarashi, K, Yasui, T 1985. Oxidation of free methionine and methionine residues in protein involved in the browning reaction of phenolic compounds. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49, 2309–2315.Google Scholar
Jarrett, IG 1948. The production of rumen and abomasal fistulae in sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Australia 21, 311–315.Google Scholar
Jones, BA, Muck, RE, Hatfield, RD 1995. Red clover extracts inhibit legume proteolysis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 67, 329–333.Google Scholar
Kim, EJ, Sanderson, R, Dhanoa, MS, Dewhurst, RJ 2005. Fatty acid profiles associated with microbial colonization of freshly-ingested grass and rumen biohydrogenation. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3220–3230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kook, K, Choi, BH, Sun, SS, Garcia, F, Myung, KH 2002. Effect of fish oil supplementation on growth performance, ruminal metabolism and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in Korean cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 15, 66–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, JKG, Cruz-Hernandez, C, Zhou, J 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and octadecenoic acids: extraction and isolation of lipids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 103, 600–609.3.0.CO;2-7>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Harris, LJ, Moorby, JM, Humphreys, MO, Theodorou, MK, MacRae, JC, Scollan, ND 2002. Rumen metabolism and nitrogen flow to the small intestine in steers offered Lolium perenne containing elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate. Animal Science 74, 587–596.Google Scholar
Lee, MRF, Harris, LJ, Dewhurst, RJ, Merry, R, Scollan, ND 2003. The effect of clover silages on long chain fatty acid rumen transformations and digestion in beef steers. Animal Science 76, 491–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Tweed, JKS, Moloney, AP, Scollan, ND 2005. The effects of fish oil supplementation on rumen metabolism and the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in beef steers given diets containing sunflower oil. Animal Science 80, 361–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Connelly, PL, Tweed, JKS, Dewhurst, RJ, Merry, RJ, Scollan, ND 2006. Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 2. Lipids. Journal of Animal Science 84, 3061–3070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, MRF, Parfitt, L, Scollan, ND, Minchin, FR 2007a. Lipolysis in red clover with different polyphenol oxidase activities in the presence and absence of rumen fluid. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87, 1308–1314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, MRF, Huws, SA, Scollan, ND, Dewhurst, RJ 2007b. Effects of fatty acid oxidation products (Green odor) on rumen bacterial populations and lipid metabolism in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3874–3882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Ueda, K, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y, Doreau, M 2004. Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage : concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 2472–2485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Doreau, M, Chardigny, JM, Ollier, A, Sebedio, JL, Chilliard, Y 2005a. Effects of ruminal or duodenal supply of fish oil on milk fat secretion and profiles of trans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in dairy cows fed maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loor, JJ, Ueda, K, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y, Doreau, M 2005b. Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 203–225.Google Scholar
Lucas, HL 1957. Extra-period Latin square change-over designs. Journal of Dairy Science 40, 225–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, RJ, MacAllan, AB 1983. A comparison of the chemical composition of mixed bacteria harvested from liquid and solid fraction of rumen digesta. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 701–709.Google Scholar
Merry, RJ, Lee, MRF, Davies, DR, Dewhurst, RJ, Moorby, JM, Leemans, DK, Scollan, ND, Theodorou, MK 2006. Effects of ‘high-sugar’ ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 1. In vitro and in vivo studies of nitrogen utilization. Journal of Animal Science 84, 3049–3060.Google Scholar
Offer, NW, Marsden, M, Dixon, J, Speake, BK, Thacker, FE 1999. Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk. Animal Science 69, 613–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmquist, DL, Lock, AL, Shingfield, KJ, Bauman, DE 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In Advances in food and nutrition research (ed. S Taylor), vol. 50, pp. 179–217. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Payne, RW, Murray, DA, Harding, SA, Baird, DB, Soutar, DM 2002. Genstat® for Windows™, 8th edition,. Introduction. VSN Internation, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Proell, J, Mosley, EE, Jenkins, TC 2002. Metabolism of stable isotopically labelled elaidic acid to stearic acid and other trans monoenes by ruminal microbes. Journal of Animal Science 80 (suppl. 1) Abstract 726, p. 182.Google Scholar
Roche, HM, Noone, E, Nugent, A, Gibney, MJ 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid: a novel therapeutic nutrient? Nutrition Research Reviews 14, 173–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, A, Ferlay, A, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Animal Science 82, 479–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schauff, DJ, Clark, JH 1989. Effects of prilled fatty acids and calcium salts of fatty acids on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibilities, milk production, and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 917–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scollan, ND, Choi, NJ, Kurt, E, Fisher, AV, Enser, M, Wood, JD 2001a. Manipulating the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle. British Journal of Nutrition 85, 115–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scollan, ND, Dhanoa, MS, Choi, NJ, Maeng, WJ, Enser, M, Wood, JD 2001b. Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid. Journal of Agricultural Science 136, 345–355.Google Scholar
Scollan, ND, Lee, MRF, Enser, M 2003. Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on Lolium perenne bred for elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrate. Animal Research 52, 501–511.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Arölä, A, Nurmela, KVV, Huhtanen, P, Griinari, JM 2003. Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Animal Science 77, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Reynolds, CK, Hervas, G, Griinari, JM, Grandison, AS, Beever, DE 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 714–732.Google Scholar
Simopoulos, AP 1999. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (suppl. 3), 560S–569S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukhija, PS, Palmquist, DL 1988. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and faeces. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Chemistry 36, 1202–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamminga, S, Doreau, M 1991. Lipids and rumen digestion. In Rumen microbial metabolism and ruminant digestion (ed. JP Jouany), pp. 151–163. INRA Editions, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Tapiero, HG, Nguyen, B, Couvreur, P, Tew, KD 2002. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and eicosanoids in human health and pathologies. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56, 215–222.Google Scholar
Wijendran, V, Hayes, KC 2004. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health. Annual Review of Nutrition 24, 597–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, CM 2000. Dietary fatty acids and human health. Annales de Zootechnie 49, 165–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, CM, Burdge, G 2006. Long-chain n-3 PUFA: plant v. marine sources. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 65, 42–50.Google Scholar