Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:44:02.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dose–response evaluation of the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan : lysine ratio to maximize growth performance of growing-finishing gilts under commercial conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2017

M. A. D. Gonçalves ,
M. D. Tokach ,
N. M. Bello ,
K. J. Touchette ,
R. D. Goodband ,
J. M. DeRouchey ,
J. C. Woodworth  and
S. S. Dritz
M. A. D. Gonçalves
Affiliation:
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
M. D. Tokach
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
N. M. Bello
Affiliation:
Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
K. J. Touchette
Affiliation:
Ajinomoto Heartland Inc., 8430 W Bryn Mawr Ave # 650, Chicago, IL 60631, USA
R. D. Goodband
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
J. M. DeRouchey
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
J. C. Woodworth
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
S. S. Dritz*
Affiliation:
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Environmental regulations as well as economic incentives have resulted in greater use of synthetic amino acids in swine diets. Tryptophan is typically the second limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal-based diets. However, using corn-based co-products emphasizes the need to evaluate the pig’s response to increasing Trp concentrations. Therefore, the objective of these studies was to evaluate the dose–response to increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp : Lys on growth performance of growing-finishing gilts housed under large-scale commercial conditions. Dietary treatments consisted of SID Trp : Lys of 14.5%, 16.5%, 18.0%, 19.5%, 21.0%, 22.5% and 24.5%. The study was conducted in four experiments of 21 days of duration each, and used corn-soybean meal-based diets with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles. A total of 1166, 1099, 1132 and 975 gilts (PIC 337×1050, initially 29.9±2.0 kg, 55.5±4.8 kg, 71.2±3.4 kg and 106.2±3.1 kg BW, mean±SD) were used. Within each experiment, pens of gilts were blocked by BW and assigned to one of the seven dietary treatments and six pens per treatment with 20 to 28 gilts/pen. First, generalized linear mixed models were fit to data from each experiment to characterize performance. Next, data were modeled across experiments and fit competing dose–response linear and non-linear models and estimate SID Trp : Lys break points or maximums for performance. Competing models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic and quadratic polynomial (QP). For average daily gain (ADG), increasing the SID Trp : Lys increased growth rate in a quadratic manner (P<0.02) in all experiments except for Exp 2, for which the increase was linear (P<0.001). Increasing SID Trp : Lys increased (P<0.05) feed efficiency (G : F) quadratically in Exp 1, 3 and 4. For, ADG the QP was the best fitting dose–response model and the estimated maximum mean ADG was obtained at a 23.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [22.7, 24.3%]) SID Trp : Lys. For maximum G : F, the BLL dose–response models had the best fit and estimated the SID Trp : Lys minimum to maximize G : F at 16.9 (95% CI: [16.0, 17.8%]). Thus, the estimated SID Trp : Lys for 30 to 125 kg gilts ranged from a minimum of 16.9% for maximum G : F to 23.5% for maximum ADG.

Keywords

amino acid ratiogrowing-finishing piggrowthlysinetryptophan
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 12 , Issue 7 , July 2018 , pp. 1380 - 1387
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC International) 2012. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 19th edition. AOAC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Google Scholar
de Ridder, K, Levesque, CL, Htoo, JK and de Lange, CFM 2012. Immune system stimulation reduces the efficiency of tryptophan utilization for body protein deposition in growing pigs. Journal Animal Science 90, 3485–3491.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, MAD, Bello, NM, Dritz, SS, Tokach, MD, DeRouchey, JM, Woodworth, JC and Goodband, RD 2016. An update on modeling dose-response relationships: accounting for correlated data structures and heterogeneous variance in linear and non-linear mixed models. Journal of Animal Science 94, 1940–1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonçalves, MAD, Tokach, MD, Dritz, SS, Touchette, KJ, DeRouchey, JM, Woodworth, JC and Goodband, RD 2014. Validating a dietary approach to determine the AA:Lys ratio for pigs. Journal of Animal Science 92 (suppl. 2), 036.Google Scholar
Henry, Y 1995. Effects of dietary tryptophan deficiency in finishing pigs, according to age or weight at slaughter or live weight gain. Livestock Production Science 41, 63–76.Google Scholar
Henry, Y, Sève, B, Mounier, A and Ganier, P 1996. Growth performance and brain neurotransmitters in pigs as affected by tryptophan, protein, and sex. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2700–2710.Google Scholar
ISO 2005. Animal feeding stuffs – determination of tryptophan content. ISO 13904:2005, 1st edition. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Kendall, DC, Gaines, AM, Kerr, BJ and Allee, GL 2007. True ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios in ninety- to one hundred twenty-five-kilogram barrows. Journal of Animal Science 85, 3004–3012.Google Scholar
Kenward, MG and Roger, JH 1997. Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics 53, 983–997.Google Scholar
Kerr, BJ and Easter, RA 1995. Effect of feeding reduced protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grower pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 3000–3008.Google Scholar
Lavagnini, I and Magno, F 2007. A statistical overview on univariate calibration, inverse regression, and detection limits: application to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 26, 1–18.Google Scholar
Main, RG, Dritz, SS, Tokach, MD, Goodband, RD and Nelssen, JL 2008. Determining an optimum lysine:calorie ratio for barrows and gilts in a commercial finishing facility. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2190–2207.Google Scholar
Milliken, GA and Johnson, DE 2009. Analysis of messy data: designed experiments, volume 1, 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Google Scholar
Moehn, S, Pencharz, PB and Ball, RO 2012. Lessons learned regarding symptoms of tryptophan deficiency and excess from animal requirement studies. Journal of Nutrition 142, 2231S–2235S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naatjes, M, Htoo, JK, Walter, K, Tölle, KH and Susenbeth, A 2014. Effect of dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on growth of young pigs fed wheat–barley or corn based diets. Livestock Science 163, 102–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th revised edition. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nørgaard, JV, Shrestha, A, Krogh, JJ, Sloth, NM, Blaabjerg, K, Poulsen, HD, Tybirk, P and Corrent, E 2013. Isoleucine requirement of pigs weighing 8 to 18 kg fed blood cell–free diets. Journal Animal Science 91, 3759–3765.Google Scholar
Pesti, GM, Vedenov, D, Cason, JA and Billard, L 2009. A comparison of methods to estimate nutritional requirements from experimental data. British Poultry Science 50, 16–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quant, AD, Lindemann, MD, Kerr, BJ, Payne, RL and Cromwell, GL 2012. Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan-to-lysine ratios in growing pigs fed corn-based and non-corn-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 90, 1270–1279.Google Scholar
Robbins, KR, Norton, HW and Baker, DH 1979. Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. Journal of Nutrition 109, 1710–1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, KR, Saxton, AM and Southern, LL 2006. Estimation of nutrient requirements using broken-line regression analysis. Journal of Animal Science 84, E155–E165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salyer, JA, Tokach, MD, DeRouchey, JM, Dritz, SS, Goodband, RD and Nelssen, JL 2013. Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine in diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig performance and carcass traits. Journal of Animal Science 91, 3244–3252.Google Scholar
Simongiovanni, A, Corrent, E, Le Floc’h, N and van Milgen, J 2012. Estimation of the tryptophan requirement in piglets by meta-analysis. Animal 6, 594–602.Google Scholar
Stein, HH, Fuller, MF, Moughan, PJ, Sève, B, Mosenthin, R, Jansman, AJM, Fernández, JA and de Lange, CFM 2007. Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs. Livestock Science 109, 282–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susenbeth, A 2006. Optimum tryptophan: lysine ratio in diets for growing pigs: analysis of literature data. Livestock Science 101, 32–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susenbeth, A and Lucanus, U 2005. The effect of tryptophan supplementation of diets of restricted and unrestricted-fed young pigs. Physiological Animal Nutrition 89, 331–336.Google Scholar
Wang, TC and Fuller, MF 1989. The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 77–89.Google Scholar
Young, M, Zamora, V, Campbell, N, Zijlstra, RT, Usry, J and Stevenson, M 2013. Determination of tryptophan requirements for grow-finish pigs raised under commercial conditions. Journal of Animal Science 91 (suppl. 2), O046.Google Scholar
Zhang, GJ, Song, QL, Xie, CY, Chu, LC, Thacker, PA, Htoo, JK and Qiao, SY 2012. Estimation of the ideal standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Livestock Science 149, 260–266.Google Scholar