Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T17:54:22.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Plasma Cortisol and noradrenalin concentrations in pigs: automated sampling of freely moving pigs housed in the PigTurn® versus manually sampled and restrained pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

JN Marchant-Forde ,
DL Matthews ,
R Poletto ,
RR McCain ,
DD Mann ,
RT DeGraw ,
JM Hampsch ,
S Peters ,
GT Knipp  and
CB Kissinger
JN Marchant-Forde*
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
DL Matthews
Affiliation:
Laboratory Animal Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
R Poletto
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA LETA-PGA-CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
RR McCain
Affiliation:
BASi, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
DD Mann
Affiliation:
BASi, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
RT DeGraw
Affiliation:
BASi, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
JM Hampsch
Affiliation:
BASi, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
S Peters
Affiliation:
BASi, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
GT Knipp
Affiliation:
Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
CB Kissinger
Affiliation:
Phlebotics Inc, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
*
* Contact for correspondence and requests for reprints: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Minimising the effects of restraint and human interaction on the endocrine physiology of animals is essential for collection of accurate physiological measurements. Our objective was to compare stress-induced cortisol (CORT) and noradrenalin (NorA) responses in automated vs manual blood sampling in pigs. A total of 16 pigs (30 kg) were assigned to either: (i) automated blood sampling via an indwelling catheter using a novel-penning system called PigTurn® which detects the pig's rotational movement and responds by counter-rotating, allowing free movement while preventing catheter twisting; (ii) automated sampling while exposed to visual and auditory responses of manually sampled pigs; or (iii) manual sampling by jugular venipuncture while pigs were restrained in dorsal recumbency. During sampling of (i), personnel were not permitted in the room; samplings of (ii) and (iii) were performed simultaneously in the same room. Blood samples were collected every 20 min for 120 min and measured for CORT (ng ml−1) using mass spectrometry and NorA (pg ml−1) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Effects of treatment and time were computed with mixed models adjusted by Tukey post hoc. CORT and NorA concentrations were lowest in group (i) followed by group (ii), which were not different. However, CORT and NorA levels in manually sampled animals (iii) were highest compared to automated methods (i) and (ii). Plasma concentrations across time were not different for CORT, but NorA concentration at time 0 min was higher than at 120 min. The presence of visual and auditory stimuli evoked by manual sampled animals did not affect non-handled pigs’ responses. Restraint and manual sampling of pigs can be extremely stressful while the automated blood sampling of freely moving pigs, housed in the PigTurn® was significantly less stressful for the animals.

Keywords

animal welfareblood samplingcortisolnoradrenalinpigsrestraint
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , May 2012 , pp. 197 - 205
Copyright
© 2012 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Anil, MH, McKinstry, JL, Field, M and Rodway, RG 1997 Lack of evidence for stress being caused to pigs by witnessing the slaughter of conspecifics. Animal Welfare 6: 3–8Google Scholar
Broom, DM 1991 Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science 69: 4167–4175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlsson, H-E, Lyberg, K, Royo, F and Hau, J 2007 Quantification of stress sensitive markers in single fecal samples do not accurately predict excretion of these in the pig. Research in Veterinary Science 82: 423–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, CJ, Mellor, DJ, Harris, PJ, Ingram, JR and Matthews, LR 2000 Hands-on and hands-off measurement of stress. In: Moberg, GP and Mench, JA (eds) The Biology of Animal Stress pp 123–146. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UKGoogle Scholar
Düjpan, S, Tuchscherer, A, Langbein, J, Schön, P-C, Manteuffel, G and Puppe, B 2011 Behavioral and cardiac responses towards conspecific distress calls in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa). Physiology & Behavior 103: 445–452Google Scholar
Farrell, DJ, Corbett, JL and Leng, RA 1970 Automatic sampling of blood and ruminal fluid of grazing sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 11: 217–220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, NP and Fraser, D 2005 The Three Rs in the pharmaceutical industry: perspectives of scientists and regulators. Animal Welfare 14: 367–377Google Scholar
FØnss, A and Munksgaard, L 2008 Automatic blood sampling in dairy cows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 64: 27–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goddard, PJ, Gaskin, GJ and Macdonald, AJ 1998 Automatic blood sampling equipment for use in studies of animal physiology. Animal Science 66: 769–775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S135772980000936XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Government Accountability Office 2006 New Drug Development: Science, Business, Regulatory, and Intellectual Property Issues Cited as Hampering Drug Development Efforts. Report to Congressional Requesters GAO-07-49. USGAO: Washington DC, USA.Google Scholar
Holmberg, A and Pelletier, R 2009 Automated blood sampling and the 3Rs. National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and reduction of Animals in Research #16. www.nc3rs.org.uk/news.asp?id=1039Google Scholar
Home Office 2011 Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2010. Publication HC 1263. The Stationery Office: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Hopster, H, van der Werf, JT, Erkens, JH and Blokhuis, HJ 1999 Effects of repeated jugular puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science 77: 708–714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knol, BW, Dieleman, SJ, Bevers, MM, van den Brom, WE and Molt, JA 1992 Effects of methods used for blood collection on plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone, testosterone and cortisol in male dogs. Veterinary Quarterly 14: 126–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1992.9694348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunney, JK 2007 Advances in swine biomedical model genomics. International Journal of Biological Sciences 3: 179–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.3.179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchant, JN, Mendl, MT, Rudd, AR and Broom, DM 1995 The effect of agonistic interactions on heart rate of group-housed sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46: 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)00636-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchant, JN, Whittaker, X and Broom, DM 2001 Vocalisations of the adult female domestic pig during a standard human approach test and their relationships with behavioural and physiological measures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72: 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00190-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merlot, E, Mounier, AM and Prunier, A 2011 Endocrine response of gilts to various common stressors: a comparison of indicators and methods of analysis. Physiology & Behavior 102: 259–265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moe, RO and Bakken, M 1996 Effect of repeated blood sampling on plasma concentrations of cortisol and testosterone and on leucocyte number in silver foxes (Vulpes Vulpes). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A Animal Science 46: 111–116Google Scholar
Morton, DB, Abbot, D, Barclay, R, Close, BS, Ewbank, R, Gask, D, Heath, M, Mattic, S, Poole, T, Seamer, J, Southee, J, Thompson, A, Trussell, B, West, C and Jennings, M 1993 Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. Laboratory Animals 27: 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793781082412Google Scholar
Olson, H, Betton, G, Robinson, D, Thomas, K, Monro, A, Kolaja, G, Lilly, P, Sanders, J, Sipes, G, Bracken, W, Dorato, M, Van Deun, K, Smith, P, Burger, B and Heller, A 2000 Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and animals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 32: 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2000.1399CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrott, RF, Misson, BH and Baldwin, BA 1989 Salivary cortisol in pigs following adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation: comparison with plasma levels. British Veterinary Journal 145: 362–366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, SM, Mytelka, DS, Dunwiddie, CT, Persinger, CC, Munos, BH, Lindborg, SR and Schacht, AL 2010 How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9: 203–214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pol, F, Courboulay, V, Cotte, J-P, Martrenchar, A, Hay, M and Mormède, P 2002 Urinary cortisol as an additional tool to assess the welfare of pregnant sows kept in two types of housing. Veterinary Research 33: 13–22. http://dx.dolorg/10.1051/vetres:2001002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poletto, R, Marchant-Forde, JN, Mann, DD, Hampsch, JM and Kissinger, CD 2006 Behavioural responses of minipigs to the PigTurn®: a novel laboratory penning system. In: Mendl, M (ed) 40th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. 8-12 August 2006, Bristol, UKGoogle Scholar
Russell, WMS and Burch, RL 1959 The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Methuen & Co Ltd: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Säkkinen, H, Tornberg, J, Goddard, PJ, Eloranta, E, Ropstad, E and Saarela, S 2004 The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) Domestic Animal Endocrinology 26: 87–98. http://dx.dolorg/10.1016/j.domaniend.2003.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schook, L, Beattie, C, Beever, J, Donovan, S, Jamison, R, Zuckermann, F, Niemi, S, Rothschild, M, Rutherford, M and Smith, D 2005 Swine in biomedical research: creating the building blocks of animal models. Animal Biotechnology 16: 183–190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495390500265034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stilwell, G, de Carvalho, R, Lima, MS and Broom, DM 2008 The effect of duration of manual restraint during blood sampling on plasma cortisol levels in calves. Animal Welfare 17: 383–385Google Scholar
Vachon, P and Moreau, JP 2001 Serum corticosterone and blood glucose in rats after two jugular vein blood sampling methods: comparison of the stress response. Contemporary Topics 40: 22–24Google ScholarPubMed
Vieuille-Thomas, C and Signoret, JP 1992 Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pig. Journal of Chemical Ecology 18: 1551–1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993228CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J, Bollen, P, Grimm, H and Jennings, M 2010 Ethical implications of using the minipig in regulatory toxicology studies. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 62: 160–166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed