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The Emotional Brain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2023

P R Wiepkema  and
J M Koolhaas
P R Wiepkema
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, P O Box 338, 6708 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
J M Koolhaas
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, P O Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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Abstract

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Individual vertebrates are able to detect spatial and temporal (causal) order in their environment and deal with this knowledge emotionally. It is argued that this latter aspect is connected with the flexible or reversible way vertebrates may interact with their environment Because of this flexibility, uncertainty and changes therein can be experienced and shown by means of emotional expressions. It is this brain-behaviour organization that gives meaning to questions about welfare of individual vertebrates.

Keywords

animal welfareemotionsknowledgevertebrates
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , February 1992 , pp. 13 - 18
Copyright
© 1992 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

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