Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T18:50:13.146Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development of a welfare assessment protocol for dairy calves from birth through to weaning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

J Barry ,
E Kennedy ,
R Sayers ,
IJM de Boer  and
EAM Bokkers
J Barry
Affiliation:
Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Republic of Ireland Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
E Kennedy*
Affiliation:
Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Republic of Ireland
R Sayers
Affiliation:
Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Republic of Ireland
IJM de Boer
Affiliation:
Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
EAM Bokkers
Affiliation:
Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
*
* Contact for correspondence: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The aim of this study was to develop a welfare assessment protocol using different indicators, for pre-weaned dairy calves, that is feasible and time efficient. To this end, the protocol had to combine animal-based indicators (measurements on physiology, general appearance and behaviour) providing the basis for welfare assessment, with resource-based indicators (measurements on management and the environment) providing the basis for identifying risk factors. Indicators, both animal-and resource-based, were selected by a review of existing literature and a process of expert consultation. Following the formulation phase, the protocol was then applied on five Irish dairy farms to develop further for completeness and on-farm feasibility. After each on-farm application, the protocol was critically evaluated, and modifications were made accordingly. Upon completion of the on-farm application phase, a feasible, reliable and time-efficient protocol was produced.

Keywords

animal welfarebehaviourdairy calveshealthhousingmanagement
Type
Articles
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , August 2019 , pp. 331 - 344
Copyright
© 2019 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Adams, R, Holland, M, Aldridge, B, Garry, F, and Odde, K 1991 Arterial blood sample collection from the newborn calf. Veterinary Research Communications 15(5): 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366996CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) 2016 All-Island Animal Disease Survelliance Report 2016. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwel-fare/labservice/rvlreports/AIDSRReport016230118.pdfGoogle Scholar
Al Mawly, J, Grinberg, A, Prattley, D, Moffat, J, Marshall, J and French, N 2015 Risk factors for neonatal calf diarrhoea and enteropathogen shedding in New Zealand dairy farms. The Veterinary Journal 203(2): 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartussek, H 1999 A review of the animal needs index (ANI) for the assessment of animals’ well-being in the housing systems for Austrian proprietary products and legislation. Livestock Production Science 61(2-3): 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00067-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartussek, H, Leeb, C and Held, S 2000 Animal Needs Index for Cattle (Ani 35 L/2000-cattle). Federal Research Institute for Agriculture in Alpine Regions BAL Gumpenstein, Irdning, AustriaGoogle Scholar
Beam, AL, Lombard, JE, Kopral, CA, Garber, LP, Winter, AL, Hicks, JA and Schlater, JL 2009 Prevalence of failure of passive transfer of immunity in newborn heifer calves and associated man-agement practices on US dairy operations. Journal of Dairy Science 92(8): 3973–3980. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besser, TE, Gay, C and Pritchett, L 1991 Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(3): 419–422Google ScholarPubMed
Bielmann, V, Gillan, J, Perkins, NR, Skidmore, AL, Godden, S and Leslie, KE 2010 An evaluation of Brix refractometry instruments for measurement of colostrum quality in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 93(8): 3713–3721. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2943CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blokhuis, H, Veissier, I, Miele, M and Jones, B 2010 The Welfare Quality® project and beyond: Safeguarding farm animal well-being. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A 60: 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2010.523480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokkers, EAM and Koene, P 2001 Activity, oral behaviour and slaughter data as welfare indicators in veal calves: a comparison of three housing systems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 75: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00175-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boland, MJ, Rae, AN, Vereijken, JM, Meuwissen, MP, Fischer, AR, Van Boekel, MA, Rutherfurd, SM, Gruppen, H, Moughan, PJ and Hendriks, WH 2013 The future supply of ani-mal-derived protein for human consumption. Trends in Food Science & Technology 29: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2012.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botreau, R, Veissier, I and Perny, P 2009 Overall assessment of animal welfare: strategy adopted in Welfare Quality®. Animal Welfare 18(4): 363–37010.1017/S0962728600000762CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracke, M, Spruijt, B, Metz, J and Schouten, W 2002 Decision support system for overall welfare assessment in pregnant sows A: Model structure and weighting procedure. Journal of Animal Science 80(7): 1819–1834. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.8071819xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brscic, M, Leruste, H, Heutinck, LFM, Bokkers, EAM, Wolthuis-Fillerup, M, Stockhofe, N, Gottard, F, Lensink, BJ, Cozzi, G and Van Reenen, CG 2012 Prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and potential risk factors. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 2753–2764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryson, D 1985 Calf pneumonia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 1(2): 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)31326-8Google ScholarPubMed
Compton, CWR, Heuer, C, Thomsen, PT, Carpenter, TE, Phyn, CVC and McDougall, S 2017 Invited review: A systemat-ic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality and culling in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 100: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conneely, M, Berry, DP, Sayers, R, Murphy, JP, Lorenz, I, Doherty, ML and Kennedy, E 2013 Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows. Animal 7(11): 1824–1832. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001444CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coverdale, J, Tyler, H, Quigley, J and Brumm, J 2004 Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. Journal of Dairy Science 87(8): 2554–2562. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73380-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummins, C, Berry, DP, Sayers, R, Lorenz, I and Kennedy, E 2016 Questionnaire identifying management practices sur-rounding calving on spring-calving dairy farms and their associations with herd size and herd expansion. Animal 10: 868–877. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) 2013 Animal identification and movement statistics report. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwel-fare/animalidentificationandmovement/cattlemovementmonitoringsystem/AIMBovineStatistics2013050614.pdfGoogle Scholar
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) 2014 Animal identification and movement statistics report. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwel-fare/animalidentificationandmovement/cattlemovementmonitoringsystem/AIMBovineStatisticsReport2014050615.pdfGoogle Scholar
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) 2015 Animal identification and movement statistics report. https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/animalhealthwel-fare/animalidentificationandmovement/cattlemovementmonitoringsystem/AIMBovineStatReport2015100516.pdfGoogle Scholar
De Vries, M, Bokkers, E, Van Schaik, G, Botreau, R, Engel, B, Dijkstra, T and De Boer, I 2013 Evaluating results of the Welfare Quality® multi-criteria evaluation model for classification of dairy cattle welfare at the herd level. Journal of Dairy Science 96(10): 6264–6273. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6129CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vries, M, Bokkers, EAM, Dijkstra, T, Van Schaik, G and De Boer, IJM 2011 Invited review: Associations between vari-ables of routine herd data and dairy cattle welfare indicators. Journal of Dairy Science 94: 3213–3228. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, M, Bokkers, EAM, Van Schaik, G, Engel, B, Dijkstra, T and De Boer, IJM 2014 Exploring the value of routinely collect-ed herd data for estimating dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 97: 715–730. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Waele, V, Speybroeck, N, Berkvens, D, Mulcahy, G and Murphy, TM 2010 Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing sys-tems. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 96(3): 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewes, HF and Goodall, G 1995 Some preliminary observations on the possible relationship between ammonia production from soiled bedding in calf rearing sheds and calf illness. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43: 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 480169.1995.35841CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Wilt, J 1985 Behaviour and welfare of veal calves in relation to husbandry systems. PhD Thesis, Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Eckert, E, Brown, H, Leslie, K, DeVries, T and Steele, M 2015 Weaning age affects growth, feed intake, gastrointestinal develop-ment, and behavior in Holstein calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition during the preweaning stage. Journal of Dairy Science 98(9): 6315–6326. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, D 2008 Understanding animal welfare. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50(1): pS1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-50-S1-S1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furman-Fratczak, K, Rzasa, A and Stefaniak, T 2011 The influence of colostral immunoglobulin concentration in heifer calves’ serum on their health and growth. Journal of Dairy Science 94: 5536–5543. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godden, SM, Haines, DM, Konkol, K and Peterson, J 2009 Improving passive transfer of immunoglobulins in calves II: Interaction between feeding method and volume of colostrum fed. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 1758–1764. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulliksen, SM, Lie, KI, Løken, T and ⊘sterås, O 2009 Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 92(6): 2782–2795. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1807CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammell, KL, Metz, J and Mekking, P 1988 Sucking behaviour of dairy calves fed milk ad libitum by bucket or teat. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20(3): 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(88)90052-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hänninen, L, Hepola, H, Rushen, J, De Passillé, AM, Pursiainen, P, Tuure, VM, Syrjälä-Qvist, L, Pyykkönen, M and Saloniemi, H 2003 Resting behaviour, growth and diarrhoea incidence rate of young dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A-Animal Science 53: 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700310002008Google Scholar
Hovinen, M, Siivonen, J, Taponen, S, Hänninen, L, Pastell, M, Aisla, AM and Pyörälä, S 2008 Detection of clinical mastitis with the help of a thermal camera. Journal of Dairy Science 91:4592–4598. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jasper, J and Weary, D 2002 Effects of ad libitum milk intake on dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 85(11): 3054–3058. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74391-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaster, EH 2005 Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves. Journal of Dairy Science 88(1): 296–302. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72687-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jawor, P, Krol, D, Mee, JF, Soltysiak, Z, Dzimira, S, Larska, M and Stefaniak, T 2017 Infection exposure, detection and causes of death in perinatal mortalities in Polish dairy herds. Theriogenology 103: 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenol-ogy.2017.07.044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, MB and Budde, M 2006 The effects of milk feeding method and group size on feeding behavior and cross-sucking in group-housed dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 89(12): 4778–4783. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72527-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, MB and Kyhn, R 2000 Play behaviour in group-housed dairy calves, the effect of space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67: 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00113-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, MB, Vestergaard, KS and Krohn, CC 1998 Play behav-iour in dairy calves kept in pens: the effect of social contact and space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56(2-4): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00106-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, KF, Chancellor, N, Burn, CC and Wathes, DC 2017 Prospective cohort study to assess rates of contagious disease in pre-weaned UK dairy heifers: management practices, passive transfer of immunity and associated calf health. Veterinary Record 4(1): e000226. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2017-000226Google ScholarPubMed
Jorgensen, M, Adams-Progar, A, de Passillé, A, Rushen, J, Salfer, J and Endres, M 2017 Mortality and health treatment rates of dairy calves in automated milk feeding systems in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Journal of Dairy Science 100(11): 9186–9193. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kehoe, SI, Jayarao, BM and Heinrichs, AJ 2007 A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management prac-tices on Pennsylvania dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 90(9): 4108–4116. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, M, Weary, D and Von Keyserlingk, M 2011 Invited review: Effects of milk ration on solid feed intake, weaning, and performance in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 94: 1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3733CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein-Jöbstl, D, Iwersen, M and Drillich, M 2014 Farm charac-teristics and calf management practices on dairy farms with and without diarrhea: A case-control study to investigate risk factors for calf diarrhea. Journal of Dairy Science 97(8): 5110–5119. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7695CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knierim, U and Winckler, C 2009 On-farm welfare assessment in cattle: validity, reliability and feasibility issues and future per-spectives with special regard to the Welfare Quality® approach. Animal Welfare 18: 451–45810.1017/S0962728600000865CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krachun, C, Rushen, J and de Passillé, AM 2010 Play behav-iour in dairy calves is reduced by weaning and by a low energy intake. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 122: 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lackey, NR and Wingate, AL 1997 The pilot study: one key to research success. In: Brink, PJ and Wood, MJ (ed) Advanced Design in Nursing Research, Second Edition pp 375–387. Sage Publications: CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204840.n15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lago, A, McGuirk, SM, Bennett, TB, Cook, NB and Nordlund, KV 2006 Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvi-ronments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 4014–4025. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72445-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehenbauer, TW 2014 Control of BRD in large dairy calf pop-ulations. Animal Health Research Reviews 15: 184–185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625231400022XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leruste, H, Brscic, M, Cozzi, G, Kemp, B, Wolthuis-Fillerup, M, Lensink, BJ, Bokkers, EAM and Van Reenen, CG 2014 Prevalence and potential influencing factors of non-nutritive oral behaviours of veal calves on commercial farms. Journal of Dairy Science 97(11): 7021–7030. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7917CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundborg, GK, Svensson, EC and Oltenacu, PA 2005 Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0–90 days. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 68: 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.11.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallard, B, Dekkers, J, Ireland, M, Leslie, K, Sharif, S, Vankampen, CL, Wagter, L and Wilkie, B 1998 Alteration in immune responsiveness during the peripartum period and its ram-ification on dairy cow and calf health. Journal of Dairy Science 81(2): 585–595. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75612-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Margerison, JK, Preston, TR, Berry, N and Philips, CJC 2003 Cross-suckling and other oral behaviours in calves, and their relation to cow suckling and food provision. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80: 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00231-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meganck, V, Hoflack, G, Piepers, S and Opsomer, G 2015 Evaluation of a protocol to reduce the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea on dairy herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 118: 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, M, Tyler, JW, Chigerwe, M, Dawes, ME and Middleton, JR 2005 Effect of delayed colostrum collection on colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226: 1375–1377.10.2460/javma.2005.226.137510.2460/javma.2005.226.1375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrill, KM, Conrad, E, Lago, A, Campbell, J, Quigley, J and Tyler, H 2012 Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science. 95(7): 3997–4005. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5174CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norton, T, Grant, J, Fallon, R and Sun, DW 2010 Assessing the ventilation performance of a naturally ventilated livestock building with different eave opening conditions. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 71: 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.com-pag.2009.11.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oltenacu, PA and Broom, DM 2010 The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows. Animal Welfare 19: 39–4910.1017/S0962728600002220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz-Pelaez, A, Pritchard, DG, Pfeiffer, DU, Jones, E, Honeyman, P and Mawdsley, JJ 2008 Calf mortality as a wel-fare indicator on British cattle farms. The Veterinary Journal 176:177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panivivat, R, Kegley, EB, Pennington, JA, Kellogg, DW and Krumpelman, SL 2004 Growth performance and health of dairy calves bedded with different types of materials. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 3736–3745. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73512-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker Gaddis, KL, Cole, JB, Clay, JS and Maltecca, C 2016 Benchmarking dairy herd health status using routinely recorded herd summary data. Journal of Dairy Science 99: 1298–1314. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9840CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peña, G, Risco, C, Kunihiro, E, Thatcher, MJ and Pinedo, PJ 2016 Effect of housing type on health and performance of preweaned dairy calves during summer in Florida. Journal of Dairy Science 99: 1655–1662. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phipps, A, Beggs, D, Murray, A, Mansell, P, Stevenson, M and Pyman, M 2016 Survey of bovine colostrum quality and hygiene on northern Victorian dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 99(11): 8981–8990. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, J, Warner, R and Kertz, A 2007 Effect of fiber level and physical form of starter on growth and development of dairy calves fed no forage. The Professional Animal Scientist 23(4): 395–400. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30994-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quigley, JD, Wolfe, T and Elsasser, T 2006 Effects of addition-al milk replacer feeding on calf health, growth, and selected blood metabolites in calves. Journal of Dairy Science 89(1): 207–216. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72085-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rauw, WM 2009 Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production. CABI: Wallingford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933944.0000Google Scholar
Ridge, S, Baker, I and Hannah, M 2005 Effect of compliance with recommended calf-rearing practices on control of bovine Johne's disease. Australian Veterinary Journal 83: 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12204.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robison, JD, Stott, G and DeNise, S 1988 Effects of passive immunity on growth and survival in the dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 1283–1287. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79684-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushen, J, Chapinal, N and De Passillé, A 2012 Automated monitoring of behavioural-based animal welfare indicators. Animal Welfare 21: 339. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.21.3.339CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandgren, CH, Linberg, A and Keeling, LJ 2009 Using a database to identify herds with poor welfare. Animal Welfare 18: 523–53210.1017/S0962728600000944CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandøe, P, Forkman, B, Hakansson, F, Andreasen, SN, Nøhr, R, Denwood, M and Lund, TB 2017 Should the contri-bution of one additional lame cow depend on how many other cows on the farm are lame? Animals 7(12): 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7120096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayers, RG, Kennedy, A, Krump, L, Sayers, GP and Kennedy, E 2016 An observational study using blood gas analy-sis to assess neonatal calf diarrhea and subsequent recovery with a European Commission-compliant oral electrolyte solution. Journal of Dairy Science 99: 4647–4655. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, WJ, Archibald, JL and Giles, CJ 2006 Protocol for assessing the sensitivity of hygiene test systems for live microorganisms and food residue, Report 120906. Cara Technology Limited, Leatherhead Enterprise Centre, UKGoogle Scholar
Sivula, NJ, Ames, TR, Marsh, WE and Werdin, RE 1996 Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 27(3): 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(95)01000-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soberon, F, Raffrenato, E, Everett, RW and Van Amburgh, ME 2012 Pre-weaning milk replacer intake and effects on long-term productivity of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science 95(2): 783–793. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, X, Leroy, T, Vranken, E, Maertens, W, Sonck, B and Berckmans, D 2008 Automatic detection of lameness in dairy cattle: Vision-based trackway analysis in cow's locomotion. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 64: 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.05.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapki, İ, Şahin, A and Önal, AG 2006 Effect of space allowance on behaviour of newborn milk-fed dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 99: 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applan-im.2005.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornton, PK 2010 Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365: 2853–2867. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyler, JW, Hancock, DD, Parish, SM, Rea, DE, Besser, TE, Sanders, SG and Wilson, LK 1996 Evaluation of 3 assays for failure of passive transfer in calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10(5): 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02067.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uetake, K 2013 Newborn calf welfare: A review focusing on mortality rates. Animal Science Journal 84: 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urbain, B, Gustin, P, Charlier, G, Coignoul, F, Lambotte, J, Grignon, G, Foliguet, B, Vidic, B, Beerens, D and Prouvost, J 1996 A morphometric and functional study of the toxicity of atmospheric ammonia in the extrathoracic airways in pigs. Veterinary Research Communications 20: 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366545CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasseur, E, Borderas, F, Cue, RI, Lefebvre, D, Pellerin, D, Rushen, J, Wade, KM and De Passillé, A 2010 A survey of dairy calf management practices in Canada that affect animal wel-fare. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2429CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasseur, E, Pellerin, D, De Passillé, A, Winckler, C, Lensink, B, Knierim, U and Rushen, J 2012 Assessing the welfare of dairy calves: outcome-based measures of calf health versus input-based measures of the use of risky management practices. Animal Welfare 21: 77–86. https://doi.org/10.7120/096272812799129439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viazzi, S, Bahr, C, Van Hertem, T, Schlageter-Tello, A, Romanini, C, Halachmi, I, Lokhorst, C and Berckmans, D 2014 Comparison of a three-dimensional and two-dimensional camera system for automated measurement of back posture in dairy cows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 100: 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.11.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieira, ADP, Guesdon, V, De Passillé, AM, von Keyserlingk, MAG and Weary, DM 2008 Behavioural indicators of hunger in dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109(2): 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weary, DM, Jasper, J and Hötzel, MJ 2008 Understanding weaning distress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110: 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, DM, Tyler, JW, Van Metre, DC, Hostetler, DE and Barrington, GM 2000 Passive transfer of colostral immunoglob-ulins in calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14: 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02278.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, A, Main, D and Whay, H 2004 Welfare assessment: indices from clinical observation. Animal Welfare 13: 93–9810.1017/S0962728600014421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J 2005 The assessment and implementation of animal welfare: theory into practice. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties 24(2): 723. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.24.2.1602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whay, H, Main, D, Green, L and Webster, A 2003 An animal-based welfare assessment of group-housed calves on UK dairy farms. Animal Welfare 12(4): 611–61710.1017/S0962728600026269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windeyer, MC, Leslie, KE, Godden, SM, Hodgins, DC, Lissemore, KD and LeBlanc, SJ 2014 Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 113(2): 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed