Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T04:59:50.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Canine trap-neuter-return: a critical review of potential welfare issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

H Bacon ,
V Vancia ,
H Walters  and
N Waran
H Bacon*
Affiliation:
Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
V Vancia
Affiliation:
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
H Walters
Affiliation:
Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
N Waran
Affiliation:
Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
*
* Contact for correspondence and requests for reprints: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Free-roaming dogs (Canis familiaris) may be viewed positively or negatively within their communities. Negative aspects of the presence of free-roaming dogs include noise, fouling, disease transmission, dog-bite injuries, road traffic accidents and potential hybridisation with endangered wildlife species. Due to these concerns, control of free-roaming dog populations may be required. Surgical sterilisation of free-roaming dogs through the implementation of ‘trap-neuter-return’ (TNR), initiatives is often recommended as a welfare-friendly method of dog population control. Welfare assessments in TNR are often absent. Where they do exist they may rely upon proxy assessment, or be limited to relatively few measures of health status. As a result, there is a paucity of literature regarding the welfare impacts of surgical control of canine populations despite this practice often being promoted for animal welfare reasons. We outline the primary welfare issues associated with surgical population control of free-roaming dogs, suggest steps that may be taken to mitigate these problems and discuss barriers to improving dog welfare in TNR. Many opportunities for welfare problems exist within the spectrum of surgical TNR initiatives. We recommend that further research is needed to set appropriate standards for surgical approaches to free-roaming dog population management.

Keywords

animal birth controlanimal welfareassessmentdog population managementdogstrap-neuter-return
Type
Articles
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , August 2017 , pp. 281 - 292
Copyright
© 2017 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Aidaros, H 2011 Monitoring and control of dog populations. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Rabies Control: Towards Sustainable Prevention at the Source pp 34. 7-9 September 2011, Seoul-Incheon, Republic of KoreaGoogle Scholar
Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs 2014 Zeuterin/esterilsol. https://www.acc-d.org/available-products/zeu-terin-esterilsolGoogle Scholar
Anchel, M 1990 Overpopulation of Cats and Dogs: Causes, Effects and Prevention. Fordham University Press: New York, NY, USAGoogle Scholar
Anil, SS, Anil, L and Deen, J 2002 Challenges of Pain Assessment in Domestic Animals. American Veterinary Medical Association: Schaumburg, IL, USACrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Animal Care and Use Committee 1998 Guidelines for the capture, handling and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. Journal of Mammalogy 79:1416–1431. https://doi.org/10.2307/1383033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Animal Welfare Board of India 2009 Standard operating procedures for sterilization of stray dogs under the animal birth control pro-gramme. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai, 600 041, IndiaGoogle Scholar
Anzuino, K 2006 ‘Street dog’ population control. https://www.bva.co.uk/uploadedFiles/Content/Membership_and_ benefits/Students/Guidance_notes_-_street_dog_population _control.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bacon, HJ 2015 Development of a robust canine welfare assess-ment for dogs (Canis familiaris) in trap-neuter-return programmes. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dog Population Management. 2-5 March 2015, Istanbul, TurkeyGoogle Scholar
Barnard, S, Pedernera, C, Velarde, A and Villa, PD 2014 Shelter quality, welfare assessment protocol for shelter dogs. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, ItalyGoogle Scholar
Beauvais, W, Cardwell, JM and Brodbelt, DC 2012 The effect of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours in dogs: a system-atic review. Journal of Small Animal Practice 53: 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01220.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bednarski, R, Grimm, K, Harvey, R, Lukasik, VM, Penn, WS, Sargent, B and Spelts, K 2011 AAHA Anaesthesia guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47: 377–385. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5846CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beerda, B, Schilder, MB, van Hooff, JA, de Vries, HW and Mol, JA 2000 Behavioural and hormonal indicators of enduring environmental stress in dogs. Animal Welfare 9: 49–62Google Scholar
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, Bernadina, W, Van Hooff, JARAM, De Vries, HW and Mol, JA 1999b Articles: chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction II. Hormonal and immunological responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:243–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00290-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, van Hooff, JARAM and de Vries, HW 1997 Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52: 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, van Hooff, JARAM, de Vries, HW and Mol, JA 1998 Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58: 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beerda, B, Schilder, MBH, Van Hooff, JARAM, De Vries, HW and Mol, JA 1999a Articles: chronic stress in dogs subject-ed to social and spatial restriction I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66: 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bo?gel, K, Frucht, K, Drysdale, G and Remfry, J 1990 Guidelines for Dog Population Management. World Health Organisation: Geneva, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
Bond, M 2012 A decade of improvement in pain education and clinical practice in developing countries: IASP initiatives. British Journal of Pain 6: 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463712444062CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, KJ, Billet, JP and Barr, FJ 2000 Dysuria resulting from an encapsulated haematoma in a recently spayed bitch. Journal of Small Animal Practice 41: 465–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03143.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodbelt, D 2009 Perioperative mortality in small animal anaes-thesia. The Veterinary Journal 182: 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodbelt, DC, Pfeiffer, DU, Young, LE and Wood, JLN 2008 Results of the confidential enquiry into perioperative small animal fatalities regarding risk factors for anaesthetic-related death in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233:1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.7.1096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 1986 Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal 142: 524–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(86)90109-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 1991 Assessing welfare and suffering. Behavioural Processes 25: 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(91)90014-QCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 2011 A history of animal welfare science. Acta Biotheoretica 59: 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-011-9123-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burn, CC, Deacon, RMJ and Mason, GJ 2008 Marked for life? Effects of early cage-cleaning frequency, delivery batch, and iden-tification tail-marking on rat anxiety profiles. Developmental Psychobiology 50: 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceballos, NA, Karunaratna, D and Setién, AA 2014 Control of canine rabies in developing countries: key features and animal welfare implications. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 33: 311–321. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.33.1.2278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheneau, Y, El Idrissi, A and Ward, D 2004 An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current veterinary systems in the developing world. Revue Scientifique et Technique-Office International des Epizooties 23: 351–360. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.23.1.1489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, KW and Hall, LW 1990 A survey of anaesthesia in small animal practice: AVA/BSAVA report. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 17: 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1990.tb00380.xGoogle Scholar
Congdon, JM, Marquez, M, Niyom, S and Boscan, P 2011 Evaluation of the sedative and cardiovascular effects of intramus-cular administration of dexmedetomidine with and without con-current atropine administration in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 239: 81–89. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.239.1.81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooley, DM, Beranek, BC, Schlittler, DL, Glickman, NW, Glickman, LT and Waters, DJ 2002 Endogenous gonadal hor-mone exposure and bone sarcoma risk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 11: 1434–1440Google Scholar
Coolman, B, Marretta, S, Dudley, M and Averill, S 1999 Partial colonic obstruction following ovariohysterectomy: a report of three cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35:169–172. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-2-169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Council of Europe 1987 European convention for the protection of pet animals. Strasbourg, 13.XI.1987. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/125.htmGoogle Scholar
Crittall, J 1986 Transport of greyhounds and showdogs. Proceedings of the Animal Welfare Foundation's Third Symposium. 19 November 1986, London, UKGoogle Scholar
Crompton, S 2014 Reviewing pain assessment and scoring mod-els in cats and dogs–part one. The Vet Times online. https://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/reviewing-pain-assessment-and-scoring-models-in-cats-and-dogs-part-one/Google Scholar
Dalla Villa, P, Kahn, S, Stuardo, L, Iannetti, L, Di Nardo, A and Serpell, JA 2010 Free-roaming dog control among OIE-member countries. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97: 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, EB, David Moll, H and Payton, ME 2004 Comparison of laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and ovariohys-terectomy in dogs. Veterinary Surgery 33: 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04003.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DEFRA 2009 Code of Practice for the Welfare of Dogs. DEFRA: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Denham, HDC, Bradshaw, JWS and Rooney, NJ 2014 Repetitive behaviour in kennelled domestic dog: Stereotypical or not? Physiology & Behavior 128: 288–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devitt, CM, Cox, RE and Hailey, JJ 2005 Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a sim-ple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 227: 921–927. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.227.921CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, I 2012 The Essentials of ABC Surgery. Vets Beyond Borders: The Rocks, NSW, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Duval, JM, Budsberg, SC, Flo, GL and Sammarco, JL 1999 Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cra-nial cruciate ligament in young dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215: 811–814Google Scholar
Edwards, J 2004 Global perspectives of veterinary education: Reflections from the 27th World Veterinary Congress. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 31: 9–12. https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.1.9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eugster, S, Schawalder, P, Gaschen, F and Boerlin, P 2004 A prospective study of post-operative surgical site infections in dogs and cats. Veterinary Surgery 33: 542–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04076.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldmann, BM and Carding, TH 1973 Free-roaming urban pets. Health Services Reports 88: 956–962. https://doi.org/10.2307/4594959CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fermet-Quinet, E 2012 The OIE PVS tools and expert evaluations: key elements for improving the governance of veterinary services. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 31: 553–559, 543-551Google ScholarPubMed
Festinger, L 1957 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press: Redwood City, CA, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forzán, MJ, Garde, E, Pérez, GE and Vanderstichel, RV 2013 Necrosuppurative orchitis and scrotal necrotizing dermatitis fol-lowing intratesticular administration of zinc gluconate neutralized with arginine (EsterilSol) in 2 mixed-breed dogs. Veterinary Pathology 51(4): 820–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985813505875CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fossum, TW 2013 Small Animal Surgery Textbook. Elsevier Health Sciences: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Fraser, A and Broom, D 1990 Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare. CAB International: Wallingford, UKGoogle Scholar
Galatos, AD and Raptopoulos, D 1995 Gastro-oesophageal reflux during anaesthesia in the dog: the effect of preoperative fasting and premedication. The Veterinary Record 137: 479–483. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.137.19.479CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, ME 2014 Pain Management for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, First Edition pp 147–156. Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119421436CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanneman, GD, Higgins, EA, Price, GT, Funkhouser, GE, Grape, PM and Snyder, L 1977 Transient and permanent effects of hyperthermia in dogs: a study of a simulated air transport envi-ronmental stress. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38: 955–958Google Scholar
Hansen, B 2003 Assessment of pain in dogs: Veterinary clinical studies. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal 44: 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.44.3.197Google ScholarPubMed
Hardy, J-F, Lepage, Y and Bonneville-Chouinard, N 1990 Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux on induction of anaesthe-sia does not correlate with the volume of gastric contents. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 37: 502–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03006316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, P, Morton, DB, Burman, O, Dennison, N, Honess, P, Jennings, M, Lane, S, Middleton, V, Roughan, JV, Wells, S and Westwood, K 2011 A guide to defining and implementing protocols for the welfare assessment of laboratory animals: eleventh report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement. Laboratory Animals 45: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1258/la.2010.010031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellyer, P, Rodan, I, Brunt, J, Downing, R, Hagedorn, JE and Robertson, SA 2007 AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 9: 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.001Google ScholarPubMed
Help in Suffering 2006 The ABC Manual. Help in Suffering: Jaipur 302018, Rajasthan, IndiaGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, MB, Voith, VL, Mazzei, SJ, Buttram, J, Miller, DD and Linden, F 2001 Behavior and cortisol levels of dogs in a pub-lic animal shelter, and an exploration of the ability of these meas-ures to predict problem behavior after adoption. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73: 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00139-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewson, CJ, Hiby, EF and Bradshaw, JWS 2007 Assessing quality of life in companion and kennelled dogs: a critical review. Animal Welfare 16: 89–95Google Scholar
Hiby, E 2013 Dog population management. In: MacPherson, CNL, Meslin, FX and Wandeler, AI (eds) Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health pp 177–204. CABI: Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845938352.0177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilbery, ADR 1992 BSAVA Manual of Anaesthesia for Small Animal Practice. BSAVA: Cheltenham, UKGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, B, Höveler, R, Hasan, SH and Failing, K 1992 Ovarian and pituitary function in dogs after hysterectomy. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 96: 837–845. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0960837CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, PE and Thrusfield, MV 1993 Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. The Veterinary Record 133: 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.8.177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, LM 2006 Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology 66: 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theri-ogenology.2006.04.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, Y, Liu Severinghaus, L and Serpell, JA 2003 Dog keeping in Taiwan: Its contribution to the problem of free-roaming dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 6: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0601_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubrecht, R 1995 The welfare of dogs in human care. In: Serpell, J (ed) The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People pp 179–198. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
International Companion Animal Management Coalition 2007 Humane dog population management guidance. http://www.icam-coalition.org/downloads/Humane_Dog _Population_Management_Guidance_English.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Companion Animal Management Coalition 2015 A guide to monitoring and evaluating dog population manage-ment interventions. http://www.icam-coalition.org/downloads/I CAM_Guidance_Document.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) 2009 IFAW's Companion Animal Field Manual – Primary Veterinary Health Care Standards. IFAW: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Iossa, G, Soulsbury, C and Harris, S 2007 Mammal trapping: a review of animal welfare standards of killing and restraining traps. Animal Welfare 16: 335–352Google Scholar
Jackman, J and Rowan, AN 2007 Free-roaming dogs in devel-oping countries: The benefits of capture, neuter, and return pro-grams. In: Salem, DJ and Rowan, AN (eds) The State of Animals, Volume IV. Humane Society Press: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Janssens, LAA and Janssens, GHRR 1991 Bilateral flank ovariectomy in the dog -surgical technique and sequelae in 72 ani-mals. Journal of Small Animal Practice 32: 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00557.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education 2012 Best Practice Veterinary Management of the Dog and Cat. Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKGoogle Scholar
Kahn, S, Stuardo, L and Rahman, SA 2008 OIE guidelines on dog population control. Developments in Biologicals 131: 511–516Google ScholarPubMed
Kiddie, JL and Collins, LM 2014 Development and validation of a quality of life assessment tool for use in kennelled dogs (Canis familiaris). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 158: 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, HH, Yeon, SC, Houpt, KA, Lee, HC, Chang, HH and Lee, HJ 2006 Effects of ovariohysterectomy on reactivity in German Shepherd dogs. The Veterinary Journal 172: 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.02.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirschbaum, C and Hellhammer, DH 1989 Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 22(3): 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000118611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ko, JCH, Fox, SM and Mandsager, RE 2001 Effects of preemptive atropine administration on incidence of medetomidine-induced bradycardia in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218: 52–58. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.52CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kustritz, MVR 2007 Determining the optimal age for gonadecto-my of dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231: 1665–1675. https://doi.org/10.2460/j avma.231.11.1665CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutzler, M and Wood, A 2006 Non-surgical methods of contra-ception and sterilization. Theriogenology 66: 514–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lascelles, BDX, Cripps, PJ, Jones, A and Waterman-Pearson, AE 1998 Efficacy and kinetics of carprofen, adminis-tered preoperatively or postoperatively, for the prevention of pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Surgery 27: 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00533.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J 2015 Dog population management in Jamshedpur, India: a model for improving welfare and achieving impact through human behavior change. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Dog Population Management. 2-5 March 2015, Istanbul, TurkeyGoogle Scholar
Looney, AL, Bohling, MW, Bushby, PA, Howe, LM, Griffin, B, Levy, JK, Eddlestone, SM, Weedon, JR, Appel, LD, Rigdon-Brestle, YK, Ferguson, NJ, Sweeney, DJ, Tyson, KA, Voors, AH, White, SC, Wilford, CL, Farrell, KA, Jefferson, EP, Moyer, MR, Newbury, SP, Saxton, MA and Scarlett, JM 2008 The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233: 74–86. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.1.74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maenhoudt, C, Santos, NR and Fontbonne, A 2014 Suppression of fertility in adult dogs. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 49: 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannhart, T 2007 A catch-neuter-release project for free-roaming dogs and cats in Rhodes, Greece: Problem analysis and effectiveness of the strategy. Vet Suisse Faculty, University of Bern, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
Mason, GJ 1991 Stereotypies: a critical review. Animal Behaviour 41: 1015–1037.10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massei, G and Miller, LA 2013 Nonsurgical fertility control for managing free-roaming dog populations: A review of products and criteria for field applications. Theriogenology 80: 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matter, HC and Daniels, TJ 2000 Dog ecology and population biology. In: MacPherson, CNL, Meslin, FX and Wandeler, AI (eds) Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health pp 17–62. CABI: Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994369.0017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matyjasik, H, Adamiak, Z, Pesta, W and Zhalniarovich, Y 2011 Laparoscopic procedures in dogs and cats. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14: 305. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0049-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merlo, M and Lamb, CR 2000 Radiographic and ultrasonograph-ic features of retained surgical sponge in eight dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 41: 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01491.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merskey, H and Bogduk, N 1994 Classification of chronic pain, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. International Association for the Study of Pain Press: Seattle, WA, USA. www.iasp-painorgGoogle Scholar
Miki, K, Morimoto, T, Nose, H, Itoh, T and Yamada, S 1983 Circulatory failure during severe hyperthermia in dog. The Japanese Journal of Physiology 33: 269–278. https://doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.33.269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, M, Wishart, HY and Nimmo, WS 1983 Gastric con-tents at induction of anaesthesia: Is a 4-hour fast necessary? British Journal of Anaesthesia 55: 1185–1188. https://doi.org/10.1093/bj a/55.12.1185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S, Gunnar, M and Champoux, M 1986 Control and early socioemotional development: infant rhesus monkeys reared in controllable versus uncontrollable environments. Child Development 57: 1241–1256. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyabayashi, T, Biller, DS and Cooley, AJ 1990 Ultrasonographic appearance of torsion of a testicular seminoma in a cryptorchid dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 31: 401–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00494.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, G 2000 Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In: Moberg, GP and Joy, A (eds) The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare pp 1–21. CABI: Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993591.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mormède, P, Andanson, S, Aupérin, B, Beerda, B, Guémené, D, Malmkvist, J, Manteca, X, Manteuffel, G, Prunet, P, van Reenen, CG, Richard, S and Veissier, I 2007 Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. Physiology & Behavior 92: 317–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuffield Council on Bioethics 2005 The Ethics of Research Involving Animals. Nuffield Council on Bioethics: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Ortolani, A, Vernooij, H and Coppinger, R 2009 Ethiopian vil-lage dogs: Behavioural responses to a stranger's approach. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 119: 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, S 2001 Population ecology of free-ranging urban dogs in West Bengal, India. Acta Theriologica 46: 69–78. https://doi.org/10.4098/AT.arch.01-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, H and Gibbs, C 1980 Urinary incontinence in the dog due to accidental vagino-ureteral fistulation during hysterectomy. Journal of Small Animal Practice 21: 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1980.tb01249.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pécoul, B, Chirac, P, Trouiller, P and Pinel, J 1999 Access to essential drugs in poor countries: A lost battle? Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.4.361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pluhar, GE, Memon, MA and Wheaton, LG 1995 Granulosa cell tumor in an ovariohysterectomized dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207: 1063–1065Google Scholar
Pollari, FL and Bonnett, BN 1996 Evaluation of postoperative complications following elective surgeries of dogs and cats at pri-vate practices using computer records. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 37: 672–678Google Scholar
Reece, JF, Chawla, SK and Hiby, AR 2013 Decline in human dog-bite cases during a street dog sterilisation programme in Jaipur, India. The Veterinary Record 172: 473. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101079CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reece, JF, Nimesh, MK, Wyllie, RE, Jones, AK and Dennison, AW 2012 Description and evaluation of a right flank, mini-laparo-tomy approach to canine ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Record 171: 248. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.100907CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberger, JA, Pablo, NV and Crawford, PC 2007 Prevalence of and intrinsic risk factors for appendicular osteosar-coma in dogs: 179 cases (1996–2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231: 1076–1080. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.7.1076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RSPCA International 2009 Operational guidance for dog control staff. RSPCA International: London, UKGoogle Scholar
Scheifele, P, Martin, D, Clark, JG, Kemper, D and Wells, J 2012 Effect of kennel noise on hearing in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 73: 482–489. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.4.482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serpell, J 1995 The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Siracusa, C, Manteca, X, Cerón, J, Martínez-Subiela, S, Cuenca, R, Lavín, S, Garcia, F and Pastor, J 2008 Perioperative stress response in dogs undergoing elective surgery: variations in behavioural, neuroendocrine, immune and acute phase responses. Animal Welfare 17: 259–273Google Scholar
Slauterbeck, JR, Pankratz, K, Xu, KT, Bozeman, SC and Hardy, DM 2004 Canine ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy increases the prevalence of ACL injury. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 429: 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000146469.08655.e2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sparkes, J, Körtner, G, Ballard, G, Fleming, PJS and Brown, WY 2014 Effects of sex and reproductive state on interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs. PLoS ONE 9: e116053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116053CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stöcklin-Gautschi, NM, Hässig, M, Reichler, IM, Hubler, M and Arnold, S 2001 The relationship of urinary incontinence to early spaying in bitches. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 57: 233–236Google ScholarPubMed
Tang, X, Luo, M, Zhang, S, Fooks, AR, Hu, R and Tu, C 2005 Pivotal role of dogs in rabies transmission, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal 11: 1970–1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1112.050271CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tasker, L 2007 Stray animal control practices (Europe). WSPA/RSPCA: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Torres de la Riva, G, Hart, BL, Farver, TB, Oberbauer, AM, Messam, LLM, Willits, N and Hart, LA 2013 Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in Golden Retrievers. PLoS ONE 8: e55937. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055937CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Totton, SC, Wandeler, AI, Ribble, CS, Rosatte, RC and McEwen, SA 2011 Stray dog population health in Jodhpur, India in the wake of an animal birth control (ABC) programme. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 98: 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranquilli, WJ, Thurmon, JC and Grimm, KA 2013 Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. John Wiley & Sons: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Trevejo, R, Yang, M and Lund, EM 2011 Epidemiology of sur-gical castration of dogs and cats in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 238: 898–904. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.7.898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turk, R, Singh, A and Weese, JS 2015 Prospective surgical site infection surveillance in dogs. Veterinary Surgery 44: 2–8Google ScholarPubMed
Väisänen, MAM, Valros, AE, Hakaoja, E, Raekallio, MR and Vainio, OM 2005 Pre-operative stress in dogs – a preliminary investigation of behavior and heart rate variability in healthy hos-pitalized dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 32: 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00188.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Goethem, B, Schaefers-Okkens, A and Kirpensteijn, J 2006 Making a rational choice between ovariectomy and ovario-hysterectomy in the dog: A discussion of the benefits of either technique. Veterinary Surgery 35: 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00124.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vets Beyond Borders 2010 Project Vet-Train. Small-animal surgi-cal practice as applicable to ABC-AR projects. Vets Beyond Borders: The Rocks, NSW, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Wallace, MS 1991 The ovarian remnant syndrome in the bitch and queen. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 21: 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50056-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warden, L 2012 Simplicity, complexity and chaos in Indian dog population management: what has gone wrong, what has gone right, what can be done and why should we persevere? 1st International Conference on Dog Population Management. 4-8 September 2012, ICAM, York, UKGoogle Scholar
Wolleschak, I 2010 Veterinary nursing in South Africa (1977-2000). Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 81: 71–74. https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v81i2.107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodroffe, R, Bourne, FJ, Cox, DR, Donnelly, CA, Gettinby, G, McInerney, JP and Morrison, WI 2005 Welfare of badgers (Meles meles) subjected to culling: patterns of trap-related injury. Animal Welfare 14: 11–17Google Scholar
World Organisation for Animal Health 2010 Stray dog pop-ulation control. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. World Organisation for Animal Health: Paris, FranceGoogle Scholar
World Organisation for Animal Health 2011 Terrestrial Animal Health Code. World Organisation for Animal Health: Paris, FranceGoogle Scholar
Worldwide Veterinary Service International Training Centre 2010 Animal Birth Control Surgery: Best Recommended Field Practises. WVS: Ooty, IndiaGoogle Scholar