Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T21:54:08.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Animal welfare as preventative medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

MS Dawkins*
Affiliation:
University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to both human and animal health, but reduction of use raises issues of how standards of animal health and welfare can be maintained without them. This turns the spotlight onto the role of good management and higher standards of animal welfare as drug-free ways of improving immune function and increasing resistance to infection. Research is urgently needed into the relationship between animal welfare, immunity, gut microbiota and disease and we are not yet in a position to claim that improving welfare will improve resistance to disease. ‘Boosting’ the immune system is not straightforward and an interdisciplinary approach is needed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© 2019 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

References

Aidara-Kane, A, Angulo, FJ, Conly, J, Minato, Y, Silbergeld, EK, McEwen, SA and Collignon, PJ 2018 World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important microbials in food-processing animals. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 7: AR7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelakis, E 2017 Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in production animals. Microbial Pathogenesis 106: 162170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arranz, L, de Vicente, A, Munoz, M and de la Fuente, M 2009 Impaired immune function in a homeless population with stress-related disorders. Neuroimmunomodulation 16: 251260. https://doi.org/10.1159/000212386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, MT and Cryan, JF 2017 The microbiome as a key regu-lator of brain, behaviour and immunity. Brain Behavior and Immunity 66: 1822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartolomucci, A 2007 Social stress, immune function and dis-ease in rodents. Frontiers in Neuroendocronology 28: 2849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berghman, LR 2016 Immune responses to improving welfare Poultry Science 95: 22162218. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berk, M, Williams, LJ, Jacka, FN, O’Neil, A, Pasco, JA, Moylan, S, Allen, NB, Stuart, AL, Hayley, AC, Byrne, ML and Maes, M 2013 So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Medicine 11: AR 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, A and Hoyle, A 2013 The evolution of costly acquired immune memory. Ecology and Evolution 3: 22232232. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boissy, A, Manteuffel, G, Jensen, MB, Oppermann, M, Spruijt, B, Keeling, LJ, Winckler, C, Forkman, B, Dimitrov, I, Langbein, J, Bakken, M, Veissier, I and Aubert, A 2007 Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their wel-fare. Physiology & Behavior 92: 375397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boots, M, Donnelly, R and White, A 2013 Optimal immune defence in the light of variation in lifespan. Parasite Immunology 35:331338. https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12055Google ScholarPubMed
Brock, PM, Hall, AJ, Goodman, SJ, Cruz, M and Acevedo-Whitehouse, K 2013 Immune activity. Body condition and human-associated environmental impacts in a wild marine mam-mal. PLOS One 8: AR E67132Google Scholar
Broom, DM and Johnson, KG 1993 Stress and Animal Welfare. Chapman and Hall: London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0980-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, SH, Murphy, RA, Juul-Madsen, K, Fredborg, M, Hvam, ML, Axelgaard, E, Skovdal, SM, Meyer, RL, Skov Sørensen, UB, Möller, A, Nyengaard, JR, Nørskov-Lauritsen, N, Wang, M, Gadjeva, M, Howard, KA, Davies, JC, Petersen, E and Vorup-Jensen, T 2017 The immunomod-ulatory drug glatiramer acetate is also an effective antimicrobial agent that kills gram negative bacteria. Nature Scientific Reports article no 15653. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15969-3Google Scholar
Cockram, S and Hughes, BO 2011 Health and disease. In: Appleby, MC, Mench, JA, Olsson, IAS and Hughes, BO (eds) Animal Welfare, Second Edition pp 12137. CABI: Wallingford, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936594.0120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dantzer, R, O-Connor, JC, Freund, GG, Johnson, RW and Kelley, KW 2008 From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9: 4657Google ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, MS 2008 The science of animal suffering. Ethology 114:937945. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01557.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), and EMA (European Medicines Agency) 2017 ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals – Joint Interagency Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Analysis (JIACRA) Report. EFSA Journal 15(7): 4872. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4872Google Scholar
Ekkel, ED, Hessing, MJC and Tielen, MJM 1995 The specific-stress-free housing system has positive effects on productivity, health and welfare of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73: 15441551. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7361544xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, K, Buchanan, KL, Griffith, SC, Klasing, KC and Addison, BA 2017 Ecoimmunology and microbial ecology: Contributions to avian behavior, physiology, and life history. Hormones and Behavior 88: 112121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.003Google ScholarPubMed
Gao, P, Ma, C, Sun, Z, Wang, L, Huang, S, Su, X, Xu, J and Zhang, H 2017 Feed-additive probiotics accelerate yet antibiotics delay intestinal microbiota maturation in broiler chicken. Microbiome 5: AR UNSP9 https://doi.org/0.1186/s40168-017-0315-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimeno, C, Postma, M, Dewulf, J, Hogeveen, H, Laywers, L and Wauters, E 2016 Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use while adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 129:7487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, WB and Siegel, PB 1981 Long-term exposure of chick-ens to three levels of social stress. Avian Disease 25: 312326. https://doi.org/10.2307/1589925Google ScholarPubMed
Gross, WB and Siegel, HS 1983 Evaluation of the heterophil lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Diseases 27: 972979. https://doi.org/10.2307/1590198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoerr, FJ 2010 Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry. Avian Disease 54: 215. https://doi.org/10.1637/8909-043009-Review.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horsdal, HT, Kohlerorsberg, O, Benros, ME and Gasse, C 2017 C-reactive protein and white blood cell levels in schizophre-nia, bipolar disorders and depression-associations with mortality and psychiatric outcomes: a population-based study. European Psychiatry 44: 164172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurp-sy.2017.04.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A, McNamara, JM, Barta, Z and Klasing, KC 2007 The effect of energy reserves and food availability on optimal immune defence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B274: 28352847. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0934Google Scholar
Hudson, JA, Frewer, LJ, Jones, G, Brereton, PA, Whittingham, MJ and Stewart, G 2017 The agri-food chain and antimicrobial resistance: a review. Trends in Food Science and Technology 69: 131147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, BD and Klasing, KC 2004 Modulation of nutrient metabolism and homeostasis by the immune system. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 90100. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingvarten, KL and Moyes, K 2013 Nutrition, immune function and health in dairy cattle. Animal 7: 122122Google Scholar
Iseri, VJ and Klasing, KC 2013 Dynamics of the systemic com-ponents of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) immune system following activation by Escherichia coli: implications for the cost of immunity. Developmental Comparative Immunology 40: 248257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, P 2010 Advances in avian immunology: prospects for dis-ease control. A review. Avian Pathology 39: 309324. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.508777Google Scholar
Kemper, N 2008 Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terres-trial environment. Ecological Indicators 8: 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, MT 2004 Nutritional modulation of immune function in broil-ers. Poultry Science 83: 650657. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.4.650Google Scholar
Klasing, KC 2007 Nutrition and the immune system. British Poultry Science 48: 529537. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701671336CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogut, MH and Klasing, K 2009 An immunologist's perspective on nutrition, immunity, and infectious diseases: Introduction and overview. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 103110. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2008-00080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafuse, WP, Gearinger, R, Fisher, S, Nealer, C, Mackos, AR and Bailey, MT 2017 Exposure to a social stressor induces translocation of commensal Lactobacilli to the spleen and priming of the innate immune system. Journal of Immunology 198: 23832393. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennox, BR, Palmer-Cooper, EC and Pollak, T 2017 Prevalence and clinical characteristics of serum neuronal cell sur-face antibodies in first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry 4: 4248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30375-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, BE 2018 Inflammation and depression: causal or coin-cidental link to the pathophysiology? Acta Neuropsychiatrica 30: 116. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.69Google ScholarPubMed
Li, P, Yin, Y, Li, D and Wu, G 2007 Amino acids and immune function. British Journal of Nutrition 98: 237252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450769936XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, M 2011 Depression as an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 35:664675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEwen, SA and Fedorka-Cray, PJ 2002 Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34: S93S106. https://doi.org/10.1086/340246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKean, KA, Yourth, CP, Lazzaro, BP and Clark, AG 2008 The evolutionary costs of immunological maintenance and deployment. Evolutionary Biology 8 AR 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendl M, Burman OHP and ES Paul 2010 An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood. Proceedings of the Royal Society B277: 28952904. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, GP 1985 Biological responses to stress: Key to assess-ment of animal well-being? In: Moberg, GP (eds) Animal Stress pp 2749. American Philosophical Society: Bethesda, Maryland, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7544-6_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murtaugh, MP, Steer, CJ, Sreeevatsan, S, Patterson, N, Kennedy, S and Sriramaran, P 2017 The science behind One Health: at the interface of humans, animals and the environment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1395: 1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakata, A, Takahashi, M, Irie, M and Swanson, NG 2010 Job satisfaction is associated with elevated natural killer cell immunity among healthy, white-collar employees. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 24: 12681275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, SJ 2002 Effects of social manipulations and environmen-tal enrichment on behaviour and cell-mediated immune respons-es in rhesus macaques. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 73:271278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(02)00779-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silbergeld, EK, Graham, J and Price, LB 2008 Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance and human health. Annual Review of Public Health 29: 151169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904Google ScholarPubMed
Steiner, J, Bogerts, B, Sarnyai, Z, Walter, M, Bernstein, H-G and Myint, A-M 2012 Bridging the gap between the immune and glutamate hypotheses of schizophrenia and major depression: potential role of glial NMDA receptor modulators and impaired blood-brain barrier integrity. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 13:482492. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.583941Google ScholarPubMed
Stephenson, JF, van Opsterhout, C and Cable, J 2015 Pace of life, predators and parasites: predator-induced life-history evolution in Trinidadian guppies predicts decrease in parasite tolerance. Biology Letters 11: AR 20150806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takao, Y, Okuno, Y, Mori, Y, Asasa, H, Yamanishi, K and Iso, H 2018 Associations of perceived mental stress, sense of purpose in life, and negative life events with the risk of incident herpes Zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. American Journal of Epidemiology 187: 251259. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx249Google ScholarPubMed
Teuber, M 2001 Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Current Opinion in Microbiology 4: 493499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00241-1Google ScholarPubMed
Van Boeckel, TP, Brower, C, Gilbert, M, Grenfell, , Levin, SA, Robinson, TP, Teillant, A and Laxminarayan, R 2015 Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112: 56495654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veissier, I and Miele, M 2015 Short historical overview of ani-mal welfare sciences: how a societal concern has become a trans-disciplinary subject. INRA Productions Animales 28: 399409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermette, CJ, Henrikson, ZA, Schwean-Lardner, KV and Crowe T, G 2017 Influence of hot exposure on 12-week-old turkey hen physiology, welfare, and meat quality and 16-week-old turkey tom core body temperature when crated at transport den-sity. Poultry Science 96(11): 38363843. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeoman, CJ, White, BA, Lewis, HA and Roberts, RM 2014 Gastrointestinal tract microbiota and probiotics in production animals. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2: 469486. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114149Google ScholarPubMed
Ying, GG, He, LY, Ying, AJ, Zhang, QQ, Liu, YS and Zhao, JI 2017 China must reduce its antibiotic use. Environmental Science Technology 51: 10721073. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zuk, M and Stoehr, AM 2010 Sex differences in susceptibility to infection: an evolutionary perspective. In: Klein, SL and Roberts, CW (eds) Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection pp 110. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02155-8_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zylberberg, M, Klasing, KC and Hahn, TO 2013 House finch-es (Carpodacus mexicanus) balance investment in behavioural and immunological defences against pathogens. Integrative and Comparative Biology 53(S1): E400Google Scholar