Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:07:47.664Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with faeces plus urine on boar taint

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

L. L. Hansen
Affiliation:
Danish Institute of Animal Science, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
A. E. Larsen
Affiliation:
Danish Institute of Animal Science, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
B. B. Jensen
Affiliation:
Danish Institute of Animal Science, Research Centre Foulum, PO Box 39, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
J. Hansen-Møller
Affiliation:
Danish Meat Research Institute, Maglegårdsvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Get access

Abstract

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a short-term addition of an antibiotic food additive (50 mg zinc bacitracin per kg food) on skatole concentration in faeces, blood (vena jugularis) and backfat of boars kept under two housing conditions at summer temperatures. They were kept clean or were heavily fouled with faeces plus urine. The experimental material consisted of six litters in each of four replicates, in total 24 litters, each litter of four boars. Fourteen days before slaughter the boars were distributed to the four treatments in four equally large pens according to litter and start weight. Two pens had a wholly slatted floor and two pens had a concrete floor, and each pen held six boars allowing 0·6 m2 per boar. All boars were kept at high pig house temperatures (22°C). In the two wholly slatted-floor pens the boars were kept very clean and in the two concrete floor pens boars were kept heavily fouled with faeces and urine during the final 14 days before slaughter. Boars in half the pens of both floor types were given an antibiotic food additive (50 mg zinc bacitracin per kg food) in the last week before slaughter.

Administration of the food additive zinc bacitracin significantly decreased the skatole level in blood and backfat in both clean and dirty boars when used for 3 and 7 days before slaughter. The experiment further confirmed that boars at high stocking rate and lying in copious amounts of warm faeces and urine at temperatures of 25°C or more, for at least a week, had higher indole and skatole levels in blood and subcutaneous fat than pigs which were kept clean. The androstenone concentration in backfat was not significantly influenced by either of the two treatments. A highly significant correlation between skatole in blood (vena jugularis) and in backfat was found at the day of slaughter (r = 0·98).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agergaard, N. and Laue, A. 1994. A physiological study of skatole, a major component of boar taint in male pigs. Proceedings of the 13th IPVS congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 2630. June 1994.Google Scholar
Baek, C. æ., Hansen-Maller, J., Friis, C. and Hansen, S. H. 1995. Identification and quantification of selected metabolites of skatole — possibilities for metabolic profiling of pigs. In Production and utilisation of meat from entire male pigs. European Association of Animal Production working report. Milton Keynes.Google Scholar
Bonneau, M., Le Denmat, M., Mortensen, A. B. and Mortensen, H. B. 1993. Relationships between fat androstenone and skatole levels and the organoleptic assessment of pork and cooked ham. In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs. (ed. Bonneau, M.), pp. 8186. INRA, Paris.Google Scholar
Claus, R., Weiler, U. and Herzog, A. 1994. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar — a review with experimental data. Meat Science 38: 289305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lübeck, Drägerwerk Aktiengesellschaft. 1992. [Drager handbook for test-tubes.] Jord-, vand- og luftundersøgelser. 8. udgave, Drägerwerk Aktiengesellschaft Lübeck.Google Scholar
Ellis, M., Lympany, C., Haley, C. S., Brown, I. and Warkup, C. C. 1995. The eating quality of pork from Meishan and Large White pigs and their reciprocal crosses. Animal Science 60: 125131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friis, C. 1993a. Distribution, metabolic fate and elimination of skatole in the pig. In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs (ed. Bonneau, M.), pp. 113115. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris.Google Scholar
Friis, C. 1993b. [Distribution, metabolic fate and elimination of skatole in male and female pigs.] DS-Nyt no. 7, July 1993. pp. 1113.Google Scholar
Friis, C. 1995. Is boar taint related to sex differences or polymorphism of skatole metabolism? In Production and utilization of meat from entire male pigs, European Association of Animal Production working group, Milton Keynes, 2729 September 1995.Google Scholar
Gariepy, C., Amiot, J. and Nadai, S. 1989. Ante-mortem detection of PSE and DFD by infrared thermography of pigs before stunning. Meat Science 25: 3741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, L. L. and Larsen, A. E. 1994. Effect of antibiotic feed additives on the level of skatole in fat of male pigs. Livestock Production Science 39: 269274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, L. L., Larsen, A. E. and Hansen-Meller, J. 1995a. Influence of keeping pigs heavily fouled with faeces plus urine on skatole and indole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat. Ada Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section Animal Science 45: 178185.Google Scholar
Hansen, L. L., Larsen, A. E., Jensen, B. B., Hansen-Meller, J. and Barton-Gade, P. 1994. Influence of stocking rate and temperature on faeces deposition in the pen at different temperatures on skatole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat. Animal Production 59: 99110.Google Scholar
Hansen, L. L., Larsen, A. E., Laue, A., Jensen, M. T., Agergaard, N., Jensen, B. B., Baek, C. Ae., Hansen-Moller, J., Friis, C. and Hansen, S. H. 1995b. Skatole pattern during the growth period from 50 to 120 kg in female and entire male pigs with a possible different genetic skatole status. In Production and utilization of meat from entire male pigs, European Association of Animal Production working group, Milton Keynes, 2729 September 1995.Google Scholar
Hansen-Møller, J. 1994. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of androstenone, skatole, and indole in backfat from pigs. Journal of Chromatography B 661: 219230.Google Scholar
Harris, N. D., Strong, D. H. and Sunde, M. L. 1968. Intestinal flora and chicken flavour. Journal of Food Science 33: 543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawe, S. M., Walker, N. and Moss, B. W. 1992. The effects of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs. Animal Production 54: 413419.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. 1992. [Digestion processes. Effect of antibiotic feed additives on the in vitro production of skatole.] Statens Husdyrbrugsforsog (NIAS). Department of Physiology. Aarsmødet 19–20 May, pp. 3136.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jensen, M. T. 1993a. [Skatole in the intestinal tract.] DS-Nyt no. 7, July 1993, Copenhagen, pp. 1618.Google Scholar
Jensen, B. B. and Jensen, M. T. 1993b. In vitro measurement of microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of pigs. In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs (ed. Bonneau, M.), pp. 99105. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris.Google Scholar
Jonsson, P. 1985. Gene action and maternal effects on social ranking and its relationship with production traits in pigs. Zeitschrift fur Tierziichtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 102: 208220.Google Scholar
Jonsson, P. and Jorgensen, J. N. 1988. Social ranking in pigs and its relation to production traits including androstenone in boar fat. World Revieiv of Animal Production 24: 8589.Google Scholar
Laue, A., Agergaard, N. and Kalm, E. 1993. Plasma profiles of skatole in male slaughter pigs related to the absorption patterns and liver metabolization of microbial produced as well as administered synthetic 3-methyl-indole. Proceedings of the 44th meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, session: II. Meat production with entire males, vol. II, pp. 348349 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Lundstrom, K. and Malmfors, B. 1993a. Genetic influence on skatole deposition in entire male pigs. In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs (ed. Bonneau, M.), pp. 159165. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris.Google Scholar
Lundstrom, K. and Malmfors, B. 1993b. Skatole levels as affected by inheritance and season. The thirty-ninth international congress of meat science and technology, Calgary.Google Scholar
Lundstrom, K., Malmfors, B., Stern, S., Rydhmer, L., Eliasson-Selling, L., Mortensen, A. B. and Mortensen, H. P. 1994. Skatole levels in pigs selected for high lean tissue growth rate on different dietary protein levels. Livestock Production Science 38: 125132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maribo, H. and Sandersen, B. 1992. [Why do some entire male pigs have high skatole concentrations?] DS-Nyt no. 4, April 1992, Copenhagen, pp. 46.Google Scholar
Mead, G. C. 1983. Significance of the intestinal microflora in relation to meat quality in poultry. In Quality of poultry meat (ed. Lahellec, C., Ricard, F. H. and Colin, P.), pp. 107122. WPSA, Federation of European Branches, working group no. 5, Ploufragan, France.Google Scholar
Mortensen, A. B. and Sorensen, S. E. 1984. Relationship between boar taint and skatole determined with a new analysis method. Proceedings of the 30th European meeting meat research workers, Bristol, pp. 394396.Google Scholar
Mortensen, H. P. 1990. The influence of breed, energy and protein in the feed on skatole content in female pigs, castrates and entire male pigs. Proceedings of the European Association of Animal Production working group, Spain 1989. Livestock Production Science 26: 319326.Google Scholar
Mortensen, H. P., Bejerholm, C., Barton, P. and Pedersen, O. K. 1989. [The influence of breed, energy and protein in the feed on skatole content in female pigs, castrates and entire male pigs.] Work no. 38.124 — SF-Rapport (22 Februar 1989, svin — kedkvalitet). Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde.Google Scholar
Neupert, B., Claus, R., Herbert, E. and Weiler, U. 1995. Einfluss von Geschlecht, Futterung und Lichtprogrammen auf Mastleistung und Schlachtkorperwert sowie die Androstenon— und Skatolbildung beim Schwein. Zuchtungskunde 67: 317331.Google Scholar
Nielsen, E. K. and Hansen, L. L. 1992. [Pen types (labyrinth pens) and floor types to slaughter pigs.] Statens Husdyrbrugsforsog (NIAS), Meddelelse no. 827.Google Scholar
Nonboe, U. 1991. [Biological mechanisms behind skatole concentration in backfat.] DJVB/KVL no. 1991–497, Ph.D. thesis, Frederiksberg.Google Scholar
Sandersen, B. and Godt, J. 1994. [Male pigs — consumer test. Summarized report.] Project no. 28.352/06 — SF-Rapport. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde.Google Scholar
Sheldon, B. W. and Essary, E. O. 1982. Effect of antibiotics on intestinal microflora and flavour of broiler meat. Poultry Science 61: 280287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, D. and Pedersen, B. 1994. [The inheritance of skatole concentration in backfat.] Landsudvalget for svin. Danske Slagterier, Axelborg.Google Scholar
Spoelstra, S. F. 1977. Simple phenols and indoles in anaerobically stored piggery wastes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 28: 415423.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1985/1986/1987. SAS user's guide, Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Staun, H. and Mortensen, H. P. 1992. [Antibiotic feed additives for entire male pigs.] Statens Husdyrbrugsforsøg (NIAS), Meddelelse no. 838.Google Scholar