Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T01:53:48.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The nutrition of the veal calf 6. The effect of ultra-high (68 per cent) fat milk powders added to liquid skim milk, and a comparison with spray-dried skim milk powder containing 20 per cent margarine fat

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

J. H. B. Roy ,
I. J. F. Stobo ,
Helen J. Gaston ,
Susan M. Shotton  and
P. Ganderton
J. H. B. Roy
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9AT
I. J. F. Stobo
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9AT
Helen J. Gaston
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9AT
Susan M. Shotton
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9AT
P. Ganderton
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading, RG2 9AT
Get access

Summary

1. Fifty-one Jersey, Ayrshire and British Friesian male calves were reared from birth to veal weights on one of three liquid diets.

2. Two ultra-high fat milk powders containing 680 g fat, either beef tallow (T) or a mixture of coconut oil and beef tallow (CT)/kg dry matter were prepared and mixed with liquid skim milk (35 g powder/kg) to give diets TLS and CTLS, containing 200 g fat/kg dry matter. A third diet consisted of reconstituted spray-dried skim milk powder containing 200 g margarine fat/kg (MDS).

3. The incidence of diarrhoea and of nasal discharge for all breeds, and of a high rectal temperature for the Ayrshire breed was greatest for calves given diet MDS and lowest for those given diet TLS. The incidence of lung lesions at slaughter was 100, 72 and 57% for the Jersey, Friesian and Ayrshire breeds respectively. Severity of lung lesions was lowest for calves given diet TLS.

4. Dry-matter intake and live-weight gain, especially for the Ayrshire breed, were greater for calves given diets containing liquid skim milk and the ultra-high fat powders (TLS and CTLS).

5. Fat digestibility was lowest on diet TLS. Protein digestibility increased with age. Digestibility of dry matter and lactose, and absorption of ash and calcium decreased with age. Calcium and N retention were lowest on diet MDS.

6. Killing-out percentage was highest for the Friesian and lowest for the Jersey breed. Perirenal fat deposition was highest for the Jersey and lowest for the Ayrshire breed. Skin weight/kg0·73 was higher for the Ayrshire calves than for the other two breeds.

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , October 1973 , pp. 109 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, R. S., Gullickson, T. W., Gander, J. E. and Sautter, J. H. 1959. Some effects of feeding various filled milks to dairy calves. 1. Physical condition and weight gains, with special reference to low-fat rations. J. Dairy Sci. 42: 1552–1561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agricultural Research Council. 1965. The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 2 Ruminants. Agricultural Research Council, London.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. and Wood, W. A. 1952. The nutrition of the young Ayrshire calf. 5. The nutritive value of cow's whole milk. Br. J. Nutr. 6: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuel, H. J. Jr, Greenberg, S. M., Anisfield, L. and Melnick, D. 1951. The effect of fat level of the diet on general nutrition. VIII. The essential fatty acid content of margarines, shortenings, butters, and cottonseed oil as determined by a new biological assay method. J. Nutr. 45: 535–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, H. M. and Lepkovsky, S. 1932. Vital need of the body for certain unsaturated fatty acids. II. Experiments with high fat diets in which saturated fatty acids furnish the sole source of energy. J. biol. Chem. 96: 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. and Yates, F. 1963. Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. Oliver and Boyd, London.Google Scholar
Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane-Stanley, G. M. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. biol. Chem. 226: 497–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, D. T., Warner, R. G. and Loosli, J. K. 1959. Fat digestibility by dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 42: 1815–1820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leat, W. M. F. 1962. Studies on pig diets containing different amounts of linoleic acid. Br. J. Nutr. 16:559–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, L. E. and Crampton, E. W. 1957. The relation between certain characteristics of fats and oils and their apparent digestibility by young pigs, young guinea pigs and pups. J.Anim.Sci. 16:377–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lough, A. K., Navia, J. M. and Harris, R. S. 1966. Improved procedure for extracting food fatty acids. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 43: 627–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalfe, L. D. and Schmitz, A. A. 1961. The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatographic analysis. Analyt. Chem. 33: 363–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niesar, K. H. 1964. Qualitatsmerkmale und Qualitatsbewertung der Fettkomponente im Mischfutter. Bayer, landw. Jb. 41: 230–242.Google Scholar
Raven, A. M. 1970. Fat in milk replacers for calves. J. Sci. Fd Agric. 21: 352–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. 1964. The nutrition of intensively-reared calves. Vet. Rec. 76: 511–526.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. 1967. Some nutritional and physiological factors affecting the growth and development of the young calf. Sb. vys. Sk zemed. Brne. 26: 325–336.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. 1969. Diarrhoea of nutritional origin. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 28: 160–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B. 1970. Protein in milk replacers for calves. J. Sci. Fd Agric. 21: 346–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, J. H. B., Gaston, H. J., Shillam, K. W. G., Thompson, S. Y., Stobo, I. J. F. and Greatorex, J. C. 1964. The nutrition of the veal calf. The effect of anaemia and of iron and chlortetracycline supplementation on the performance of calves given large quantities of whole milk. Br. J. Nutr. 18: 467–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F. and Gaston, H. J. 1966. Nutritive value of milk substitute diets. Utilisation of milk substitutes by different breeds. Rep. natn. Inst. Res. Dairy, p. 51.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F. and Gaston, H. J. 1970. The nutrition of the veal calf. 3. A comparison of liquid skim milk with a diet of reconstituted spray-dried skim milk powder containing 20% margarine fat. Br. J. Nutr. 24: 459–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F., Gaston, H. J., Ganderton, P., Shotton, S. M. and Ostler, D. C. 1971. The effect of environmental temperature on the performance and health of the pre-ruminant and ruminant calf. Br. J. Nutr. 26: 363–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F., Gaston, H. J. and Greatorex, J. C. 1970. The nutrition of the veal calf. 2. The effect of different levels of protein and fat in milk substitute diets. Br.J. Nutr. 24:441–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F., Gaston, H. J., Shotton, S. M. and Ganderton, P. 1973. The nutrition of the veal calf. 5. Comparison of two margarine fats. Anim. Prod. 17: 97–107.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. and Ternouth, J. H. 1972. Nutrition and enteric diseases in calves. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 31: 53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sklan, D., Volcani, R. and Budowski, P. 1971. Formation of octadecadienoic acid by rumen liquor of calves, cows and sheep in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 54: 515–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sklan, D., Volcani, R. and Budowski, P. 1972. Effect of diets low in fat or essential fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of blood lipids of calves. Br. J. Nutr. 27: 365–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stobo, I. J. F., Roy, J. H. B. and Gaston, H. J. 1967. Effect of age at weaning on the performance of calves to 24 weeks of age. Rep. natn. Inst. Res. Dairy, p. 42.Google Scholar
Tagari, H. and Roy, J. H. B. 1969. The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf. 8. The effect of the preheating treatment of spray-dried skim milk on the pH and the contents of total, protein and non-protein nitrogen of the pyloric outflow. Br. J. Nutr. 23: 763–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, R. G., Loosli, J. K. and Ley, H. F. 1962. The use of milk replacers for vealpossibilities and pitfalls. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. 113–119.Google Scholar
Yates, F. 1933. The analysis of replicated experiments when the field results are incomplete. Emp. J. exp. Agric. 1: 129–142.Google Scholar