Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T13:55:50.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modelling the relation between energy intake and protein and lipid deposition in growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

J. van Milgen ,
N. Quiniou  and
J. Noblet
Get access

Abstract

When modelling the effect of a changing nutrient supply to growing animals, it is important to distinguish the individual response curve of an animal from the change in this response that may occur during growth. A data analysis model is proposed where, for an individual animal, the relation between protein deposition (PD) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake above maintenance (MEp) is curvilinear, so that PD intersects the origin and reaches its maximum at the maximum protein deposition rate (PDmax). An increase of MEp beyond that required to attain PDmax would not change PD. The MEp not used for protein synthesis can be used for lipid deposition (LD). The relation between PD and LD on the one hand and ME on the other hand can then be described as a function of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm), PDmax, the level of ME required to attain PDmax (F; as a multiple of MEm) and the energetic efficiencies of PD (kp) and LD (kf). Of these statistics, only kp and kf were assumed to be independent of body weight (BW), age or genotype. Variation in PDmax was described as a Gompertz function (of age) whereas variation in F was assumed a linear function of BW. Maintenance energy requirement was expressed as a power function of BW. To evaluate the model, 145 nitrogen and energy (indirect calorimetry) balances were obtained from three types of pigs (Large White castrated males (cLW) and Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPP× ) and males (bPP×)) ranging in BW between 45 and 100 kg and housed under thermoneutral conditions. Animals were allotted to one of four energy levels ranging from 0·70 to 1·00 of ad libitum intake. The MEm was not different between genotypes (849 kJ/kg BW0·60) whereas the kp and kf were 0·56 and 0·75, respectively. For castrated animals on ad libitum intake, PDmax started limiting PD at approximately 130 days of age (78 and 86 kg BW for cLW and cPP×, respectively). Before this age and for bPP×, PD was limited by MEp. In bPP×, the difference between PD and PDmax was small (less than proportionately 0·05). The F did not change with BW for bPP× (2·85 × MEm) whereas for the other genotypes, it decreased linearly from 4·47 at 45 kg to 2·00 at 100 kg of BW. Due to its nature, the model allows estimation of PDmax even when energy is restricting PD.

Keywords

energygrowthmathematical modellingpigsprotein
Type
Non-ruminant nutrition, behaviour and production
Information
Animal Science , Volume 71 , Issue 1 , August 2000 , pp. 119 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.Google Scholar
Bikker, P., Karabinas, V., Verstegen, M. W. A. and Campbell, R. 1995. Protein and lipid accretion in body components of growing gilts (20 to 45 kilograms) as affected by energy intake. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2355–2363.Google Scholar
Bikker, P., Verstegen, M. W. A. and Campbell, R. G. 1996a. Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life. II. Protein and lipid accretion in body components. Journal of Animal Science 74: 817–826.Google Scholar
Bikker, P., Verstegen, M. W. A., Kemp, B. and Bosch, M. W. 1996b. Performance and body composition of finishing gilts (45 to 85 kilograms) as affected by energy intake and nutrition in earlier life. I. Growth of the body and body components. Journal of Animal Science 74: 806–816.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Campbell, R. G., Williams, I. H., James, K. J. and Davies, G. T. 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilisation in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture 3: 121–145.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. G. and Taverner, M. R. 1988. Genotype and sex effects on the relationship between energy intake and protein deposition in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 66: 676–686.Google Scholar
Curnow, R. N. 1973. A smooth population response curve based on an abrupt threshold and plateau models for individuals. Biometrics 29: 1–10.Google Scholar
Danfær, A. 1991. Mathematical modelling of metabolic regulation and growth. Livestock Production Science 27: 1–18.Google Scholar
Dunkin, A. C. and Black, J. L. 1985. The relationship between energy intake and nitrogen balance in the growing pig. In Energy metabolism of farm animals. Proceedings of the 10th symposium (ed. Moe, P.W., Tyrrell, H.F. and Reynolds, P.J.), pp. 110–113. Rowman and Littlefield, Beltsville, USA.Google Scholar
Emmans, G. C. and Kyriazakis, I. 1997. Models of pig growth: problems and proposed solutions. Livestock Production Science 51: 119–129.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. S. and Gous, R. M. 1993a. Evaluation of pig genotypes. 1. Theoretical aspects of measuring genetic parameters. Animal Production 56: 233–243.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. S. and Gous, R. M. 1993b. Evaluation of pig genotypes. 2. Testing experimental procedure. Animal Production 56: 245–249.Google Scholar
Fuller, M. F. and Garthwaite, P. 1993. The form of response of body protein accretion to dietary amino acid supply. Journal of Nutrition 123: 957–963.Google Scholar
Greef, K. H. de. 1992. Prediction of production. Nutrition induced tissue partitioning in growing pigs. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University.Google Scholar
Kolstad, K. and Vangen, O. 1996. Breed differences in maintenance requirements of growing pigs when accounting for changes in body composition. Livestock Production Science 47: 23–32.Google Scholar
Koong, L. J., Nienaber, J. A., Pekas, J. C. and Yen, J. T. 1982. Effects of plane of nutrition on organ size and fasting heat production in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 112: 1638–1642.Google Scholar
Lange, C. F. M. de. 1995. Framework for a simplified model to demonstrate principles of nutrient partitioning for growth in the pig. In Modelling growth in the pig (ed. Moughan, P.J., Verstegen, M.W.A. and Visser-Reyneveld, M. I.), pp. 71–85. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Le Dividich, J., Vermorel, M., Noblet, J., Bouvier, J. C. and Aumaitre, A. 1980. Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein and fat gain in early weaned piglets. British Journal of Nutrition 44: 313–323.Google Scholar
Lister, D. and McCance, R. A. 1967. Severe undernutrition in growing and adult animals. 17. The ultimate results of rehabilitation: pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 21: 787–799.Google Scholar
Lovatto, P. A. and Sauvant, D. 1999. Modélisation des régulations du métabolisme des acides aminés chez le porc. Journées de la Recherche Porcine en France 31: 255–259.Google Scholar
McCracken, K. J., McEnvoy, J., McAllister, A., Lilley, J. and Urquhart, R. 1994. Effects of overfeeding on protein/energy metabolism and body composition of high potential boars. In Energy metabolism of farm animals. Proceedings of the 13th Symposium, pp. 217–220. CSIC Publishing Service, Granada, Spain.Google Scholar
Milgen, J. van, Bernier, J. F., Lecozler, Y., Dubois, S. and Noblet, J. 1998. Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination. British Journal of Nutrition 79: 509–517.Google Scholar
Milgen, J. van and Noblet, J. 1999. Energy partitioning in growing pigs: the use of a multivariate model as an alternative for the factorial analysis. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2154–2162.Google Scholar
Moughan, P. J., Smith, W. C. and Pearson, G. 1987. Description and validation of a model simulating growth in the pig (20-90 kg liveweight). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 481–489.Google Scholar
Möhn, S. and Lange, C. F. M. de. 1998. The effect of body weight on the upper limit to protein deposition in a defined population of growing gilts. Journal of Animal Science 76: 124–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J. and Wasserman, W. 1996. Applied linear statistical models. Irwin, Burr Ridge, Illinois.Google Scholar
Noblet, J. 1996. Digestive and metabolic utilization of dietary energy in pig feeds: comparison of energy systems. In Recent advances in animal nutrition (ed. Garnsworthy, P. C., Wiseman, J. and Haresign, W.), pp. 207–231. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.Google Scholar
Noblet, J., Karege, C., Dubois, S. and Milgen, J. van. 1999. Metabolic utilization of energy and maintenance requirements in growing pigs: effects of sex and genotype. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1208–1216.Google Scholar
Pomar, C. 1995. A systematic approach to interpret the relationship between protein intake and deposition and to evaluate the role of variation on production efficiency in swine. In Animal science research and development: moving toward a new century (ed. Ivan, M.), pp. 361–375. Canadian Society of Animal Science, Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Pomar, C., Harris, D. L. and Minvielle, F. 1991. Computer simulation model of swine production systems. I. Modelling the growth of young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 69: 1468–1488.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N., Dourmad, J.-Y. and Noblet, J. 1996. Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 1. Protein and lipid deposition. Animal Science 63: 277–288.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N., Noblet, J., Milgen, J. van and Dourmad, J.-Y. 1995. Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars. Animal Science 61: 133–143.Google Scholar
Rao, D. S. and McCracken, K. J. 1991. Effect of energy intake on protein and energy metabolism of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth. Animal Production 52: 499–507.Google Scholar
Ratkowsky, D. A. 1983. Nonlinear regression modeling. A unified practical approach. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Riis, P. M. 1983. The pools of tissue constituents and products: proteins. In Dynamic biochemistry of animal production (ed. Riis, P. M.), pp. 75–108. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Schneider, W., Gaus, G., Michel, A., Susenbeth, A. and Menke, K. H. 1982. Effect of level of feeding and body weight on partition of energy in growing pigs. In Energy metabolism of farm animals. Proceedings of the ninth symposium (ed. Ekern, A. and Sundstøl, F.), pp. 225–228. Agricultural University of Norway, Aas, Norway.Google Scholar
Schnute, J. 1981. A versatile growth model with statistically stable parameters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38: 1128–1140.Google Scholar
Stamataris, C., Kyriazakis, I. and Emmans, G. C. 1991. The performance and body composition of young pigs following a period of growth retardation by food restriction. Animal Production 53: 373–381.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1989. SAS/STAT® user’s guide, version 6. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Waterloo Maple, . 1998. Maple V, version 5·1. Waterloo Maple Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. 1995. Modelling the requirement of the young growing pig for dietary protein. Agricultural Systems 47: 411–425.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. and Fawcett, R. H. 1974. Model responses of the growing pig to the dietary intake of energy and protein. Animal Production 19: 221–231.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T., Tullis, J. B. and Emmans, G. C. 1988. Protein growth in pigs. Animal Production 46: 437–445.Google Scholar