Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T02:14:33.807Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effects of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

S. M. Hawe ,
N. Walker  and
B. W. Moss
S. M. Hawe
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR
N. Walker
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Hillsborough, Co. Down BT26 6DR
B. W. Moss
Affiliation:
Food and Agricultural Chemistry Research Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX
Get access

Abstract

The effects on the production of indoles of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic were examined in a factorial design using 16 crossbred pigs (eight boars and eight gilts) from 40 to 90 kg live weight. The control diet was based on wheat and soya-bean meal which was partially replaced either by sugar-beet pulp (400 mg/g) or lactose (25 mg/g) or both. All diets were offered with or without the antibiotic tylosin phosphate (200 mg/kg diet). Animals were penned individually and the diet restricted to provide 1·3 M] digestible energy per kg M0·75. All faeces were collected for two 4-day periods at about 60 and 75 kg live weight. Animals were slaughtered on completion of the experiment and subcutaneous fat was sampled. Faeces and carcass fat were analysed for skatole and indole. There were no significant effects of treatments on growth rate but killing-out proportion was reduced (P < 0·05) on fibre or lactose diets with an additive effect (P < 0·001) of the combined ingredients. Dietary fibre significantly increased the daily elimination of skatole and indole and the concentration of indole in faeces but because of greater faecal bulk on the fibre diet the concentration of skatole in faecal dry matter was higher (P < 0·05) on the control diet. Dietary lactose had no effect on indole in faeces but significantly reduced the concentration and daily output of skatole. Levels of both skatole and indole in faeces tended to be reduced with dietary antibiotic which had a significant interaction with the fibre treatment on indole levels. The concentrations of skatole or indole in subcutaneous fat were neither affected by dietary treatment nor significantly correlated with concentrations or outputs in faeces.

Keywords

fibre contentindoleslactosepigstaint
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Production , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , June 1992 , pp. 413 - 419
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural and Food Research Council. 1990. Nutrient requirements of sows and boars. Advisory booklet, Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients.Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The nutrient requirement of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.Google Scholar
Becker, D. E., Terrill, S. W., Jensen, A. H. and Hanson, L. J. 1957. High levels of dried whey powder in the diet of swine. Journal of Animal Science 16: 404–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, W. L. and Lichstein, H. C. 1955. The effect of carbohydrate on the tryptophanase activity of bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 69: 584–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braude, R., Wallace, H. D. and Cunha, T. J. 1953. The value of antibiotics in the nutrition of swine: a review. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 3: 271–291.Google ScholarPubMed
Cherbut, C., Barry, J. L., Wyers, M. and Delort-Laval, J. 1988. Effect of the nature of dietary fibre on transit time and faecal excretion in the growing pig. Animal Feed Science and Technology 20: 327–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, P. H. and Tyler, C. 1959. Some effects of bran and cellulose on the water relationships in the digesta and faeces of pigs. Part III. The effect of level of water intake and level of cellulose in the ration on the dry-matter content of the faeces. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 52: 348–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cranwell, P. D. 1968. Microbial fermentation in the alimentary tract of the pig. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 38: 721–730.Google ScholarPubMed
Dierick, N. A., Vervaeke, I. J., Decuypere, J. A. and Henderickx, H. K. 1986. Influence of the gut flora and of some growth promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. I. Studies in vitro. Livestock Production Science 14: 161–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekstrom, K. E., Grummer, R. H. and Benevenga, N. J. 1976. Effects of a diet containing 40% dried whey on the performance and lactose activities in the small intestine and cecum of Hampshire and Chester White pigs. Journal of Animal Science 42: 106–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elanco, . ca. 1980. Tylan. Information material.Google Scholar
Fordtran, J. S., Scroggie, W. B. and Polter, D. E. 1964. Colonic absorption of tryptophan metabolites in man. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 64: 125–132.Google ScholarPubMed
Hammond, A. C. and Carlson, J. R. 1980. Inhibition of ruminal degradation of L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole, in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 51: 207–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, A. C., Slyter, L. L., Carlson, J. R., Wong, L. P. and Breeze, R. G. 1984. Effect of pH on in vitro ruminal conversion of L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole and indole. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 2247–2250.Google ScholarPubMed
Hawe, S. M. and Walker, N. 1990. Effect of diet on skatole concentrations in the intestine and adipose tissue of growing pigs. Animal Production 50: 551 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Hill, M. J. 1986. Metabolism of carbohydrate and glycosides. In Microbial metabolism in the digestive tract (ed Hill, M. J.), p. 31. CRC Press, Florida.Google Scholar
Jones, P. W. and Tarrant, M. E. 1982. The effect of various factors in the efficacy of tylosin as a growth promoter in clinically healthy pigs. Animal Production 34: 115–121.Google Scholar
Kim, K. I., Jewell, D. E., Benevenga, N. J. and Grummer, R. H. 1978. The fraction of dietary lactose available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of pigs. Journal of Animal Science 46: 1658–1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longland, A. C. and Low, A. G. 1988. Digestion of diets containing molassed or plain sugar-beet pulp by growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23: 67–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, A. G. 1989. Secretory response of the pig gut to non-starch polysaccharides. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23: 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundström, K., Malmfors, B., Malmfors, G., Stern, S., Petersson, H., Mortensen, A. B. and Serensen, S. E. 1988. Skatole, androstenone and taint in boars fed two different diets. Livestock Production Science 18: 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallett, A. K., Rowland, I. R. and Wise, A. 1984. Influence of dietary lactose and age on the metabolic activity of the rat caecal microflora. In Models of anaerobic infection (ed. Hill, M. J.), p. 250. Martinus Nijhoff, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Mason, V. C., Narang, M. P., Ononiwu, J. C. and Kessank, P. 1977. The relationship between nitrogen metabolism in the hind gut and nitrogen excretion. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, pp. 61–63. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Misir, S. and Sauer, W. C. 1982. Effect of starch infusion at the terminal ileum on nitrogen balance and apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in pigs fed meat-and-bone and soybean meal diets. Journal of Animal Science 55: 599–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, H. P. 1989. Practical results from a small scale production of entire male pigs. European Association Animal Production working group symposium on boar taint, Girona, Spain.Google Scholar
Näsi, M. 1984. Nutritional value and metabolic effects of whey protein concentrate and hydrolysed lactose for growing pigs. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 56: 227–238.Google Scholar
Pond, W. G., Varel, V. H., Dickson, J. S. and Haschek, W. M. 1989. Comparative response of swine and rats to high-fiber or high-protein diets. Journal of Animal Science 67: 716–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, M. G., Hawe, S. M. and Walker, N. 1989. Method for the determination of indole and skatole in pig fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 49: 203–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schingoethe, D. J. 1987. Whey products in feeds for swine. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. 212: 106–110.Google Scholar
Shearer, I. J. and Dunkin, A. C. 1968. Lactose utilisation by the growing pig. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural 11: 465–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spoelstra, S. F. 1977. Simple phenols and indoles in anaerobically stored piggery wastes. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture 28: 415–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varel, V. H. 1987. Activity of fiber degrading microorganisms in the pig large intestine. Journal of Animal Science 65: 488–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, M. T. and Carlson, J. R. 1974. Dissimilation of tryptophan and related indolic compounds by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Applied Microbiology 27: 540–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, M. T. and Carlson, J. R. 1979. Microbial metabolites of tryptophan in the intestinal tract with special reference to skatole. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32: 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed