Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T17:50:29.848Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of cooking wheat and maize on the performance of newly weaned pigs 1. Age and weight at weaning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

P.G. Lawlor ,
P.B. Lynch ,
P.J. Caffrey  and
J.V. O’Doherty
P.G. Lawlor*
Affiliation:
Pig Production Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
P.B. Lynch
Affiliation:
Pig Production Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
P.J. Caffrey
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University College, Dublin, Ireland
J.V. O’Doherty
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University College, Dublin, Ireland
*
†Present address: Teagasc, Clonakilty Agricultural College, Darrara, Clonakilty, Co. Cork, Ireland.. E-mail:[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine if weight and age at weaning affect the response of pigs to inclusion of cooked cereal in their post-weaning diet. In experiment 1, pigs (no. = 116) weaned at 17 to 28 days of age and weighing between 4 and 10 kg were individually given for 28 days post weaning, diets based on: (1) uncooked cereal or (2) cooked cereal (steamed and flaked wheat and maize). The gelatinized starch proportion was 0•265, 0•838, 0•203 and 0•745 for uncooked maize, steam flaked maize, uncooked wheat and steam flaked wheat, respectively. Pigs were offered 2•5 kg of starter diet (16•1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg and 17•4 g/kg of lysine). This was followed in each case by link diet (15•2 MJ DE per kg and 16•2 g/kg of lysine) to 28 days post weaning. Thereafter, pigs were grouped and given a common weaner diet and a common finisher diet to slaughter. In experiment 2, pigs (no. = 408) were weaned at between 20 and 28 days of age. Pigs were allocated by weight to heavy (7 to 8 kg), medium (6 to 7 kg) and light (5 to 6 kg) groups (24 groups of 17 pigs) and assigned to treatments as in experiment 1 for 26 days. A common weaner diet was offered between day 26 and day 56. In experiment 1, pig weight, food intake, daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass measurements were not affected by cooking (P > 0•05). Regression analysis indicated that weight and age at weaning had a significant association with weight at 28 days post weaning for uncooked (R2 = 0•628; P < 0•001) and cooked (R2 = 0•579; P < 0•001) cereal diets. In experiment 2, there was no interaction between weaning weight and cooking (P > 0•05) and no performance benefit resulted from cooking (P > 0•05). In conclusion, steam flaking did not improve pig performance during the treatment period or at any subsequent period.

Keywords

cerealsflakingpigssteaming.
Type
Non-ruminant nutrition, behaviour and production
Information
Animal Science , Volume 76 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 251 - 261
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allee, G. L. 1976. Effect of processing methods on nutritional value of milo for weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 43: (abstr. no. 151).Google Scholar
Asp, N. G. 1986. Nutritional aspects. (1) What happens to the different materials at different temperatures? In Extrusion technology for the food industry (ed. O’Connor, C.), pp. 16–21. Elsevier Applied Science, London.Google Scholar
Aumaitre, A. 1972. Development of enzyme activity in the digestive tract of the suckling pig: nutrition significance and implications for weaning. World Review of Animal Production 8: 54–68.Google Scholar
Aumaitre, A. 1976. Evaluation de divers traitments technologiques des cereals. IV. Influence du floconnage et de l’expansion de l’orge et du mais sur les performances du porcelet sevre a 21 jours: effets sur la digestibilite des elements de la ration. Annales de Zootechnie 25: 41–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aumaitre, A. and Dumond, R. 1976. Cereals in early-weaning diets for piglets: comparison of barley and wheat and efficacy of some moist heat treatments. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 46: 914 (abstr. ).Google Scholar
Campbell, R. G. 1989. The nutritional management of weaner pigs. In Manipulating pig production II (ed. Barnett, J. L. and Hennessy, D. P.), pp. 170–175. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.Google Scholar
Castaing, J., Coudure, R., Fekete, J., Grosjean, F. and Viallet, J. L. 1987. [Effect of flaking of cereals on their feeding value for weaned piglets and bacon pigs.] Journées de la Recherche Porcine en France 19: 333–340.Google Scholar
Cranwell, P. D. 1985. The development of acid and pepsin (EC 3. 4. 23. 1) secretory capacity in the pig: the effects of age and weaning. 1. Studies in anaesthetized pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 54: 305–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Agriculture and Food (Ireland). 1994. European communities (pig carcass grading) (amendment) regulations SI 216. Stationery Office, Dublin.Google Scholar
Frederick, H. M., Theurer, B. and Hale, W. H. 1973. Effect of moisture, pressure, and temperature on enzymatic starch degradation of barley and sorghum grain. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 595–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geary, T. M. and Brooks, P. H. 1998. The effect of weaning weight and age on the post weaning growth performance of piglets fed fermented liquid diets. The Pig Journal 42: 10–23.Google Scholar
Hakansson, B., Jagerstad, M., Oste, R., Akesson, B. and Jonsson, L. 1987. The effects of various thermal processes on protein quality, vitamins and selenium content in whole-grain wheat and white flour. Journal of Cereal Science 6: 269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. and Bjorck, I. 1988. Effects of thermal processing of wheat on starch. 2. Enzymatic availability. Journal of Cereal Science 8: 261–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J., Bjorck, I. and Eliasson, A. C. 1988. Effects of thermal processing of wheat on starch. 1. Physico-chemical and functional properties. Journal of Cereal Science 8: 249–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hongtrakul, K., Goodband, R. D., Behnke, K. C., Nelssen, J. L., Tokach, M. D., Bergstrom, J. R., Nessmith, W. B. Jr., and Kim, L. H. 1998. The effects of extrusion processing of carbohydrate sources on weanling pig performance. Journal of Animal Science 76: 3034–3042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jansen, H. D. 1992. Flaking and extrusion of wheat. Nutrient changes estimated in vitro and in pigs. Mühle + Mischfuttertechnik 129: 706–707.Google Scholar
Kavanagh, S. 1995. Manipulation of pig weaning weight and the effect of weaning weight on postweaning performance of pigs. M. Agr. Sc. thesis, National University of Ireland.Google Scholar
Kavanagh, S., Lynch, P. B., Caffrey, P. J. and Henry, W. D. 1995. Creep-feed intake by suckling pigs. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 34: 87 (abstr. ).Google Scholar
Kidder, D. E. and Manners, M. J. 1978. Digestion in the pig. Scientechnica, Bristol.Google Scholar
Koketsu, Y. and Dial, G. D. 1998. Factors associated with average pig weight at weaning on farms using early weaning. Animal Science 66: 247–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, T. L.J. 1972a. High level cereal diets for the growing /finishing pig. VI. An evaluation of flaked maize, wheat and barley when included at high levels in the diet of the weaned pig grown to cutter weight (160 lb). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 79: 155–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, T. L.J. 1972b. A review of some effects on health and performance of variations in the physical form of the diet of the growing pig. III. Heat treatments and cubing. Veterinary Record 91: 108–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, T. L.J. 1988. Processing and preparation of cereals for pigs diets. In Recent developments in pig nutrition (ed. D. Cole, G. A. and Haresign, W.), pp. 230–245. Butterworths and Co. Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Lindemann, M. D., Cornelius, S. G., El Kandelgy, S.M., Moser, R. L. and Pettigrew, J. E. 1986. Effect of age, weaning and diet on digestive enzyme levels in the piglet. Journal of Animal Science 62: 1298–1307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liptrap, D. O. and Hogberg, M. G. 1991. Physical forms of feed: feed processing and feeder design and operation. In Swine nutrition (ed. Miller, E.R., Ullrey, D.E. and Lewis, A.J.), pp. 373–386. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, P. B. 1987. Substitution of cooked cereals for uncooked cereal in weaner starter diets. An Foras Taluntais, Animal Production Research Report, pp. 78 (armis no. 3315).Google Scholar
Lynch, P. B. and Zoccarato, I. 1992. Effect of extrusion and steam flaking of cereals on growth rate and food utilization by weaned pigs. Animal Production 54: 452–453 (abstr. ).Google Scholar
McNeill, J. W., Potter, G. D., Riggs, J. K. and Rooney, L. W. 1975. Chemical and physical properties of processed sorghum grain carbohydrates. Journal of Animal Science 40: 335–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahan, D. C. 1993. Effect of weight, split-weaning, and nursery feeding programs on performance responses of pigs to 105 kilograms body weight and subsequent effects on sow rebreeding interval. Journal of Animal Science 71: 1991–1995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahan, D. C., Cromwell, G. L., Ewan, R. C., Hamilton, C. R. and Yen, J. T. 1998. Evaluation of the feeding duration of a phase 1 nursery diet to three-week old pigs of two weaning weights. Journal of Animal Science 76: 578–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahan, D. C. and Lepine, A. J. 1991. Effect of pig weaning weight and associated nursery feeding programs on subsequent performance to 105 kilograms body weight. Journal of Animal Science 69: 1370–1378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medel, P., Salado, S., Blas, J. C. de and Mateos, G. G. 1999. Processed cereals in diets for early-weaned piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 82: 145–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, J. H. M. and Gonyou, H. W. 1990. Effect of age and housing conditions on the behavioural and haemolytic reaction of piglets to weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27: 299–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, H. M., Toplis, P. and Slade, R. D. 1999. Weaning weight and daily live weight gain in the week after weaning predict piglet performance. In Manipulating pig production VII (ed. Cranwell, P. D.), p. 130. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.Google Scholar
Passille, A. M. B. de, Pelletier, G., Menard, J. and Morisset, J. 1989. Relationships of weight gain and behaviour to digestive organ weight and enzyme activities in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 67: 2921–2929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poel, A. F. B. van der, Hartog, L. A. den, Abeele, T. H. van den and Zuilichem, D. J. van. 1989. Effect of infrared irradiation or extrusion processing of maize on its digestibility in piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poel, A. F. B. van der, Hartog, L. A. den, Stiphout, W. A. A. van, Bremmers, R. and Huisman, J. 1990. Effects of extrusion of maize on ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients and performance of young piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 29: 309–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, G. N., Pluske, J. R., Campbell, R. G., Cranwell, P. D., Kerton, P. J., King, R. H. and Dunshea, F. R. 1996. Effect of sex, weight and age on post-weaning growth of pigs. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 20: 137.Google Scholar
Seib, P. 1971. Starch gelatinization: chemical and physical effects. Feedstuffs 43: 44–46.Google Scholar
Slade, R. D. and Miller, H. M. 1999. Influences of litter origin and weaning weight on post-weaning piglet growth. In Manipulating pig production VII (ed. Cranwell, P. D.), p. 131. Australasian Pig Science Association, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1996. User’s guide: statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Statutory Instruments. 1982. The feeding stuffs sampling and analysis regulations. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Publications Centre, London.Google Scholar
Tokach, M. D., Goodband, R. D., Nelssen, J. L. and Kats, L. J. 1992. Influence of weaning weight and growth during the first week postweaning on subsequent pig performance. Proceedings of Kansas State swine day, pp. 15–17.Google Scholar
Usher, C. D., Green, C. J. and Smith, C. A. 1973. The rapid estimation of fat in various foods using Fosslet density apparatus. Journal of Food Technology 8: 429–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vestergaard, E. M., Danielsen, V., Jacobsen, E. E. and Rasmussen, V. 1990. Heat-treated cereals for piglets: steam flaking. Report from the National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark, report no. 674.Google Scholar
Williams, C. H., David, D. J. and Iismaa, O. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 59: 381–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worobec, E. K., Duncan, I. J. H. and Widowski, T. M. 1999. The effect of weaning at 7, 14, and 28 days on piglet behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62: 173–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinn, R. A. 1993. Influence of processing on the comparative feeding value of barley for feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 71: 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed