Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T09:19:40.996Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of different protein and limiting amino acid levels coupled with a supplement of chromium picolinate on lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics of pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2010

T-F Lien ,
C-P Wu ,
B-H Lin ,
B-J Wang ,
J-J Lu  and
T-Y Shiao
T-F Lien
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, , National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
C-P Wu
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, , National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
B-H Lin
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, , National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
B-J Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Food Industry, National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
J-J Lu
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, , National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
T-Y Shiao
Affiliation:
Department of Food Industry, National Chiayi Institute of Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
Get access

Abstract

This study investigated the response of different dietary protein and limiting amino acid concentrations coupled with a supplement of chromium in growing-finishing pigs. Sixty Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc bacon type pigs with an initial live weight of 33·08 (s.d. 4·80) kg were randomly assigned into six groups with an equal number of males and females. They were given diets containing proportionately 1·0, 1·1 or 1·2 of the National Research Council recommendation of crude protein and limiting amino acid (lysine and methionine) levels and coupled with supplementing chromium at 0 or 200 ng/kg in the form of chromium picolinate (Crpic). The experiment was completed when the pigs' live weight reached 120 kg. Experiment results indicated that different nutrient levels or Crpic supplement did not significantly affect pig growth (P > 0·05). However, both nutrient levels and Crpic supplementation increased y-globulin concentration (P < 0·05). In addition, Crpic supplement not only significantly reduced the backfat thickness, serum insulin level and VLDL-C + LDL-C concentration (P < 0·05) but also increased the loin-eye area and HDL-C concentration of pigs (P < 0·05). On the other hand, the particle sizes of HDL and VLDL were decreased and increased (P < 0·05), respectively. In addition, Crpic supplement increased the activities of adipose tissue lipogenesis related enzymes such as fatty acid synthetase, ATP-citrate cleavage enzyme and NADP-malic dehydrogenase (P < 0·05 to 0·001). In a similar manner, Crpic supplement increased the activities of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (P < 0·05). However, the interactions of nutrient levels × Crpic supplementation were insignificant (P > 0·05). Results in this study demonstrated that chromium picolinate supplement created a beneficial effect but supplements of chromium coupled with high dietary protein and limiting amino acid levels were unnecessary for bacon-type pigs.

Keywords

amino acidscarcass compositionchromiumdietary proteinlipid metabolismpigs
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , December 1998 , pp. 601 - 607
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amoikon, E. K., Fernandez, J. M., Southern, L. L., Thompson, D. L. Jr, Ward, T. L. and Olcott, B. M. 1995. Effect of chromium tripicolinate on growth, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites, and growth hormone in pigs, journal of Animal Science. 73: 1123–1130.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. A. 1986. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry. 4: 31–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. A., Polansky, M. M., Bryden, N. A., Bhathena, S. J. and Canary, J. J. 1987. Effects of supplemental chromium on patients with symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia. Metabolism. 38: 351–355.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. A., Polansky, M. P., Bryden, N. A. and Canary, J. J. 1991. Supplemental chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 909–916.Google Scholar
Brownsey, R. W., Edgell, N. J., Hepkirk, T. J. and Eenton, R. M. 1984. Studies of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ATP citrate lyase, and other proteins in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Biochemistry Journal. 218: 733–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cupo, M. A. and Donaldson, W. E. 1987. Chromium and vanadium effect on glucose metabolism and lipids synthesis in the chick. Poultry Science. 66: 120–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denton, R. M., Rosen, O. M. and Rubin, C. S. 1979. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in mammalian tissue. Essays in Biochemistry 15: 37–77.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. 1989. The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. International Journal of Biophysical and Medical Research. 11: 163–180.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. and Bowman, T. D. 1992. Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 46: 243–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, M. L., Sun, D. M., Montano, C. and McNamara, D. J. 1995. Carbohydrate-fat exchange and regulation of hepatic cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein metabolism in the guinea pig. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental. 44: 855–864.Google Scholar
Gibson, R. S. 1989. Assessment of trace element status in humans. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science. 13: 67–111.Google Scholar
Griffin, H. D., Butterwith, S. C. and Goddard, C. 1987. Contribution of lipoprotein lipase to differences in fatness between broiler and layer strain chickens. British Poultry Science. 28: 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasegawa, S., Sato, K., Hikami, Y. and Mizuno, T. 1980. Effect of estrogen on adipose tissue accumulation in chicks, with reference to changes in its chemical composition and lipase activity. Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science. 51: 360–367.Google Scholar
Howard, B. V., Schneiderman, N., Falkner, B., Haffner, S. M. and Laws, A. 1993. Insulin, health behaviors, and lipid metabolism. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental 42: (suppl. 1) 25–35.Google Scholar
Kahn, C. R. 1985. The molecular mechanism of insulin action. Annual Review ofMedicine. 36: 429–491.Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Dorsey, T. A., Muesing, R. A. and Porter, J. W. 1970. Comparative studies of the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex and its subunit. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 245: 4732–4740.Google Scholar
Laurin, D. E. and Cartwright, A. L. 1993. Factors affecting insulin responsiveness of triglyceride synthesis in incubated chicken hepatocytes. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 202: 476–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefavi, R. G., Wilson, G. D., Keith, R. E., Anderson, R. A., Blessing, D. L., Hames, C. G. and McMillan, J. L. 1993. Lipid-lowering effect of a dietary chromium (III) nicotinic acid complex in male athletes. Nutrition Research. 13: 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lien, T. F., Chen, S. Y., Shiau, S. P., Froman, D. P. and Hu, C. Y. 1996a. Chromium picolinate reduces laying hen serum and egg yolk cholesterol. The Professional Animal Scientist 12: 77–80.Google Scholar
Lien, T. F., Wu, C. P., Lu, J. J. and Chou, R. G. R. 1996b. Effects of supplemental chromium picolinate on growth performances, serum traits and carcass characteristics of pigs. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 25: 253–260.Google Scholar
Lindemann, M. D., Wood, C. M., Harper, A. F., Kornegay, E. T. and Anderson, R. A. 1995. Dietary chromium picolinate additions improve gain:feed and carcass characteristics in growing finishing pigs and increase litter size in reproducing sows. Journal of Animal Science. 73: 457–465.Google Scholar
Lohr, G. W. and Waller, H. D. 1974. Method of enzymatic analysis, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. T., Farr, A. L. and Randall, R. J. 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 381–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarty, M. F. 1991. The case for supplemental chromium and a survey of clinical studies with chromium picolinate. Journal of Applied Nutrition 43: 58–66.Google Scholar
Mertz, W., Toepfer, E. W., Roginski, E. E. and Polansky, M. M. 1974. Present knowledge of the role of chromium. Federation Proceedings 33: 2275–2280.Google Scholar
Mirsky, N. 1993. Glucose tolerance factor reduces blood glucose and fatty acids levels in diabetic rats. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 49: 123–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moonsie-Shageer, S. and Mowat, D. N. 1993. Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves. Journal of Animal Science 71: 232–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, B. W., Blumsohn, A., Neil, S. M. and Gray, T. A. 1992. The trace element chromium-a role in glucose homeostasis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 55: 989–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council. 1988. Nutrition requirements of swine. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 1989. Recommended dietary allowances. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Newshome, E. A. 1974. Regulation in metabolism, pp. 329–337. Arrowsmith Co. Press, New York.Google Scholar
Numa, S. 1969. Acetyl-coA carboxylase from chicken and rat liver. In Methods in enzymology, vol. xiv, lipids, pp. 9–17Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ochoa, S. 1955. Malic enzyme. In Methods in enzymology, vol. 1, pp. 739. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Okada, S., Tsukada, H. and Ohba, H. 1984. Enhancement of nucleo RNA synthesis by chromium(III) in regenerating rat liver. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 21: 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, T. G., Southern, L. L., Ward, T. L. and Thompson, D. L. Jr 1993. Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 71: 656–662.Google Scholar
Press, R. I., Geller, J. and Evans, G. W. 1990. The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. The Western Journal of Medicine. 152: 41–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Redgrave, T. G., Roberts, D. C. K. and West, C. E. 1975. Separation of plasma lipoproteins by density-gradient ultra-centrifugation. Analytical Biochemistry. 65: 42–49.Google Scholar
Rosebrough, R. W. and Steele, N. C. 1981. Effects of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults. Poultry Science. 60: 407–417.Google Scholar
Schroeder, H. A. 1971. Losses of vitamins and trace minerals resulting from processing and preservation of foods. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 24: 562–569.Google Scholar
Simonoff, M., Llabador, Y., Hamon, C., Peers, A. M. and Simonoff, G. N. 1984. Low plasma chromium in patients with coronary artery and heart diseases. Biological Trace Element Research. 6: 431–439.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1990. SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6.06, 4th edition. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Stoecker, B. J., Li, Y. C., Wester, D. B. and Chan, S. B. 1987. Effects of torula and brewer's yeast diet in obese and lean mice. Biological Trace Element Research. 14: 249–255.Google Scholar
Takada, Y., Zuki, F. S. and Inoue, H. 1963. Citrate-cleavage enzyme. In Methods in enzymology, vol. 5, p. 154. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Van Heugten, E. and Spears, J. W. 1994. Immune response and growth of stressed weaning pigs supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. Journal of Animal Science 72: (suppl. 1) 274.Google Scholar
Walker, M. 1993. Chromium: the essential mineral. Healthy Foods Business. 5: 51–52.Google Scholar
Wang, M. M., Fox, E. A., Stoecker, B. J., Menendez, C. E. and Chan, S. B. 1989. Serum cholesterol of adults supplemented with brewer's yeast or chromium chloride. Nutrition Research 9: 989–998.Google Scholar
Ward, T. L., Berrio, L. F., Southern, L. L., Fernandez, J. M. and Thompson, D. L. Jr 1994. In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation of chromium tripicolinate on insulin binding in pig liver cell plasma membranes. FASEB Journal 8: A194.Google Scholar