Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T15:51:39.785Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Recent pre-harvest supplementation strategies to reduce carriage and shedding of zoonotic enteric bacterial pathogens in food animals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

T. R. Callaway ,
R. C. Anderson ,
T. S. Edrington ,
K. J. Genovese ,
R. B. Harvey ,
T. L. Poole  and
D. J. Nisbet
T. R. Callaway*
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
R. C. Anderson
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
T. S. Edrington
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
K. J. Genovese
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
R. B. Harvey
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
T. L. Poole
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
D. J. Nisbet
Affiliation:
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA
*
*Feed and Food Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, 2881F & B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Food-borne bacterial illnesses strike more than 76 million North Americans each year. Many of these illnesses are caused by animal-derived foodstuffs. Slaughter and processing plants do an outstanding job in reducing bacterial contamination after slaughter and during further processing, yet food-borne illnesses still occur at an unacceptable frequency. Thus, it is imperative to widen the window of action against pathogenic bacteria. Attacking pathogens on the farm or in the feedlot will improve food safety all the way to the consumer’s fork. Because of the potential improvement in overall food safety that pre-harvest intervention strategies can provide, a broad range of preslaughter intervention strategies are currently under investigation. Potential interventions include direct anti-pathogen strategies, competitive enhancement strategies and animal management strategies. Included in these strategies are competitive exclusion, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, antibacterial proteins, vaccination, bacteriophage, diet, and water trough interventions. The parallel and simultaneous application of one or more preslaughter strategies has the potential to synergistically reduce the incidence of human food-borne illnesses by erecting multiple hurdles, thus preventing entry of pathogens into the food chain. This review emphasizes work with Escherichia coli O157:H7 to illustrate the various strategies.

Keywords

interventionfood-borne diseasespathogens
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , June 2004 , pp. 35 - 47
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, JC, Gazaway, JA, Brailsford, MD, Hartman, PA and Jacobson, NL (1966). Isolation of bacteriophages from the bovine rumen. Experientia 22: 717–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, TJL, Thornton, K, Boon, G, Lysons, RJ and Gush, AF (1980). Medicated early weaning to obtain pigs free from pathogens endemic to the herd of origin. Veterinary Record 106: 114–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amezcua, R, Friendship, RM, Demey, CE, Gyles, C and Fairbrother, JM (2002). Presentation of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario, prevalence of hemolytic E. coli serogroups involved, and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 66: 73–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Stanker, LH, Young, CR, Buckley, SA, Genovese, KJ, Harvey, RB, DeLoach, JR, Keith, NK and Nisbet, DJ (1999). Effect of competitive exclusion treatment on colonization of early-weaned pigs by Salmonella serovar choleraesuis. Swine Health and Production 12: 155–160.Google Scholar
Anderson, RC, Buckley, SA, Kubena, LF, Stanker, LH, Harvey, RB and Nisbet, DJ (2000a). Bactericidal effect of sodium chlorate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 in rumen contents in vitro. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1038–1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Buckley, SA, Stanker, LH, Kubena, LF, Harvey, RB and Nisbet, DJ (2000b). Effect of sodium chlorate on Escherichia coli concentration in the bovine gut. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 12: 109.Google Scholar
Anderson, RC, Callaway, TR, Buckley, SA, Anderson, TJ, Genovese, KJ, Sheffield, CL and Nisbet, DJ (2000c). Effect of sodium chlorate on porcine gut concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vivo. Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference 27: 29.Google Scholar
Anderson, RC, Buckley, SA, Callaway, TR, Genovese, KJ, Kubena, LF, Harvey, RB and Nisbet, DJ (2001a). Effect of sodium chlorate on Salmonella typhimurium concentrations in the pig gut. Journal of Food Protection 64: 255–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Callaway, TR, Buckley, SA, Anderson, TJ, Genovese, KJ, Sheffield, CL and Nisbet, DJ (2001b). Effect of oral sodium chlorate administration on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the gut of experimentally infected pigs. International Journal of Food Microbiology 71: 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RC, Callaway, TR, Anderson, TJ, Kubena, LF, Keith, NK and Nisbet, DJ (2002). Bactericidal effect of sodium chlorate on Escherichia coli concentrations in bovine ruminal and fecal contents in vivo. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 14: 24–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
APUA (1999). Facts about antibiotics in animals and their impact on resistance: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Available at: http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/Ecology/faair.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bach, SJ, McAllister, TA, Veira, DM, Gannon, VP and Holley, RA (2002). Evaluation of bacteriophage DC22 for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Animal Science 80 (Supplement 1): 263 [abstract].Google Scholar
Barkocy-Gallagher, GA, Arthur, TM, Rivera-Betancourt, M, Nou, X, Shackelford, SD, Wheeler, TL and Koohmaraie, M (2003). Seasonal prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, including O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef processing plants. Journal of Food Protection 66: 1978–1986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, EM, Impey, CS and Stevens, BJH (1979). Factors affecting the incidence and anti- Salmonella activity of the anerobic cecal flora of the chick. Journal of Hygiene 82: 263–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, PA and Soothill, JS (1997). Bacteriophage therapy and prophylaxis: rediscovery and renewed assessment of potential. Trends in Microbiology 5: 268–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertschinger, HU (1999). Postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea and edema disease. In: Straw, BE, D'Allaire, S, Mengeling, WL and Taylor, DJ, editors. Diseases of Swine. 8th edn. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press, pp. 441–454.Google Scholar
Bielke, LR, Elwood, AL, Donoghue, DJ, Donoghue, AM, Newberry, LA, Neighbor, NK and Hargis, BM (2003). Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults. Poultry Science 82: 1378–1382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bomba, A, Nemcova, R, Gancarcikova, S, Herich, R and Kastel, R (1999). Potentiation of the effectiveness of Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of E. coli induced diarrhea in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. In: Paul, PS and Francis, DH, editors. Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases 2. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, pp. 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bomba, A, Nemcová, R, Mudronová, D and Guba, P (2002). The possibilities of potentiating the efficacy of probiotics. Trends in Food Science and Technology 13: 121–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brailsford, MD and Hartman, PA (1968). Characterization of Streptococcus durans bacteriophages. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 14: 397–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brashears, MM and Galyean, ML (2002). Testing of probiotic bacteria for the elimination of Escherichia coli O 57:H7 in cattle. Centennial (CO): American Meat Institute Foundation.Google Scholar
Brashears, MM, Galyean, ML, Loneragan, GH, Mann, JE and Killinger-Mann, K (2003a). Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and performance by beef feedlot cattle given Lactobacillus direct-fed microbials. Journal of Food Protection 66: 748–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brashears, MM, Jaroni, D and Trimble, J (2003b). Isolation, selection and characterization of lactic acid bacteria for a competitive exclusion product to reduce shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. Journal of Food Protection 66: 355–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownlie, LE and Grau, FH (1967). Effect of food intake on growth and survival of salmonellas and Escherichia coli in the bovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology 46: 125–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchko, SJ, Holley, RA, Olson, WO, Gannon, VPJ and Veira, DM (2000a). The effect of different grain diets on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by steers. Journal of Food Protection 63: 1467–1474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchko, SJ, Holley, RA, Olson, WO, Gannon, VPJ and Veira, DM (2000b). The effect of fasting and diet on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80: 741–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busz, HW, McAllister, TA, Yanke, LJ, Olson, ME, Morck, DW and Read, RR (2002). Development of antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 80 (Supplement 1): 102.Google Scholar
Byrd, JA, Anderson, RC, Callaway, TR, Moore, RW, Knape, K, Kubena, LF, Ziprin, RL and Nisbet, DJ (2003). Effect of experimental chlorate product administration in the drinking water on Salmonella typhimurium contamination of broilers. Journal of Poultry Science 82: 1403–1406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, TR, Anderson, RC, Genovese, KJ, Poole, TL, Anderson, TJ, Byrd, JA, Kubena, LF and Nisbet, DJ (2002). Sodium chlorate supplementation reduces E. coli O157:H7 populations in cattle. Journal of Animal Science 80: 1683–1689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, TR, Edrington, TS, Anderson, RC, Genovese, KJ, Poole, TL, Elder, RO, Byrd, JA, Bischoff, KM and Nisbet, DJ (2003a). Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in sheep can be reduced by chlorate supplementation. Journal of Food Protection 66: 194–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, TR, Edrington, TS, Varey, PD, Raya, R, Brabban, AD, Kutter, E, Jung, YS, Genovese, KJ, Elder, RO and Nisbet, DJ (2003b). Isolation of naturally-occurring bacteriophage from sheep that reduce populations of E. coli O157:H7 in vitro and in vivo. In: Proceedings, 5th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections, Kyoto Japan, 2003, p. 25 [abstract].Google Scholar
Callaway, TR, Elder, RO, Keen, JE, Anderson, RC and Nisbet, DJ (2003c). Forage feeding to reduce pre-harvest E. coli populations in cattle: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 852–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaway, TR, Anderson, RC, Edrington, TS, Bischoff, KM, Genovese, KJ, Poole, TL, Byrd, JA, Harvey, RB and Nisbet, DJ (2004a). Effects of sodium chlorate on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 1: 59–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaway, TR, Anderson, RC, Edrington, TS, Jung, YS, Bischoff, KM, Genovese, KJ, Poole, TL, Harvey, RB, Byrd, JA and Nisbet, DJ (2004b). Effects of sodium chlorate on toxin production by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 5: 19–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Carminati, D, Giraffa, G and Bossi, MG (1989). Bacteriocin-like inhibitors of Streptococcus lactis against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection 52: 614–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, PA, Cornell, J and Green, C (2000). Infection with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 during a visit to an inner city open farm. Epidemiology and Infection 125: 531–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, DM and Gibson, GR (1999). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 1052S–1057S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crittenden, RG (1999). Prebiotics. In: Tannock, GW, editor. Probiotics: A critical Review. Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press, pp. 12–58.Google Scholar
Dargatz, DA, Wells, SJ, Thomas, LA, Hancock, DD and Garber, LP (1997). Factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli O157 in feces of feedlot cattle. Journal of Food Protection 60: 466–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Dawson, KA, Newman, KE and Boling, JA (1990). Effects of microbial supplements containing yeast and lactobacilli on roughage-fed ruminal microbial activities. Journal of Animal Science 68: 3392–3398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dealy, J and Moeller, MW (1976). Influence of bambermycins on Salmonella infection and antibiotic resistance in swine. Journal of Animal Science 42: 1331–1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dealy, J and Moeller, MW (1977). Influence of bambermycins on Salmonella infection and antibiotic resistance in calves. Journal of Animal Science 44: 734–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diez-Gonzalez, F, Callaway, TR, Kizoulis, MG and Russell, JB (1998). Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science 281: 1666–1668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubos, RJ (1963). Staphylococci and infection immunity. American Journal of Diseases of Children 105: 643–645.Google Scholar
Edrington, TS, Callaway, TR, Anderson, RC, Genovese, KJ, Jung, YS, Elder, RO, Bischoff, KM and Nisbet, DJ (2003a). Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 populations in sheep by supplementation of an experimental sodium chlorate product. Small Ruminant Research 49: 173–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edrington, TS, Callaway, TR, Bischoff, KM, Genovese, KJ, Elder, RO, Anderson, RC and Nisbet, DJ (2003b). Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Journal of Animal Science 81: 553–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edrington, TS, Callaway, TR, Varey, PD, Jung, YS, Bischoff, KM, Elder, RO, Anderson, RC, Kutter, E, Brabban, AD and Nisbet, DJ (2003c). Effects of the antibiotic ionophores monensin, lasalocid, laidlomycin propionate and bambermycin on Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94: 207–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, RO, Keen, JE, Siragusa, GR, Barkocy-Gallagher, GA, Koohmaraie, M and Lagreid, WW (2000). Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 2999–3003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elder, RO, Keen, JE, Wittum, TE, Callaway, TR, Edrington, TS, Anderson, RC and Nisbet, DJ (2002). Intervention to reduce fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle using neomycin sulfate. Journal of Animal Science 80 (Supplement 1): 15 [abstract]Google Scholar
ERS/USDA (2001). ERS estimates foodborne disease costs at $6.9 billion per year. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service/United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Fedorka-Cray, PJ, Bailey, JS, Stern, NJ, Cox, NA, Ladely, SR and Musgrove, M (1999). Mucosal competitive exclusion to reduce Salmonella in swine. Journal of Food Protection 62: 1376–1380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedorka-Cray, PJ and Harris, DL (1995). Elimination of Salmonella species in swine by isolated weaning—the first critical control point. In: Swine Research Report 1994 Ames (IA): IowaState University: pp. 146–149.Google Scholar
Finlay, B (2003). Proceedings, 5th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infections, Edinburgh, UK, 2003 p. 23 [abstract].Google Scholar
Fisher, (1996). MSDS of sodium chlorate. University of California.Google Scholar
Fiume, MZ (1995). Final report on the safety assessment of potassium chlorate. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 14: 221–230.Google Scholar
Francisco, CJ (1999). Competitive exclusion and microflora management: strategy for the swine industry. Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Practitioners, pp. 229–232.Google Scholar
Freter, R, Brickner, H, Botney, M, Cleven, D and Aranki, A (1983). Mechanisms that control bacterial populations in continuous-flow culture models of mouse large intestinal flora. Infection and Immunity 39: 676–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365–378.Google Scholar
Genovese, KJ, Anderson, RC, Harvey, RB and Nisbet, DJ (2000). Competitive exclusion treatment reduces the mortality and fecal shedding associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in nursery-raised pigs. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 204–207.Google ScholarPubMed
Gomes, AMP and Malcata, FX (1999). Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus: biological, biochemical, technological and therapeutical properties relevant for use as probiotics. Trends in Food Science and Technology 10: 139–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez-Alarcon, RA, Dudas, C and Huber, JT (1990). Influence of cultures of Aspergillus oryzae on rumen and total tract digestibility of dietary components. Journal of Dairy Science 73: 703–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grau, FH, Brownlie, LE and Roberts, EA (1968). Effect of some preslaughter treatments on the Salmonella population in the bovine rumen and faeces. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 31: 157–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grau, FH, Brownlie, LE and Smith, MG (1969). Effects of food intake on numbers of Salmonellae and Escherichia coli in rumen and faeces of sheep. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 32: 112–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, NG, Jacobson, LH, Nagle, TA, Muirhead, RW and Leroux, GJ (2000). Effect of preslaughter feeding system on weight loss, gut bacteria, and the physico-chemical properties of digesta in cattle. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 43: 351–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gyles, CL (1998). Vaccines and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in animals. In: Kaper, JB and O'Brien, AD, editors. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli Strains. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology Press, pp. 434–444.Google Scholar
Hancock, DD, Besser, TE and Rice, DH (1998). Ecology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle and impact of management practices. In: Kaper, JB and O'Brien, AD, editors. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli Strains Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology Press, pp. 85–91.Google Scholar
Hancock, D, Besser, T, Gil, C and Hovde-Bohach, CJ (1999). Cattle, hay, and E. coli. Science 284: 49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, RB, Ebert, RC, Schmitt, CS, Andrews, K, Genovese, KJ, Anderson, RC, Scott, HM, Callaway, TR and Nisbet, DJ (2003). Use of a porcine-derived, defined culture of commensal bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics used to control E. coli disease in weaned pigs. In: 9th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, pp. 72–74.Google Scholar
Health Canada (2000). Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply, Walkerton, Ontario, May–June 2000. Canadian Communicable Diseases Report 26: 170–173.Google Scholar
Herriot, DE, Hancock, DD, Ebel, ED, Carpenter, LV, Rice, DH and Besser, TE (1998). Association of herd management factors with colonization of dairy cattle by shiga toxin positive Escherichia coli O157. Journal of Food Protection 61: 802–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, K (2001). Bacteriophage therapy for bacterial infections. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollowell, CA and Wolin, MJ (1965). Basis for the exclusion of Escherichia coli from the rumen ecosystem. Applied Microbiology 13: 918–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoogenraad, NJ, Hird, FJR, Holmes, I and Miller, NF (1967). Bacteriophages in rumen contents of sheep. Journal of General Virology 1: 575–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houdijk, JGM, Bosch, MW, Vestergen, MWA and Berenpas, HJ (1998). Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on the growth and faecal characteristics of young growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 71: 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, JK, Ontiveros, MM, Blackmer, NM, Dueger, EL, Fitchhorn, JB, McArthur, GR and Smith, BP (2001). Evaluation of an autogenous Salmonella bacterin and a modified live Salmonella serotype Choleraesuis vaccine on a commercial dairy farm. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62: 1897–1902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovde, CJ, Austin, PR, Cloud, KA, Williams, CJ and Hunt, CW (1999). Effect of cattle diet on Escherichia coli O157:H7 acid resistance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3233–3235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, WE, Huff, GR, Rath, NC, Balog, JM, Xie, H, Moore, PA and Donoghue, AM (2002). Prevention of Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broiler chickens with bacteriophage (SPR02). Journal of Poultry Science 81: 437–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hungate, RE (1966). The Rumen and its Microbes. New York (NY): Academic Press, pp. 8–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, GB (1997). Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk. Journal of Animal Science 75: 852–867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hynes, NA and Wachsmuth, IK (2000). Escherichia coli O157:H7 risk assessment in ground beef: a public health tool. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infections, Kyoto, Japan, 2000. Vol. 4, p. 46 [abstract].Google Scholar
Imbrechts, H, Bertschinger, HU, Stamm, M, Sydler, R, Pohl, P, De Greve, H, Hernalsteens, J-P, Van Montagu, M and Lintermans, P (1994). Prevalence of F107 fimbriae on Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with oedema disease or post weaning diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology 40: 219–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacson, RE, Firkins, LD, Weigel, RM, Zuckermann, FA and Dipietro, JA (1999). Effect of transportation and feed with-drawal on shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium among experimentally infected pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60: 1155–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iverson, WG and Millis, NF (1976a). Bacteriocins of Streptococcus bovis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22: 1040–1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iverson, WG and Millis, NF (1976b). Characterization of Streptococcus bovis bacteriophages. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22: 847–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jack, RW, Tagg, JR and Ray, B (1995). Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiological Reviews 59: 171–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, SG, Goodbrand, RB, Johnson, RP, Odorico, VG, Alves, D, Rahn, K, Wilson, JB, Welch, MK and Khakhria, R (1998). Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhoea associated with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm. Epidemiology and Infection 120: 17–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johansen, M, Andresen, LO, Thomsen, LK, Busch, ME, Wachmann, H, Jorsal, SE and Gyles, CL (2000). Prevention of edema disease in pigs by passive immunization. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 9–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Jordi, BJAM, Boutaga, K, Van Heeswijk, CME, Van Knapen, F and Lipman, LJA (2001). Sensitivity of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains for colicins under different experimental conditions. FEMS Microbiology Letters 204: 329–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, YS, Anderson, RC, Byrd, JA, Edrington, TS, Moore, RW, Callaway, TR, McReynolds, JL and Nisbet, DJ (2003). Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally challenged broilers by nitrate adaptation and chlorate supplementation in drinking water. Journal of Food Protection 66: 660–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurado, V, Ortiz-Martinez, A, Gonzalez-del Valle, M, Hermosin, B and Saiz-Jimenez, C (2002). Holy water fonts are reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria. Environmental Microbiology 4: 617–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keen, J and Elder, R (2000a). Commercial probiotics are not effective for short-term control of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 infection in beef cattle. In: 4th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin (Verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli Infections, p. 92.Google Scholar
Keen, JE and Elder, RO (2002b). Isolation of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 from hide surfaces and the oral cavity of finished beef feedlot cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220: 756–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keen, JE, Uhlich, GA and Elder, RO (1999). Effects of hay- and grain-based diets on fecal shedding in naturally-acquired enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157 in beef feedlot cattle. In: Proceedings of the 80th Annual Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, p. 47 [abstract].Google Scholar
Keen, JE, Wittum, TE, Dunn, JR, Bono, JL and Fontenot, ME (2003). Occurrence of STEC O157, O111, and O26 in livestock at agricultural fairs in the United States. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infections, Kyoto, Japan, 2003, p. 22 [abstract].Google Scholar
Klaenhammer, TR (1988). Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Biochimie 70: 337–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klieve, AV and Bauchop, T (1988). Morphological diversity of ruminal bacteriophages from sheep and cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 1637–1641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kontula, P (1999). In vitro and in vivo characterization of potential prebiotic lactic acid bacteria and prebiotic carbohydrates. Finnish Journal of Dairy Science 54: 1–2.Google Scholar
Kudva, IT, Jelacic, S, Tarr, PI, Youderian, P and Hovde, CJ (1999). Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157-specific bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3767–3773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriakis, SC, Tsiloyiannis, VK, Vlemmas, J, Sarris, K, Tsinas, AC, Alexopoulos, C and Jansegers, L (2001). The effect of probiotic LSP 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhea syndrome of piglets. Research in Veterinary Science 67: 223–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakey, JH and Slatin, SL (2001). Pore-forming colicins and their relatives. In: Van Der Goot, FG, editor. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Pore-forming Toxins, Vol. 257. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 131–161.Google Scholar
Lana, RP and Russell, JB (1997). Effect of forage quality and monensin on the ruminal fermentation of fistulated cows fed continuously at a constant intake. Journal of Animal Science 75: 224–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laukova, A and Marckova, M (1993). Antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocin-like substances produced by ruminal staphylococci. Folia Microbiologica 38: 74–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lederberg, J (1996). Smaller fleas … ad infinitum: therapeutic bacteriophage redux. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 3167–3168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeJeune, JT, Besser, TE and Hancock, DD (2001). Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67: 3053–3057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeJeune, JT, Besser, TE, Rice, DH, Berg, JL, Stillborn, RP and Hancock, DD (2004). Longitudinal study of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle: predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite massive cattle population turnover. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 377–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lema, M, Williams, L and Rao, DR (2001). Reduction of fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in lambs by feeding microbial feed supplement. Small Ruminant Research 39: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Licence, K, Oates, KR, Synge, BA and Reid, TMS (2001). An out-break of E. coli O157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply. Epidemiology and Infection 126: 135–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, AB, Cumming, RB and Kent, RD (1974). Competitive exclusion as exemplified by Salmonella typhimurium. In: Australasian Poultry Science Convention, World Poultry Science Association, Brisbane, Australia p. 155.Google Scholar
Lloyd, AB, Cumming, RB and Kent, RD (1977). Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pre-treatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Australian Veterinary Journal 53: 82–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maule, A (2000). Survival of vero-cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil, water and on surfaces. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 71S–78S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, PS, Slutsker, L, Dietz, V, McCraig, LF, Bresee, JS, Shapiro, C, Griffin, PM and Tauxe, RV (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5: 607–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merril, CR, Biswas, B, Carlton, R, Jensen, NC, Creed, GJ, Zullo, S and Adhya, S (1996). Long-circulating bacteriophage as antibacterial agents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 3188–3192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morovsky, M, Pristas, P, Czikkova, S and Javorsky, P (1998). A bacteriocin-mediated antagonism by Enterococcus faecium BC25 against ruminal Streptococcus bovis. Microbiological Research 153: 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosenthin, R and Bauer, E (2000). The potential use of prebiotics in pig nutrition. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 13: 315–325.Google Scholar
Moxley, RA, Smith, D, Klopfenstein, TJ, Erickson, G, Folmer, J, Macken, C, Hinkley, S, Potter, A and Finlay, B (2003). Vaccination and feeding a competitive exclusion product as intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli Infections, Kyoto, Japan, 2003, p. 23 [abstract].Google Scholar
Murinda, SE, Roberts, RF and Wilson, RA (1996). Evaluation of colicins for inhibitory activity against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including serotype O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 3192–3202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nisbet, DJ, Corrier, DE and DeLoach, JR (1993a). Effect of mixed cecal microflora maintained in continuous culture, and dietary lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases 37: 528–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nisbet, DJ, Corrier, DE, Scanlan, CM, Hollister, AG, Beier, RC and DeLoach, JR (1993b). Effect of a defined continuous flow derived bacterial culture and dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Diseases 37: 1017–1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbet, DJ, Corrier, DE, Ricke, S, Hume, ME, Byrd, JA and DeLoach, JR (1996). Maintenance of the biological efficacy in chicks of a cecal competitive-exclusion culture against Salmonella by continuous-flow fermentation. Journal of Food Protection 59: 1279–1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurmi, E and Rantala, M (1973). New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature 24: 210–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurmi, E, Nuotio, L and Schncitz, C (1992). The competitive exclusion concept: development and future. International Journal of Food Microbiology 15: 237–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohya, T, Marubashi, T and Ito, H (2000). Significance of fecal volatile fatty acids in shedding of Escherichia coli O157 from calves: experimental infection and preliminary use of a probiotic product. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62: 1151–1155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orpin, CG and Munn, EA (1973). The occurrence of bacteriophages in the rumen and their influence on rumen bacterial populations. Experientia 30: 1018–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouwehand, AC, Kirjavainen, PV, Shortt, C and Salminen, S (1999). Probiotics: mechanisms and established effects. International Dairy Journal 9: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, I (1998). Antibiotic resistance from animals to man: assessing the evidence. Journal of Hospital Infection 40 (Supplement A): H8F.Google Scholar
Pritchard, GC, Willshaw, GA, Bailey, JR, Carson, T and Cheasty, T (2000). Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on a farm open to the public: outbreak investigation and longitudinal bacteriological study. Veterinary Record 147: 259–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prohaszka, L and Baron, F (1983). Antibacterial effect of volatile fatty acids on enterobacteriae in the large intestine. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 30: 9–16.Google Scholar
Ransom, JR, Belk, KE, Sofos, JN, Scanga, JA, Rossman, ML, Smith, GC and Tatum, JD (2003). Investigation of on-farm management practices as pre-harvest beef microbiological interventions. Research Fact Sheet, National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Centennial (CO) [abstract].Google Scholar
Reid, CR and Barnum, DA (1984). The effects of treatments of cecal contents on the protective properties against Salmonella in poults. Avian Diseases 29: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, EW and Johnson, CH (2000). Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle drinking water. Journal of Dairy Science 83: 2021–2023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, CG and Sarles, WB (1963). Characterization of Enterococcus bacteriophages from the small intestine of the rat. Journal of Bacteriology 85: 1378–1385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, JB and Mantovani, HC (2002). The bacteriocins of ruminal bacteria and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 4: 47–355.Google ScholarPubMed
Russell, JB and Strobel, HJ (1989). Effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55: 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, S, Lee, MD, Harmon, BG, Maurer, JJ and Doyle, MP (2002). Animal issues associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221: 1122–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schamberger, GP and Diez-Gonzalez, F (2002). Selection of recently isolated colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains inhibitory to Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Food Protection 65: 1381–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shere, JA, Kaspar, CW, Bartlett, KJ, Linden, SE, Norrell, B, Francey, S and Schaefer, DM (2002). Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle housed in a confined environment following waterborne inoculation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 1947–1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrezenmeir, J and De Vrese, M (2001). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73 (Supplement): 354s–361s.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, HW and Huggins, RB (1982). Successful treatment of experimental E. coli infections in mice using phage: its general superiority over antibiotics. Journal of General Microbiology 128: 307–318.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, HW and Huggins, RB (1983). Effectiveness of phages in treating experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves, piglets and lambs. Journal of General Microbiology 129: 2659–2675.Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, HW and Huggins, RB (1987). The control of experimental E. coli diarrhea in calves by means of bacteriophage. Journal of General Microbiology 133: 1111–1126.Google Scholar
Stavric, S (1992). Defined cultures and prospects. International Journal of Food Microbiology 55: 245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stavric, S and D'Aoust, J-Y (1993). Undefined and defined bacterial preparations for competitive exclusion of Salmonella in poultry. Journal of Food Protection 56: 173–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steer, T, Carpenter, H, Tuohy, K and Gibson, GR (2000). Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro and prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews 13: 229–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, VJ (1988). Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism in enterobacteria. Microbiology Reviews 52: 190–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stouthamer, AH (1969). A genetical and biochemical study of chlorate-resistant mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek 35: 505–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Summers, WC (2001). Bacteriophage therapy. Annual Review of Microbiology 55: 437–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, J, Miyagawa, T, Kojima, Y and Umetsu, K (2000). Effects of Yucca shidigera extract, probiotics, monensin and L-cysteine on rumen methanogenesis. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 13 (Supplement A): 499–501.Google Scholar
Tamasi, G and Lantos, Z (1983). Influence of nitrate reductases on survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis in liquid manure in the presence and absence of chlorate. Agricultural Wastes 6: 91–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tkalcic, S, Zhao, T, Harmon, BG, Doyle, MP, Brown, CA and Zhao, P (2003). Fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection 66: 1184–1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tournut, J (1989). Applications of probiotics to animal husbandry. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 8: 551–566.Google ScholarPubMed
Underdahl, R, Torres-Medina, A and Doster, AR (1982). Effect of Streptococcus faecium C-68 in control of Escherichia coli induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43: 2227–2232.Google ScholarPubMed
USDHHS (1999). Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter among attendees of the Washington county fair, New York 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48: 803–804.Google Scholar
Ushe, TC and Nagy, B (1985). Inhibition of small intestinal colonization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by Streptococcus faecium M74 in pigs. Zentralblatt Bakteriologia Hygiene I. Abrstat Originale B 181: 374–382.Google ScholarPubMed
van den Bogaard, AE and Stobberingh, EE (1999). Antibiotic usage in animals: impact on bacterial resistance and public health. Drugs 58: 589–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wijk, DJ and Hutchinson, TH (1995). The ecotoxicity of chlorate to aquatic organisms: a critical review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32: 244–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, WA and Duffy, LC (1998). Diet and bacterial colonization: role of probiotics and prebiotics. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 9: 668–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinack, OM, Snoeyenbos, GH, Smyser, CF and Soerjadi, AS (1982). Reciprocal competitive exclusion of Salmonella and Escherichia coli by native intestinal microflora of the chicken and turkey. Avian Diseases 26: 585–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, JE, Krause, DO, Callaway, TR and Russell, JB (1997). A bacteriocin-mediated antagonism by ruminal lactobacilli against Streptococcus bovis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 22: 237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiemann, M (2003). How do probiotic feed additives work? International Poultry Producer 11: 7–9.Google Scholar
Willard, MD, Simpson, RB, Cohen, ND and Clancy, JS (2000). Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on selected bacterial populations in feces of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 820–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witte, W (2000). Selective pressure by antibiotic use in livestock. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 16: S19–S24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolin, MJ (1969). Volatile fatty acids and the inhibition of Escherichia coli growth by rumen fluid. Applied Microbiology 17: 83–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wray, C and Davies, RH (2000). Competitive exclusion—an alternative to antibiotics. Veterinary Journal 159: 107–108.Google ScholarPubMed
Yoon, IK and Stern, MD (1996). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae cultures on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 411–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang-Barber, L, Turner, AK and Barrow, PA (1999). Vaccination for control of Salmonella in poultry. Vaccine 17: 2538–2545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, T, Doyle, MP, Harmon, BG, Brown, CA, Mueller, POE and Parks, AH (1998). Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 641–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, T, Tkalcic, S, Doyle, MP, Harmon, BG, Brown, CA and Zhao, P (2003). Pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection 66: 924–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zopf, D and Roth, S (1996). Oligosaccharide anti-infective agents. Lancet (North America) 347: 1017–1021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed