Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T11:13:28.915Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Importance of bovine mastitis in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2017

Thabiso E. Motaung Open the ORCID record for Thabiso E. Motaung [Opens in a new window] ,
Kiro R. Petrovski ,
Inge-Marie Petzer ,
Oriel Thekisoe  and
Toi J. Tsilo
Thabiso E. Motaung*
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Council – Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa
Kiro R. Petrovski
Affiliation:
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, JS Davies building G13, Roseworthy 5371, Australia
Inge-Marie Petzer
Affiliation:
Department of Production Animal Studies, Udder Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Oriel Thekisoe
Affiliation:
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
Toi J. Tsilo
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Council – Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa
*
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bovine mastitis is an important animal production disease that affects the dairy industry globally. Studies have estimated the prevalence of this disease in approximately 30% of African countries, with the highest prevalence found in Ethiopia. This is despite the wide cattle distribution in Africa, and the largest number of dairy farms and herds in countries such as South Africa, Kenya and Uganda. Furthermore, the estimated financial losses due to direct and indirect impacts of bovine mastitis are lacking in this continent. Therefore, intensive research efforts will help determine the continent-wide economic impacts and advance careful monitoring of disease prevalence and epidemiology. Here, published cases supporting the occurrence and importance of bovine mastitis in certain regions of Africa are outlined.

Keywords

Africaeconomic impactmastitismilk productionsomatic cell count
Type
Review Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , June 2017 , pp. 58 - 69
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abebe, G, Ike, AC, Siegmund-Schultze, M, Mane-Bielfeldt, A and Zarate, AV (2010). Prevalence of mastitis and Brucellosis in cattle in Awassa and the peri-urban areas of two smaller towns. Zoonoses and Public Health 57: 367–374.Google Scholar
Abera, B, Lemma, D and Iticha, I (2013). Study of bovine mastitis in asella government dairy farm of Oromia Regional state, South Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 1: 134–145.Google Scholar
Alekish, MO, Al-Qudah, KM and Al-Saleh, A (2013). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens isolated from bovine mastitis in northern Jordan. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 164: 319–326.Google Scholar
Almaw, G, Molla, W and Melaku, A (2012). Incidence rate of clinical bovine mastitis in selected small holder. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 16: 93–99.Google Scholar
Banga, C, Neser, F and Garrick, D (2014). The economic value of somatic cell count in South African Holstein and Jersey cattle. South African Journal of Animal Science 44: 174–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbier, E, Boschiroli, ML, Gueneau, E, Rochelet, M, Payne, A, de Cruz, K, Blieux, AL, Fossot, C and Hartmann, A (2016). First molecular detection of Mycobacterium bovis in environmental samples from a French region with endemic bovine tuberculosis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 120: 1193–1207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basdew, IH (2012). Biological and Molecular Characterization of South African Bacteriophages Infective Against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach 1884, Causal Agent of Bovine mastitis. Republic of South Africa: School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal.Google Scholar
Basdew, IH and Laing, MD (2011). Biological control of bovine mastitis using bacteriophage therapy. In: Méndez-Vilas, A (ed.) Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances. Singapore: Formatex, Vol. 1, pp. 386–393.Google Scholar
Belayneh, R, Belihu, K and Wubete, A (2013). Dairy cows mastitis survey in Adama Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 5: 281–287.Google Scholar
Benti, AD and Zewdie, W (2014). Major reproductive health problems of indigenous Borena cows in Ethiopia. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Animal Research 1: 182–188.Google Scholar
Bitew, M, Tafere, A and Tolosa, T (2010). Study on bovine mastitis in dairy farms of Bahir Dar and environs. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9: 2112–2917.Google Scholar
Blosser, TH (1979). Economic losses from, the national research programme on, mastitis in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science 62: 119–127.Google Scholar
Boujenane, I and El Aimani, J (2015). Incidence and occurrence time of clinical mastitis in Holstein cows. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 39: 42–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosward, KL, House, JK, Deveridge, A, Mathews, K and Sheehy, PA (2016). Development of loop-mediated osothermal amplification assay for the detection of Streptococcus agalactiae. Journal of Dairy Science 99: 2142–2150.Google Scholar
Bradley, AJ (2002). Bovine mastitis: an evolving disease. Veterinary Journal 164: 116–128.Google Scholar
Carrillo-Casas, EM and Miranda-Morales, RE (2012). Bovine mastitis pathogens: Prevalence and effects on somatic cell count. In: Chaiyabutr, N (ed.) Milk Production – an up To-date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. New York: INTECH, pp. 359–74.Google Scholar
Costello, S (2004). Consultant guide to economics of mastitis. [Available online at www.smartstock-usa.com]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
Daka, D, G/silassie, S and Yihdego, D (2012). Antibiotic-resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk in the Hawassa area, South Ethiopia. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 11: 1.Google Scholar
Deb, R, Kumar, A, Chakraborty, S, Verma, AK, Tiwari, R, Dhama, K, Singh, U and Kumar, S (2013). Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: a review. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 16: 1653–1661.Google Scholar
Dego, OK and Tareke, F (2003). Bovine mastitis in selected areas of Southern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 35: 197–205.Google Scholar
Dhanda, MR and Sethi, MS (1962). Investigation of mastitis in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Dohoo, I and Meek, A (1982). Somatic cell counts in bovine milk. Canadian Veterinary Journal 23: 119–125.Google Scholar
Duarte, CM, Freitas, PP and Bexiga, R (2015). Technological advances in bovine mastitis diagnosis: an overview. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 27: 665–672.Google Scholar
du Preez, JH (2000). Bovine mastitis therapy and why it fails. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 71: 201–208.Google Scholar
Dworecka-Kaszak, B, Krutkiewicz, A, Szopa, D, Kleczkowski, M and Biegańska, M (2012). High prevalence of Candida yeast in milk samples from cows suffering from mastitis in Poland. Scientific World Journal 196347; doi:10.1100/2012/196347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fadlelmula, A, Dughaym, AM, Mohamed, GE, Deib, MK and Zubaidy, AJ (2009). Bovine mastitis: epidemiological, clinical and etiological study in a Saudi Arabian large dairy farm. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12: 199–206.Google Scholar
FAO (2014). Impact of mastitis in small scale dairy production systems. Animal Production and Health Working Paper 13, Rome. [Available online at www.fao.org/3/a-i3377e]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
FAO (2015). [Available online at http://www.fao.org/]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
FAOSTAT (2015). FAOSTAT online database. [Available online at http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/*/E]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
Fox, LK, Hancock, DD, Mickelson, A and Britten, A (2003). Bulk tank milk analysis: factors associated with appearance of Mycoplasma sp. in milk. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious diseases and Veterinary Public Health 50: 235–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, LK, Muller, FJ, Wedam, ML, Schneider, CS and Biddle, MK (2008). Clinical Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in prepubertal heifers on 2 dairy herds. Canadian Veterinary Journal 49: 1110–1112.Google Scholar
Ghazaei, C (2006). Mycoplasmal mastitis in dairy cows in the Moghan region of Ardabil State, Iran. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 77: 222–223.Google Scholar
Girma, S, Mammo, A, Bogele, K, Sori, T, Tadesse, F and Jibat, T (2012). Study on prevalence of bovine mastitis and its major causative agents in West Harerghe zone, Doba district, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 4: 116–123.Google Scholar
Gitau, GK, Bundi, RM, Vanleeuwen, J and Mulei, CM (2014). Mastitogenic bacteria isolated from dairy cows in Kenya and their antimicrobial sensitivity. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 85: 01–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonçalves, JL, Lee, SHI, de Paula Arruda, E, Galles, DP, Caetano, VC, de Oliveira, CAF, Fernandes, AM and dos Santos, MV (2015). Biofilm-producing ability and efficiency of sanitizing agents against Prototheca zopfii isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science 98: 3613–3621.Google Scholar
Gröhn, YT, Wilson, DJ, González, RN, Hertl, JA, Schulte, H, Bennett, G and Schukken, YH (2004). Effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 3358–3374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruet, P, Maincent, P, Berthelot, X and Kaltsatos, V (2001). Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery: review and perspectives. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 50: 245–259.Google Scholar
Haftu, R, Taddele, H, Gugsa, G and Kalayou, S (2012). Prevalence, bacterial causes, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of mastitis isolates from cows in large-scale dairy farms of Northern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health Production 44: 1765–1771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hailemeskel, D, Admasu, P and Alemu, F (2014). Prevalence and identification of bacterial pathogens causing bovine mastitis from crossbred of dairy cows in North Showa zone of Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria 13: 189–195.Google Scholar
Halasa, T, Huijps, K, Østerås, O and Hogeveen, H (2007). Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management: a review. Veterinary Quarterly 29: 18–31.Google Scholar
Halasa, T, Nielen, M, Roos, APW, Van Hoorne, R, de Jong, G, Lam, TJGM, van Werven, T and Hogeveen, H (2009). Production loss due to new subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy cows estimated with a test-day model. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 599–606.Google Scholar
Hiitiö, H, Riva, R, Autio, T, Pohjanvirta, T, Holopainen, J, Pyörälä, S and Pelkonen, S (2015). Performance of a real-time PCR assay in routine bovine mastitis diagnostics compared with in-depth conventional culture. Journal of Dairy Research 82: 200–208.Google Scholar
Kassa, F, Ayano, AA, Abera, M and Kiros, A (2014). Longitudinal study of bovine mastitis in Hawassa and Wendo Genet small holder dairy farms. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary 14: 34–41.Google Scholar
Kato, H, Yoshida, A, Ansai, T, Watari, H, Notomi, T and Takehara, T (2007). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 22: 131–135.Google Scholar
Koskinen, MT, Holopainen, J, Pyorala, S, Bredbacka, P, Pitkala, A, Barkema, HW, Bexiga, R, Roberson, J, Solverod, L, Piccinini, R, Kelton, D, Lehmusto, H, Niskala, S and Salmikivi, L (2009). Analytical specificity and sensitivity of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of bovine mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 952–959.Google Scholar
Krukowski, H, Lisowski, A, Nowakowicz-Dębek, B and Wlazło, Ł (2013). Susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii strains isolated from cows with mastitis to chlorhexidine and iodine. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 37: 106–108.Google Scholar
Lacto Data (2015). A milk SA publication compiled by the Milk Producer's Organization. 18: 1. available at: https://www.mpo.co.za/en/information/lactodata. Accessed on May 2016.Google Scholar
Lakew, M and Tolosa, T, Tigre, W (2009). Prevalence and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in Asella, South Eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 1525–1530.Google Scholar
Mahmmod, Y (2013). The future of PCR technologies in diagnosis of bovine mastitis pathogens. Advances in Dairy Research 2: e106.Google Scholar
Man'ombe, E (2014). Economic value and genetic prediction of clinical mastitis in South African holstein cattle. Thesis, Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University. [Available online at https://scholar.sun.ac.za/]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
Mdegela, RH, Ryoba, R, Karimuribo, ED, Phiri, EJ, Løken, T, Reksen, O, Mtengeti, E and Urio, NA (2009). Prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis and quality of milk in smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 80: 163–168.Google Scholar
Mekibib, B, Furgasa, M, Abunna, F, Megersa, B and Regassa, A (2010). Bovine Mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and major pathogens in dairy farms of Holeta Town, central Ethiopia. Veterinary World 3: 97–403.Google Scholar
Moges, N, Asfaw, Y and Belihu, K (2011). A cross sectional study on the prevalence of sub clinical mastitis and associated risk factors in and around Gondar, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3: 455–459.Google Scholar
Morin, DE, Petersen, GC, Whitmore, HL, Hungerford, LL and Hinton, RA (1993). Economic analysis of a mastitis monitoring and control program in four dairy herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202: 540–548.Google Scholar
Mungube, EO, Tenhagen, BA, Regassa, F, Kyule, MN, Shiferaw, Y, Kassa, T and Baumann, MPO (2005). Reduced milk production in udder quarters with sub-clinical mastitis and associated economic losses in crossbred dairy cows in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 37: 503–512.Google Scholar
O'Connor, AM, Anderson, KM, Goodell, CK and Sargeant, JM (2014). Conducting systematic reviews of intervention questions I: writing the review protocol, formulating the question and searching the literature. Zoonoses and Public Health 61 (suppl. 1): 28–38.Google Scholar
Olde Riekerink, RG, Barkema, HW, Veenstra, S, Poole, DE, Dingwell, RT and Keefe, GP (2006). Prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island. Canadian Veterinary Journal 47: 567–572.Google Scholar
Osumi, T, Kishimoto, Y, Kano, R, Maruyama, H, Onozaki, M, Makimura, K, Ito, T, Matsubara, K and Hasegawa, A (2008). Prototheca zopfii genotypes isolated from cow barns and bovine mastitis in Japan. Veterinary Microbiology 131: 419–423.Google Scholar
Petrovski, K, Heuer, C, Parkinson, T and Williamson, N (2009). The incidence and aetiology of clinical bovine mastitis on 14 farms in Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 57: 109–115.Google Scholar
Petrovski, KR, Trajcev, M and Buneski, G (2006). A review of the factors affecting the costs of bovine mastitis. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 77: 52–60.Google Scholar
Petrovski, KR, Williamson, NB, Lopez-Villalobos, N, Parkinson, TJ and Tucker, IG (2011). Culture results from milk samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories from August 2003 to December 2006 in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59: 317–322.Google Scholar
Petzer, I-M, Karzis, J, Watermeyer, JC, van der Schans, TJ and van Reenen, R (2009). Trends in udder health and emerging mastitogenic pathogens in South African dairy herds. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 80: 17–22.Google Scholar
Pfützner, H and Sachse, K (1996). Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle. Revue Scietifique et Technique Del'office Internaional Des Epizooties 15: 1477–1494.Google Scholar
Pieper, L, Godkin, A, Roesler, U, Polleichtner, A, Slavic, D, Leslie, KE and Kelton, DF (2012). Herd characteristics and cow-level factors associated with Prototheca mastitis on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 5635–5644.Google Scholar
Pillai, S, Kunze, E, Sordillo, L and Jayarao, B (2001). Application of differential inflammatory cell count as a tool to monitor udder health. Journal of Dairy Science 84: 1413–1420.Google Scholar
Plotly. Online chart maker for excel and csv data. [Available online at https://plot.ly/plot/]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
Punyapornwithaya, V, Fox, LK, Hancock, DD, Gay, JM and Alldredge, JR (2012). Time to clearance of mycoplasma mastitis: the effect of management factors including milking time hygiene and preferential culling. Canadian Veterinary Journal 53: 1119–1122.Google Scholar
Ranjan, R, Swarup, D, Patra, RC and Nandi, D (2006). Bovine protothecal mastitis: a review. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 1, No. 017.Google Scholar
Ravaomanana, J, Rasambainarivo, JH, Perrot, A, Razafiarison, O and Rakotonindra, S (2004). Mastitis in dairy cows and its economic impact on smallholder production in the highland zones of Madagascar. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, and the 16th Veterinary Association of Malaysia Congress 23–27 August 2004, pp. 94–95.Google Scholar
Ricchi, M, Goretti, M, Branda, E, Cammi, G, Garbarino, CA, Turchetti, B, Moroni, P, Arrigoni, N and Buzzini, P (2010). Molecular characterization of Prototheca strains isolated from Italian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 4625–4631.Google Scholar
Roy, JP, Francoz, D and Labrecque, O (2008). Mastitis in a 7-week-old calf caused by Mycoplasma bovigenitalium . Veterinary Journal 176: 403–404.Google Scholar
Saidi, R, Khelef, D and Kaidi, R (2013). Subclinical mastitis in cattle in Algeria: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 84: Art. #929, 5 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v84i1.929.Google Scholar
Sargeant, JM and O'Connor, AM (2014). Introduction to systematic reviews in animal agriculture and veterinary medicine. Zoonoses and Public Health 61 (suppl. 1): 3–9.Google Scholar
Sharma, N, Singh, NK and Bhadwal, MS (2011). Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: an overview. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24: 429–438.Google Scholar
Sharma, N, Rho, GJ, Hong, YH, Kang, TY, Lee, HK, Hur, T-Y and Jeong, DK (2012). Bovine mastitis: an Asian perspective. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7: 454–476.Google Scholar
Shome, BR, Das Mitra, S, Bhuvana, M, Krithiga, N, Velu, D, Shome, R, Isloor, S, Barbuddhe, SB and Rahman, H (2011). Multiplex PCR assay for species identification of bovine mastitis pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology 111: 1349–1356.Google Scholar
Singh, PJ and Singh, KB (1994). A study of economic losses due to mastitis in India. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 47: 265–272.Google Scholar
Sobukawa, H, Yamaguchi, S, Kano, R, Ito, T, Suzuki, K, Onozaki, M, Hasegawa, A and Kamata, H (2012). Molecular typing of Prototheca zopfii from bovine mastitis in Japan. Journal of Dairy Science 95: 4442–4446.Google Scholar
Sori, H, Zerihun, A and Abdicho, S (2005). Dairy cattle mastitis in and around Sebeta, Ethiopia. Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 3: 332–338.Google Scholar
StatSilk (2012). StatPlanet: Interactive data visualization and mapping software. [Available online at http://www.statsilk.com].Google Scholar
Tadesse, A and Chanie, M (2012). Study on the occurrence of bovine mastitis in Addis Ababa dairy farms and associated risk factors. Advances in Biological Research 6: 151–158.Google Scholar
Taponen, S, Salmikivi, L, Simojoki, H, Koskinen, MT and Pyörälä, S (2009). Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based identification of bacteria in milk samples from bovine clinical mastitis with no growth in conventional culturing. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 2610–2617.Google Scholar
Tomita, N, Mori, Y, Kanda, H and Notomi, T (2008). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of gene sequences and simple visual detection of products. Nature Protocols 3: 877–882.Google Scholar
USAD (2010). United States of America dairy industry. IUF Dairy Industry Research. [Available online at http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu]. Accessed 20 June 2016.Google Scholar
Viguier, C, Arora, S, Gilmartin, N, Welbeck, N and O'Kennedy, R (2009). Mastitis detection: current trends and future perspectives. Trends in Biotechnology 27: 486–493.Google Scholar
Wang, D, Wang, Y, Xiao, F, Guo, W, Zhang, Y, Wang, A and Liu, Y (2015). A comparison of in-house real-time LAMP assays with a commercial assay for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. Molecules 20: 9487–9495.Google Scholar
Watts, JL (1988). Etiological agents of bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology 16: 41–66.Google Scholar
Wawron, W, Bochniarz, M and Piech, T (2010). Yeast mastitis in dairy cows in the middle-eastern part of Poland. Bulletin-Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 54: 201–204.Google Scholar
Wellenberg, G, Poelb, WV and Oirschot, JV (2002). Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review. Veterinary Microbiology 88: 27–45.Google Scholar
Williamson, J and di Menna, ME (2007). Fungi isolated from bovine udders, and their possible sources. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55: 188–190.Google Scholar
Yalcin, C, Stott, AW, Logue, DN and Gunn, J (1999). The economic impact of mastitis-control procedures used in Scottish dairy herds with high bulk-tank somatic-cell counts. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 41: 135–149.Google Scholar
Yohannis, M and Molla, W (2013). Prevalence, risk factors and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in and around Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research 7: 5400–5405.Google Scholar
Zadoks, RN, Middleton, JR, McDougall, S, Katholm, J and Schukken, YH (2011). Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. Journal of Mammary Gland and Neoplasia 16: 357–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zenebe, N, Habtamu, T and Endale, B (2014). Study on bovine mastitis and associated risk factors in Adigrat, Northern Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research 8: 327–331.Google Scholar
Zeryehun, T, Aya, T and Bayecha, R (2013). Study on prevalence, bacterial pathogens and associated risk factors of bovine mastitis in small holder dairy farms in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Animal and Plant Science 23: 50–55.Google Scholar
Zhang, J, ZHnag, GH, Yang, L, Huang, R, Zhang, Y, Jia, K, Yuan, W and Li, SJ (2011). Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis . Veterinary Journal 187: 393–396.Google Scholar